Essential Developmental Biology

493 Pages·2012·94.35 MB·English

by  Jonathan M. W. Slack

Essential
Developmental
Biology

3
rd Edition

Essential
Developmental
Biology
Jonathan M.W. Slack
MA, PhD, FMedSci
Stem Cell Institute
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis
MN, USA
Professor Emeritus
University of Bath, UK
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition first published 2013; © 2001, 2006 Blackwell Publishing Ltd, © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Slack, J. M. W. (Jonathan Michael Wyndham), 1949–
Essential developmental biology / Jonathan M.W. Slack. – 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-118-02286-3 (hardback : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-470-92351-1 (paperback : alk. paper)
1. Developmental biology–Laboratory manuals. I. Title.
QH491.S6 2012
571.8'6–dc23
2012008542
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.
Cover design by Design Deluxe
Set in 9.5/12pt Minion by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited, Hong Kong
1 2013
Cover image: The cover shows a double posterior limb of an axolotl (a type of salamander), together with a normal limb. The double
posterior limb arose after grafting a strip of limb rudiment tissue into the flank of a host embryo. This means that a polarizing region
develops on both sides, leading to the double posterior symmetry (see Chapter 15). The specimen was made by the author using the
technique first described in Slack, JMW. Determination of polarity in the amphibian limb, Nature 1976: 261:44–46. It was stained and
photographed by Drs Ying Chen and Gufa Lin. Red indicates bone and blue indicates cartilage.
Contents  ◆  v
Contents
Preface, ix Gene duplication, 38
Limitations of developmental genetics, 39
Further reading, 40
About the companion website, xii
4 Approaches to development:
Section 1: Groundwork, 1
experimental embryology, 42
Normal development, 42
1 The excitement of developmental Developmental commitment, 45
biology, 3 Criteria for proof, 51
Where the subject came from, 3 Further reading, 52
Impact of developmental biology, 4
Future impact, 4 5 Approaches to development:
Further reading, 5 cell and molecular biology
techniques, 54
2 How development works, 7 Microscopy, 54
Ultrashort summary, 7 Study of gene expression by molecular
Gametogenesis, 10 biology methods, 58
Early development, 12 Study of gene expression by in situ methods, 61
Morphogenetic processes, 19 Microinjection, 65
Growth and death, 23 Cell-labeling methods, 66
Further reading, 25 Further reading, 68
3 Approaches to development: Section 2: Major model
developmental genetics, 27 organisms, 71
Developmental mutants, 27
Sex chromosomes, 29 6 Model organisms, 73
Maternal and zygotic, 29 The big six, 73
Genetic pathways, 29 Access and micromanipulation, 75
Genetic mosaics, 32 Genetics and genome maps, 75
Screening for mutants, 33 Relevance and tempo, 76
Cloning of genes, 34 Other organisms, 76
Gain- and loss-of-function experiments, 34 Further reading, 78
vi ◆  Contents
7 Xenopus, 80 Tissue and organ culture, 226
Oogenesis, maturation, and fertilization, 80 Cell separation methods, 228
Normal development, 82 Further reading, 230
Experimental methods, 87
Processes of regional specification, 92 14 Development of the nervous
Inductive interactions, 95 system, 231
Further reading, 104 Overall structure and cell types, 231
Anteroposterior patterning of the neural plate, 234
8 The zebrafish, 106 Dorsoventral patterning of the neural tube, 238
Normal development, 106 Neurogenesis and gliogenesis, 240
Genetics, 110 The neural crest, 246
Embryological and molecular techniques, 114 Development of neuronal connectivity, 250
Regional specification, 115 Further reading, 257
Other uses for the zebrafish, 118
Further reading, 120 15 Development of mesodermal
organs, 259
9 The chick, 121 Somitogenesis and myogenesis, 259
Normal development, 122 The kidney, 266
Regional specification of the early embryo, 127 Germ cell and gonadal development, 269
Description of organogenesis in the chick, 133 Limb development, 274
Further reading, 140 Blood and blood vessels, 284
The heart, 287
10 The mouse, 141 Further reading, 293
Mammalian fertilization, 141
16 Development of endodermal
Normal development, 145
Regional specification, 153 organs, 296
Human early development, 158 Normal development, 296
Mouse developmental genetics, 159 Experimental analysis of endoderm development, 301
Other topics in mouse development, 164 The pancreas, 307
Further reading, 169 Further reading, 312
11 Drosophila, 171 17 Drosophila imaginal discs, 314
Insects, 171 Metamorphosis, 314
Normal development, 173 Disc development, 318
Drosophila developmental genetics, 178 Further reading, 328
The developmental program, 181
Further reading, 197 Section 4: Growth, regeneration,
evolution, 331
12 Caenorhabditis elegans, 198
Adult anatomy, 198 18 Tissue organization and stem
Embryonic development, 200
cells, 333
Analysis of postembryonic development, 208
Types of tissue, 333
Further reading, 215
Tissue renewal, 336
Stem cells, 339
Section 3: Organogenesis, 217
Further reading, 360
13 Techniques for studying 19 Growth, aging and cancer, 362
organogenesis and postnatal
Growth: control of size and proportion, 362
development, 219 Aging, 371
Genetics, 219 Cancer, 374
Clonal analysis, 223 Further reading, 382
Contents  ◆  vii
20 Regeneration of missing What really happened in evolution?, 429
parts, 384 Further reading, 438
Distribution of regenerative capacity, 384
Appendix: Key molecular
Planarian regeneration, 385
Insect limb regeneration, 388 components, 440
Vertebrate limb regeneration, 390 Genes, 440
General properties of regeneration, 399 Transcription factor families, 442
Further reading, 400 Signaling systems, 443
Inducing factor families, 445
21 Applications of pluripotent stem Cytoskeleton, 449
cells, 401 Cell adhesion molecules, 451
Extracellular matrix components, 452
Cell transplantation therapy, 401
Further Reading, 452
Embryonic stem cells, 403
Personalized pluripotent stem cells, 406
Glossary, 454
Proposed cell transplantation therapies using pluripotent
stem cells, 411
Further reading, 417 Index, 467
22 Evolution and development, 419
Macroevolution, 420
The primordial animal, 424