Table Of Content

ESSENTIAL CRIMINOLOGY 99778800881133334488885588--tteexxtt..iinndddd ii 1100//1177//1144 99::4422 AAMM 99778800881133334488885588--tteexxtt..iinndddd iiii 1100//1177//1144 99::4422 AAMM |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ESSENTIAL CRIMINOLOGY |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| Fourth Edition Mark M. Lanier University of Alabama Stuart Henry San Diego State University Desiré J. M. Anastasia Metropolitan State University of Denver A Member of the Perseus Books Group 99778800881133334488885588--tteexxtt..iinndddd iiiiii 1100//1177//1144 99::4422 AAMM Westview Press was founded in 1975 in Boulder, Colorado, by notable publisher and intellectual Fred Praeger. Westview Press continues to publish scholarly titles and high-quality undergraduate- and graduate-level textbooks in core social science disciplines. With books developed, written, and edited with the needs of serious nonfi ction readers, professors, and students in mind, Westview Press honors its long history of publishing books that matter. Copyright © 2015 by Westview Press Published by Westview Press, A Member of the Perseus Books Group All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address Westview Press, 2465 Central Avenue, Boulder, CO 80301. Find us on the World Wide Web at www.westviewpress.com. Every eff ort has been made to secure required permissions for all text, images, maps, and other art reprinted in this volume. Westview Press books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the United States by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19103, or call (800) 810-4145, ext. 5000, or e-mail [email protected]. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lanier, Mark. Essential criminology / Mark M. Lanier, University of Alabama, Stuart Henry, San Diego state University, Desire J. M. Anastasia, Metropolitan State College of Denver. — Fourth edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8133-4885-8 (pbk. alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8133-4886-5 (e-book: alk. paper) 1. Criminology. I. Henry, Stuart, 1949– II. Anastasia, Desire J. M. III. Title. HV6025.L25 2015 364—dc23 2014035659 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 99778800881133334488885588--tteexxtt..iinndddd iivv 1100//1177//1144 99::4422 AAMM Contents List of Tables and Figures ix Preface and Acknowledgments xi 1 What Is Criminology? Th e Study of Crime, Criminals, and Victims in a Global Context 1 Globalization 2 What Is Criminology? 6 What Is Victimology? 10 Criminology and Public Policy 11 Summary and Conclusion 12 Discussion Questions 12 2 What Is Crime? Defi ning the Problem 13 Legal Defi nition 15 Consensus and Confl ict Approaches 16 Hagan’s Pyramid of Crime 21 Crime Prism 24 Application of the Prism to the Problem of School Violence 26 Crimes of the Powerless 35 Crimes of the Powerful 36 Summary and Conclusion 37 Discussion Questions 38 3 Classical, Neoclassical, and Rational-Choice Th eories 39 Th e Preclassical Era 41 Th e Classical Reaction 43 Neoclassical Revisions 48 Criminal Justice Implications: Th e Move to “Justice” Th eory 49 v 99778800881133334488885588--tteexxtt..iinndddd vv 1100//1177//1144 99::4422 AAMM vi Contents Redefi ning Rational Choice: Situational Factors and Routine-Activities Th eory 58 Conceptual and Empirical Limitations: What the Research Shows 62 Summary and Conclusion 67 Summary Chart: Classical, Rational-Choice, and Routine-Activities Th eories 68 Discussion Questions 70 4 “Born to Be Bad”: Biological, Physiological, and Biosocial Th eories of Crime 71 Biological and Positivistic Assumptions 73 Th e Born Criminal 75 Early US Family-Type and Body-Type Th eories 77 Contemporary Biological Perspectives 80 Biosocial Criminology: A Developmental Explanation of Crime 82 Conceptual and Empirical Limitations 90 Criminal Justice Policy Implications 91 Summary and Conclusion 93 Summary Chart: Biological Th eory 93 Discussion Questions 95 5 Criminal Minds: Psychiatric and Psychological Explanations for Crime 96 From Sick Minds to Abnormal Behavior 99 Shared Psychological Assumptions 100 Th e Psychoanalytic Approach 101 Trait-Based Personality Th eories 105 Behavioral, Situational, and Social Learning and Modeling Th eories 111 Cognitive Th eories 114 Ecological Psychology 117 Evolutionary Psychology 118 Summary and Conclusion 120 Summary Chart: Psychological Th eories of Crime 121 Discussion Questions 123 6 Learning Criminal Behavior: Social Process Th eories 124 Common Th emes and Diff erent Assumptions 130 Sutherland’s Diff erential Association Th eory 131 99778800881133334488885588--tteexxtt..iinndddd vvii 1100//1177//1144 99::4422 AAMM Contents vii Cognitive Social Learning Th eory 137 Neutralization Th eory: Learning Rationalizations as Motives 139 Summary and Conclusion 148 Summary Chart: Social Process Th eories 149 Discussion Questions 151 7 Failed Socialization: Control Th eory, Social Bonds, and Labeling 152 Control Th eory: Learning Not to Commit Crime 154 Labeling Th eory: A Special Case of Failed Socialization? 165 Summary and Conclusion 174 Summary Chart: Control Th eory and Labeling Th eory 175 Discussion Questions 178 8 Crimes of Place: Social Ecology and Cultural Th eories of Crime 179 Th e Historical Roots of Social Ecology Th eory 181 Common Th emes and Assumptions 182 Th e Chicago School 183 Th e New Social Ecology Th eories 190 Cultural Th eories of Crime and Deviance 195 Summary and Conclusion 203 Summary Chart: Social Ecology Th eory and Culture Confl ict Th eory 204 Discussion Questions 206 9 Th e Sick Society: Anomie, Strain, and Subcultural Th eory 207 Common Th emes and Assumptions 210 Founders of Anomie and Strain Th eory 212 Recent Revisions to Anomie and Strain Th eory 228 Summary and Conclusion 237 Summary Chart: Anomie and Strain Th eory 238 Discussion Questions 241 10 Capitalism as a Criminogenic Society: Confl ict and Radical Th eories of Crime 243 Common Th emes and Assumptions and Some Key Diff erences 246 Th e Roots of Confl ict Criminology 248 99778800881133334488885588--tteexxtt..iinndddd vviiii 1100//1177//1144 99::4422 AAMM viii Contents Contemporary Confl ict Criminology 252 Th e Roots of Radical Th eory: Marx’s Analysis of Capitalist Society 256 Contemporary Radical Criminology 261 Common Th emes and Assumptions 261 Summary and Conclusion 270 Summary Chart: Confl ict Th eory and Radical Th eory 271 Discussion Questions 272 11 Patriarchy, Gender and Crime: Feminist Criminological Th eory 273 Common Th emes and Assumptions 275 Liberal Feminism 280 Radical Feminism 283 Marxist Feminism 286 Socialist Feminism 288 Gendered Th eory 292 Epistemological Issues and Postmodern Feminism 293 Summary and Conclusion 294 Summary Chart: Feminist Th eory 295 Discussion Questions 296 12 New Directions in Critical Criminological Th eory 297 Critical Criminologies 297 Summary and Conclusion 321 Summary Chart: Left Realism, Postmodern/Constitutive Th eory and Abolition/Peacemaking/Restorative Justice 322 Discussion Questions 325 Note 325 13 Conclusion: Toward a Unifi ed Criminology 326 Integrative Criminologies 326 Reciprocal Integrative Criminology 330 Robert Agnew’s Unifying Criminology 333 Summary and Conclusion 338 Discussion Questions 339 Note 339 References 341 Index 397 99778800881133334488885588--tteexxtt..iinndddd vviiiiii 1100//1177//1144 99::4422 AAMM List of Tables and Figures Tables 2.1 Victimizations Not Reported to the Police and the Most Important Reason Th ey Went Unreported, by Type of Crime, 2006–2010 30 2.2 Percent of Victimization Reported to Police, by Type of Crime, 2003, 2011, and 2012 37 5.1 Psychological Th eories Compared 102 5.2 Core Traits of an Antisocial Personality (Sociopath or Psychopath) 105 5.3 Antisocial Personality Disorder 111 7.1 Grasmick’s Characteristics of Low Self-Control 159 9.1 Merton’s Individual Modes of Adaptation 221 Figures 2.1 Hagan’s Pyramid of Crime 22 2.2 Th e Crime Prism 25 3.1 Cornish and Clarke’s Reasoning Criminal 60 8.1 Concentric Zone Th eory 185 8.2 Bellair’s Systemic Crime Model 193 ix 99778800881133334488885588--tteexxtt..iinndddd iixx 1100//1177//1144 99::4422 AAMM