Essential Amino Acid Requirements of Atlantic Salmon

155 Pages·1999·7.77 MB·English

Essential Amino Acid Requirements of
Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Reared in Sea Water,
with Emphasis on Histidine and Methionine
Lisa A. Scott
Submitted in partial fulfilrnent of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Science
Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia
1998
@ Copyright by Lisa A. Scott, 1998
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1- 5T he Essential Amino Acid Histidine. ................................................................ -37
1.5a The Structure and Function of Histidine. .............................................. 37
1.5b The Metabolism of Histidine. ............................................................. -38
1.5~D ipeptide Derivatives of Histidine. ....................................................... 39
1.5ci Carnosine. ............................................................................ -41
1- 5cii Anserine. ................................................................................. -43
1.5d Current Knowledge of Dietary Histidine Requirernent Values .............. 44
1.6 The Essential Amino Acid Methionine. .............................................................. 46
1.6a The Structure and Function of Methionine. .................... ......... ............. 47
1.6b Metabolic Pathways of Methionine Degradation. ................................. 48
1- 6c The Role of Cyst(e)ine in Methionine Requirement Studies. ................ 51
1- 6d Current Knowledge of Dietary Methionine Requirement Values ......... 53
1- 7D ietary Amino Acid Imbalances. ....................................................................... 56
1.7a Amino Acid Deficiencies. ................... .,., .............................................. -56
1. 7 ai General Deficiencies.. ...... .................................... 56
,,,,
1.7aii Histidine Deficiencies. ............................................................. -58
1- 7aiii Methionine Deficiencies. ........................................................ -60
1.7b Amino Acid Toxicities. ......................................................................... .64
1.8 The Current Study ......................................................................................... -67
CHAPTER 2: THE HISTIDINE REQUIREMENT OF ATLANTIC SALMON
REARED IN SEA WATER
2.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................ -69
. , 2.,2 Introduction.. ...................... . .....................6 9
2.3 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................... 71
2.3a Experimental Design. ............. ... ....................................................... 71
2.3b Experimental Diets. ................. .. .................................................... -71
2.3~S ample Collection and Analytical Procedures. ............................ J
2.3d Anaiysis of Data. ......................... .. ................................................... 76
2.4 Results. ............................................................................................................7 7
2.5 Discussion. ........................................................................................................ 89
CHAPTER 3: THE METHIONINE REQUIREMENT OF ATLANTIC SALMON
REARED IN SEA WATER
Introduction. ........... .................................................................................. ..98
,..
3.3 Materials and Methods. ..................................................................................... 99
3.3a Experimental Design. ........................... ............. ................................... 99
3.3b Experimental Diets. ........................... .. ............................................. 100
3.3S~a mple Collection and Analytical Procedures. .................................... 'l0 3
3.3d Analysis of Data ........ ........... ........................................................ -104
3.4 Resuits ........................................................................................................... 1 06
3.5 Discussion. ..................................................................................................... .Il7
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS. ........................................................................... 125
CITATION LIST. .................................................................................................. 128
LIST OF TABLES
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Table 1. l Carcass amino acid content of various salrnonid fishes
(911 009 amino acids). ...................................................................... -26
Table 1- 2 Summary of the reported histidine requirements of
va rious species.. ................ ... ................................................... -46
Table 1.3 Summary of reported sulfur amino acid requirements
in various species.. ........................................................................ .55
Table 2.1 Composition of basal mix (%AFB) used for determining
the histidine requirernent of Atlantic salmon reared
in sea water ............................,................................................ .--72
Table 2.2 Amino acid mixtures used in various experimental diets (%AFB)
to determine the histidine requirement of young Atlantic
salmon reared in sea water ............................................................ 73
Table 2.3 Analyzed composition of experimental diets for detemining
the histidine requirernent of Atlantic salmon reared
in sea water .......... ................. . .................................................7 8
Table 2.4 Growth, feed consumption and feed conversion of Atlantic
salmon reared in sea water and fed diets containing graded
levels of histidine for 9 weeks ..........................................................- 80
Table 2.5 Concentration of anserine and carnosine in muscle tissue
of Atlantic salmon reared in sea water and fed diets containing
graded levels of histidine for 9 weeks ...............................................- 82
Table 2.6 Body composition of Atlantic salmon reared in sea water
and fed graded levels of dietary histidine for 9 weeks ................... -83
Table 2.7 Carcass amino acid composition as a % of carcass dry
matter in Atlantic salmon reared in sea water and fed
graded levels of dietary histidine for 9 weeks ................................... 85
vii
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Table 2.8 Carcass amino acid composition as a % of carcass protein
in Atlantic salrnon reared in sea water and fed graded levels
of dietary histidine for 9 weeks ....................................................... 86
Table 3.1 Composition of basal mix (%AFB) used for determining
the methionine requirement of Atlantic salmon reared
in sea water ...................................... O
Table 3.2 Arnino acid mixtures used in various experimental diets (%AFB)
to determine the methionine requirernent of young Atlantic
salmon reared in sea water .......................................................... 102
Table 3.3 Analyzed composition of experimental diets for determining
the methionine requirernent of Atlantic salmon reared
in sea water ................................................................................. 10 7
Table 3.4 Growth. feed consumption and feed conversion of Atlantic
salrnon reared in sea water and fed diets containing graded
levels of methionine for 12 weeks .............................................. 1 09
Table 3.5 Body composition of Atlantic salmon reared in sea water
and fed graded levels of dietary methionine for 12 weeks .............. 11 1
Table 3.6 Carcass amino acid cornposlion as a % of carcass dry
matter in Atlantic salmon reared in sea water and fed
graded levels of dietary methionine for 12 weeks ........................... 11 4
Table 3.7 Carcass amino acid composition as a % of carcass protein
in Atlantic salmon reared in sea water and fed graded levels
of dietary methionine for 12 weeks ................................................ 115
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure 1- 1 ldealized nutrient-response relationship ... .. . . . .. . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . .. -... . . -.20
Figure 1.2 The structure of histidine .
Figure 1.3 The structure of carnosine ............................... .- ....-......---.....*...*4..1.. ...
Figure 1- 4 The structure of anserine .................... .... .........-.-.....-.......*..- 43
Figure 1.5 The structure of methionine ......................... .. .............................4. 7
Figure 1.6 The metabolic pathways of methionine degradation ...................... 49
Figure 1- 7 The structure of a) cysteine and b) cystine .. ............ ................. ..... 51
Figure 2.1 Broken-line regression model used for detemination of the
dietary histidine requirement of young Atlantic salmon ....................7 7
Figure 2.2 Broken-line regression of percent weight gain against
dietary histidine level in Atlantic salmon reared in sea water.
Points represent the mean and the standard deviation
(vertical bar) for three tanks of 30 fish .................... . ....................... 88
Figure 3.1 Broken-line regression of percent weight gain against
dietary methionine level in Atlantic salrnon reared in
sea water. Points represent the mean and the standard
deviation (vertical bar) for three tanks of 30 fish ................ ............. 11 6
ABSTRACT
Two experiments were conducted to expand current knowledge on the
essential amino acid requirements of young Atlantic salrnon (Salmo salar) reared
in sea water. Each experiment was designed as a randomized cornplete block. wlh
thirty fish per tank randomly distributed among eighteen. 300 litre tanks having
continuous aeration and a salt water flow (32 ppt) of approxirnately 2 1-min-'. For
each experiment, three replications of six test diets were hand-fed to satiety twice
daily five days a week and once a day on weekends.
*
In the first experiment. 540 salmon of initial rnean weight 62.7 3.06 g were
used to determine the quantitative histidine requirement. Test diets were formulated
to contain graded levels of histidine rang ing from 0.5 to 1. O% of the diet (AFB) in
0.1% increments. Weight gain, feed consurnption, feed conversion. muscle
anserine and camosine concentrations, and body composition were measured in
this nine week trial. Broken-line regression of percent weight gain against dietary
histidine level estimated a histidine requirement of 0.81 % of the dry diet. or 2.02%
of the protein in a 40% protein diet with a DPlDE ratio of 21 .O mg protein-MJ".
A second, twelve week, experiment was conducted using fish of inlial rnean
weight 65.7 f 1.83 g to detemine the quantitative methionine requirement of
Atlantic salmon. Six test diets were formulated to contain 0.3% cystine and
methionine levels ranging from 0.4 to 1.4% of the diet (AFB) in 0.2% increments.
Weight gain, feed consumption. feed conversion and body composition were
measured, with visual observations made for the development of bilateral cataracts
in salmon fed methionine deficient diets. Methionine deficiency was apparent in fish
fed an unsupplernented diet. Feed consumption and growth depressions were
accompanied by the development of bilateral cataracts in 100% of fish. Broken-line
regression of percent weight gain against dietary methionine level placed the
requirement at 1.14% of the diet in the presence of 0.36% cystine. The total sulfur
amino acid requirement for young Atlantic salmon is 1.50% of the dry diet (3.75%
of protein) when the diet has a DPlDE ratio of 20.1 mg protein.MJ-'.
LIST OF ABBREVIATlONS
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
ANOVA Analysis of variance
AFB As fed basis
O C Degree Celsius
DMB Dry matter basis
FCR Feed conversion ratio
GLM General linear mode1
Gram
lu
ln temational unit
kg Kilograrn
LSD Least signifiant difference
I Litre
ME Metabolic energy
MJ Megajoule
mg Milligram
mm Miliimetre
mmol MiIlimole
min Minute
In Natural logarithm
P P ~ Parts per thousand
% Percent
PWG Percent weig ht gain
SGR Specific growth rate
TSAA Total sulfur amino acid