Essays on economic development: pre-independent Algeria at the beginning of the 1900s

176 Pages·2017·6.07 MB·English

by  Laura Maravall Buckwalter

TESIS DOCTORAL
Essays on Economic Development:
Pre-Independent Algeria at the
Beginning of the 1900s
Autor:
Laura Maravall Buckwalter
Directores:
Markus Lampe
Joan R. Rosés
Tutor:
James Simpson
DEPARTAMENTO DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid
Getafe, Junio 2017

TESIS DOCTORAL
ESSAYS ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT:
PRE-INDEPENDENT ALGERIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 1900s
Autor: Laura Maravall Buckwalter
Directores: Markus Lampe y Joan R. Rosés
Tutor: James Simpson
Firma del Tribunal Calificador:
Firma
Presidente: Giovanni Federico
Vocal: Ewout Frankema
Secretario: Alfonso Herranz Loncán
Getafe, 20 de julio de 2017

Contents
ListofTables 7
ListofFigures 9
Chapter1 Introduction 15
Chapter2 TheCrowding-OutofSmallFamilyFarmSettlers 37
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2 LandConcentrationandRuralFailure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.3 TheProcessofLandSettlement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4 TheIndigenousAgency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.5 DataandEmpiricalModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Chapter3 FactorEndowmentsandFarmStructure: ARegionalApproach 61
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.2 NewWorldConditionsinanOldWorldMarket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.3 FarmSizeRestrictions: “Older”vs. “Frontier” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.4 TheFactorEndowments: AComparativeApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Chapter4 BuildItandTheyWillCome? 87
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.2 TheRailroadinFrenchAlgeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.3 DataandEmpiricalModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.4 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Chapter5 Conclusion 111
A Appendix: Chapter2 115
5
6 Contents
B Appendix: Chapter3 123
C Appendix: Chapter4 127
D Appendix: General 139
D.1 MainSources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
D.2 VariableDescription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
D.3 MapsandImages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
D.4 TradeandPopulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
D.5 SpatialAggregationandChangesinAdministrativeNames . . . . . . . . . . . 159
References 165
List of Tables
1.1 Summaryofdomainproperties,bycategoryoflandormethodofacquisition,bound
overtocolonization,Constantine1830-1851 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1 Europeanruralpopulation,FrenchAlgeria1872-1948 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2 Settlerandindigenouslandtenancyperdistrict,Const. in1904/05and1913/14 . . 49
2.3 DeterminantsofEuropeanagriculturalpopulation,Const. 1904/05and1913/14 . . 55
2.4 DeterminantsofEuropeanagriculturallandconcentration,Const. 1904/05and1913/14 59
3.1 Wheatacreageandtotalproduction,grainexportingcountries1885-1914 . . . . . 66
3.2 Totalruralpopulationdensitiesperdistrict,Const. 1904/05and1913/14 . . . . . . 67
3.3 Factorpricesandquantities: t-testonmeandifferences,Const. 1904/5and1913/14 77
3.4 Mechanization,Const. 1904/5and1913/14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.5 Comparativeanalysis: OuedAthmenia,AïnTaghrout,andOumElBouaghi,1904/05 81
4.1 Basediff-in-diff: settlerpopulationdensity,Const. 1884and1892 . . . . . . . . . 105
4.2 Basediff-in-diff: settlerpopulationdensity,Const. 1884and1897 . . . . . . . . . 106
4.3 Basediff-in-diff: indigenouspopulationdensity,Const. 1884and1892 . . . . . . . 106
4.4 Basediff-in-diff: indigenouspopulationdensity,Const. 1884and1897 . . . . . . . 106
A.1 SummarystatisticsinChapter2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
A.2 Pair-wisecorrelationmatrixinChapter2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
A.3 NumberofsettlersandyearofcreationofsettlementcentersinConstantine . . . . 118
A.4 DeterminantsofEuropeanagriculturalpopulation,Const. 1904/05and1913/14 . . 119
A.5 DeterminantsofEuropeanagriculturalpopulation,Const. 1904/05and1913/14 . . 120
A.6 DeterminantsofEuropeanagriculturalpopulation,Const. 1904/05and1913/14 . . 121
A.7 DeterminantsofEuropeanagriculturalpopulation,Const. 1904/05and1913/14 . . 122
B.1 SummarystatisticsinChapter3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
B.2 Pair-wisecorrelationmatrixinChapter3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
C.1 SummarystatisticsinChapter4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
7
8 ListofTables
C.2 Pair-wisecorrelationmatrixinChapter4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
C.3 Summary statistics of elevation and t-test mean difference between treated and
controlgroupsinChapter4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
C.4 Diff-in-diff: effectsofrailwayaccessonsettlerpopulationdensity,Const. 1884-1892132
C.5 Diff-in-diff: effects of railway access on indigenous population density, Const.
1884-1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
C.6 Diff-in-diff: effectsofrailwayaccessonsettlerpopulationdensity,Const. 1884-1897133
C.7 Diff-in-diff: effects of railway access on indigenous population density, Const.
1884-1897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
C.8 Diff-in-diff: effectsofrailwayaccessonsettlerpopulationdensity(indden<2),Const.
1884-1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
C.9 Diff-in-diff: effectsofrailwayaccessonindigenouspopulationdensity(indden<2),
Const. 1884-1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
C.10 Diff-in-diff: effectsofrailwayaccessonsettlerpopulationdensity(indden<2),Const.
1884-1897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
C.11 Diff-in-diff: effectsofrailwayaccessonindigenouspopulationdensity(indden<2),
Const. 1884-1897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
C.12 Diff-in-diff (IV): effects of railway access on settler and indigenous population
density,Const. 1884-1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
C.13 Diff-in-diff (IV): effects of railway access on settler and indigenous population
density,Const. 1884-1897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
C.14 Diff-in-diff: effect of railway access on settler and indigenous population density,
economicactivityredistribution,Const. 1884-1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
C.15 Diff-in-diff: effect of railway access on settler and indigenous population density,
economicactivityredistribution,Const. 1884-1897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
D.1 Populationdensityinsquarekilometres: S.Africa,S.Rhodesia,Kenya,andN.Algeria153
D.2 SummarystatisticsinAppendixD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
D.3 Listoflocalitiesofcommunesormunicipalitiesthatchangednames . . . . . . . . 164
List of Figures
1.1 MapofFrenchoccupationinAlgeriaafter1830 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2 Lightdensityatnightinyear2013andaveragepropertysizein1913/14,Constantine 21
1.3 Termsoftradeandwineandwheatprices,FrenchAlgeria1870-1913 . . . . . . . 25
1.4 Cultivatedareaofwineandwheat,FrenchAlgeria1875-1913 . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.5 Exportbasketandpriceindex,FrenchAlgeria1873-1913 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.6 Productionofwineandwheatperhectare,FrenchAlgeria1875-1913 . . . . . . . 27
1.7 Exportdiversification,FrenchAlgeria1896-1926 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.8 MapofConstantineatthebeginningofthe1900s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1 Totalruralindigenousandsettlerpopulation,FrenchAlgeria1872-1936 . . . . . . 39
2.2 Europeanruralpopulationandpropertysizedistribution,Const. 1904/05and1913/14 42
2.3 Europeanpropertysizeandyear ofcreationofsettlementcenterspermunicipality,
Const. in1904/05and1913/14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.4 Density of settlement centers and year of creation of settlement centers, Const.
1904/13and1913/14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.5 Shareofowners,holdingssize,shareofleaders,andsizeofPrivateGrossIncome,
Const. 1895-1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.6 Yearofcreationofasettlementcenterandcropsuitabilitypermunicipality,Const.
1904/05and1913/14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.1 Totalwheatacreage,Argentina,Australia,Canada,andAlgeria,1885-1914 . . . . 63
3.2 Totalwheatacreageinhectarespermunicipality,Const. 1913/14 . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.3 IndigenousandEuropeanplow(photo)inFrenchAlgeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.4 Propertysizeandyearofcreationofsettlementcenters,Const. 1904/05and1913/14 73
3.5 Share of properties (per size and district) and average property size density (per
periodofsettlement),Const. 1904/05and1913/14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.6 Shareofsettler-ownedsmallproperties,Const. 1904/05and1913/14 . . . . . . . . 74
3.7 Shareandextensionofthewheat-cultivatedareaandviticulturebyyearofcreation
ofsettlementcenters,Const. 1904/5and1913/14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
9
10 ListofFigures
3.8 Indigenousruralpopulationpersuitablehectare,Const. 1904/05 . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.9 Mules-to-oxenratio(settlerowned),Const. 1904/05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.1 Totalruralindigenousandsettlerpopulation,FrenchAlgeria1872-1936 . . . . . . 89
4.2 MapofConstantineinthe1900s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.3 Selectedregionalsample: fullandrestricted,Const. 1884and1897 . . . . . . . . . 100
A.1 Boxplotoftheaveragepropertysize(byyearofsettlement),Const. in1904/05and
1913/14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
B.1 Wintercerealyields,Const. 1904/05and1913/14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
B.2 Indigenouswagesperday,Const. 1904/05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
B.3 Indigenouslaborperday,Const. 1904/05and1913/14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
C.1 Meanandconfidenceintervalsofsettlerpopulationdensity(bytreatedandcontrol
groups),Const. 1884 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
C.2 Mean and confidence intervals of indigenous population density (by treated and
controlgroups),Const. 1884 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
C.3 Boxplotofsettlerpopulationdensity(bytreatedandcontrolgroups),Const. 1884 130
C.4 Boxplotofindigenouspopulationdensity(bytreatedandcontrolgroups),Const. 1884130
C.5 MapofrailwayinstrumentallinesinConstantine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
C.6 PictureoftherailwayinFrenchAlgeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
D.1 ColonialadministrativeboundariesinConstantineoverlappedtocurrentaerialimage148
D.2 ExampleofapartConstantine’sdigitizedmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
D.3 Zoom-inConstantine’sdigitizedmap: douarsfrom1863sénatus-consulte . . . . . 149
D.4 Totalpopulationestimates,FrenchAlgeria1872-1936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
D.5 Totalindigenousandsettlerpopulation,FrenchAlgeria1872-1936 . . . . . . . . . 156
D.6 Naturalpopulationgrowthrates,FrenchAlgeria1872-1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
D.7 Muslimandtotalpopulationgrowth,Algeria1872-1914 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
D.8 Aggregatingcurrentmunicipalitiesinto1949boundariesinConstantine . . . . . . 159