Essential Criminology

431 Pages·12.9 MB·\431

ESSENTIAL
CRIMINOLOGY

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ESSENTIAL
CRIMINOLOGY
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Fourth Edition
Mark M. Lanier
University of Alabama
Stuart Henry
San Diego State University
Desiré J. M. Anastasia
Metropolitan State University of Denver
New York London
First published 2015 by Westview Press
Published 2018 by Routledge
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lanier, Mark.
Essential criminology / Mark M. Lanier, University of Alabama, Stuart Henry, San
Diego state University, Desire J. M. Anastasia, Metropolitan State College of Denver.
— Fourth edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8133-4885-8 (pbk. alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8133-4886-5 (e-book:
alk. paper) 1. Criminology. I. Henry, Stuart, 1949– II. Anastasia, Desire J. M. III. Title.
HV6025.L25 2015
364—dc23
2014035659
ISBN 13: 978-0-8133-4885-8 (pbk)
Contents
List of Tables and Figures ix
Preface and Acknowledgments xi
1 What Is Criminology? Th e Study of Crime,
Criminals, and Victims in a Global Context 1
Globalization 2
What Is Criminology? 6
What Is Victimology? 10
Criminology and Public Policy 11
Summary and Conclusion 12
Discussion Questions 12
2 What Is Crime? Defi ning the Problem 13
Legal Defi nition 15
Consensus and Confl ict Approaches 16
Hagan’s Pyramid of Crime 21
Crime Prism 24
Application of the Prism to the Problem
of School Violence 26
Crimes of the Powerless 35
Crimes of the Powerful 36
Summary and Conclusion 37
Discussion Questions 38
3 Classical, Neoclassical, and Rational-Choice Th eories 39
Th e Preclassical Era 41
Th e Classical Reaction 43
Neoclassical Revisions 48
Criminal Justice Implications:
Th e Move to “Justice” Th eory 49
v
vi Contents
Redefi ning Rational Choice: Situational Factors
and Routine-Activities Th eory 58
Conceptual and Empirical Limitations:
What the Research Shows 62
Summary and Conclusion 67
Summary Chart: Classical, Rational-Choice,
and Routine-Activities Th eories 68
Discussion Questions 70
4 “Born to Be Bad”: Biological, Physiological,
and Biosocial Th eories of Crime 71
Biological and Positivistic Assumptions 73
Th e Born Criminal 75
Early US Family-Type and Body-Type Th eories 77
Contemporary Biological Perspectives 80
Biosocial Criminology: A Developmental
Explanation of Crime 82
Conceptual and Empirical Limitations 90
Criminal Justice Policy Implications 91
Summary and Conclusion 93
Summary Chart: Biological Th eory 93
Discussion Questions 95
5 Criminal Minds: Psychiatric and
Psychological Explanations for Crime 96
From Sick Minds to Abnormal Behavior 99
Shared Psychological Assumptions 100
Th e Psychoanalytic Approach 101
Trait-Based Personality Th eories 105
Behavioral, Situational, and Social Learning
and Modeling Th eories 111
Cognitive Th eories 114
Ecological Psychology 117
Evolutionary Psychology 118
Summary and Conclusion 120
Summary Chart: Psychological Th eories of Crime 121
Discussion Questions 123
6 Learning Criminal Behavior: Social Process Th eories 124
Common Th emes and Diff erent Assumptions 130
Sutherland’s Diff erential Association Th eory 131
Contents vii
Cognitive Social Learning Th eory 137
Neutralization Th eory: Learning
Rationalizations as Motives 139
Summary and Conclusion 148
Summary Chart: Social Process Th eories 149
Discussion Questions 151
7 Failed Socialization: Control Th eory,
Social Bonds, and Labeling 152
Control Th eory: Learning Not to Commit Crime 154
Labeling Th eory: A Special Case of Failed Socialization? 165
Summary and Conclusion 174
Summary Chart: Control Th eory and Labeling Th eory 175
Discussion Questions 178
8 Crimes of Place: Social Ecology
and Cultural Th eories of Crime 179
Th e Historical Roots of Social Ecology Th eory 181
Common Th emes and Assumptions 182
Th e Chicago School 183
Th e New Social Ecology Th eories 190
Cultural Th eories of Crime and Deviance 195
Summary and Conclusion 203
Summary Chart: Social Ecology Th eory
and Culture Confl ict Th eory 204
Discussion Questions 206
9 Th e Sick Society: Anomie, Strain,
and Subcultural Th eory 207
Common Th emes and Assumptions 210
Founders of Anomie and Strain Th eory 212
Recent Revisions to Anomie and Strain Th eory 228
Summary and Conclusion 237
Summary Chart: Anomie and Strain Th eory 238
Discussion Questions 241
10 Capitalism as a Criminogenic Society:
Confl ict and Radical Th eories of Crime 243
Common Th emes and Assumptions and
Some Key Diff erences 246
Th e Roots of Confl ict Criminology 248
viii Contents
Contemporary Confl ict Criminology 252
Th e Roots of Radical Th eory: Marx’s Analysis
of Capitalist Society 256
Contemporary Radical Criminology 261
Common Th emes and Assumptions 261
Summary and Conclusion 270
Summary Chart: Confl ict Th eory and Radical Th eory 271
Discussion Questions 272
11 Patriarchy, Gender and Crime:
Feminist Criminological Th eory 273
Common Th emes and Assumptions 275
Liberal Feminism 280
Radical Feminism 283
Marxist Feminism 286
Socialist Feminism 288
Gendered Th eory 292
Epistemological Issues and Postmodern Feminism 293
Summary and Conclusion 294
Summary Chart: Feminist Th eory 295
Discussion Questions 296
12 New Directions in Critical Criminological Th eory 297
Critical Criminologies 297
Summary and Conclusion 321
Summary Chart: Left Realism, Postmodern/Constitutive
Th eory and Abolition/Peacemaking/Restorative Justice 322
Discussion Questions 325
Note 325
13 Conclusion: Toward a Unifi ed Criminology 326
Integrative Criminologies 326
Reciprocal Integrative Criminology 330
Robert Agnew’s Unifying Criminology 333
Summary and Conclusion 338
Discussion Questions 339
Note 339
References 341
Index 397
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
2.1 Victimizations Not Reported to the Police
and the Most Important Reason Th ey Went Unreported,
by Type of Crime, 2006–2010 30
2.2 Percent of Victimization Reported to Police,
by Type of Crime, 2003, 2011, and 2012 37
5.1 Psychological Th eories Compared 102
5.2 Core Traits of an Antisocial Personality
(Sociopath or Psychopath) 105
5.3 Antisocial Personality Disorder 111
7.1 Grasmick’s Characteristics of Low Self-Control 159
9.1 Merton’s Individual Modes of Adaptation 221
Figures
2.1 Hagan’s Pyramid of Crime 22
2.2 Th e Crime Prism 25
3.1 Cornish and Clarke’s Reasoning Criminal 60
8.1 Concentric Zone Th eory 185
8.2 Bellair’s Systemic Crime Model 193
ix