ERIC EJ842009: Evaluating Word Prediction Software for Students with Physical Disabilities

2005·1 MB·English

by  ERIC

EVALUATING WORD PREDICTION SOFTWARE
FOR STUDENTS WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES.

PETER MEZEL

KATHRYN WOLFF HELLER
Gueryae Seve Lobe

ABSTRACT

ABtlogh word prison sofa wos ongially develo fr inal
ial with roid dinsiPas hu vncnch Ras Pron conned fect
ing purines wth phe csaboe Ling the Corben 4000
swnid precon software, ahve partcpaaes ath pga! dies
‘oir ping nme mad speling accu, end ew of these stares
torre able veiame is Ie oy sy. This su nacotes chee
wot reson sore ay be elective 1 fetease gyn rare ned
prose sting accuracy jor some pernciuanes ath pss snes,
fu ofcbrness depen nl characteris

Sadenes with plysieai dabilves often have <fculty wsting eMeleny
and accurately Becane of aoeur:apoiruents a sgoflcant ouuber of these
seadents must type cheie work, Honeoven, ping roynies complex snons and
fine meror silly and_moror pareeptinl inragation (Lacek, Tave-Koran,
Senge, & Clarke, 2001) which gan he a challange for aden with physical
Aisle Jey alvin, students wih pesca aoe equctly ase
Tiired srtengrh and enchsance for rypina tasks and mag have a aes renin
ars. Some riders my al hace, pray sping aisies. beper ding an #6
se of physical disahillzg anifased, asistive rashnoe may he used ro
promont acces a rping al wire sping hence. Won prin ele
brats iene typeof assteeteckmlegy thal may help stadeats 1
ring rare and eo imptewe spelling aceuracy

3
94 PHYSICAL OBABLTIES EDUCATION AND RELATED SERACES

Steers wi physical disables often fue involuntary mor pa
tems, lfecting hea fire ai gigs natce yaivernente The ion yoter
fan Tend to limeations and migcakaaleeme in che iotor anrwernenes
involved 1 sap. This can negatively uupact tyelue duency (Les
(Graves, Aaron, &: Kiely, 1988, which icheTengeh, speed, and acensncy of
typing epee. Cenebeal pubs, una bitide srl sauscuke dbstrpby are
fase en ehrins thar ear afte mata: lanring, gate and fine mae oe
Uination, finger steoyll ses) mmoipulscion, and evehurel voonlination,
aves, CaseerKiann, Songs, ans Lara, 2021 A arden wich cecal pale
cfien dilays abnonnal eed involuntary motor patems whick may ruRs
tloelyIngoct hey slecloo anal ping Mew. Motor dsfanecion in a audsne
swith anuicular destphy iecudes dec ining serge sal yg of tian
"he ger, ia am arg whee wey Ie ers ey alec on ala
seehition fa parsagslenerh, Stasers wich «pina bide may have peaceptual
asd Ge motor defi tut eyatieiy effet autor planuig, ered and
navdias en, and cages manipulation (Tam, Reid, Nanmann, & CiKoets,
2UC2ni Ta, eid, Naunsann, & OKeue, 20008), Her dhwe slr, ret
Tucuey cant be negatively wage aes J Taley wit the pesca pla
‘ning and execution of pin

‘Anwther fac hue aflects ping Myetoy is knowledge ef the sendeed
leoghoard layout (Lew a er, 199R). Studeces wich physical lesb cay
fue lit exposure us ey boas They aay ck Kal iste a he

oer layot and nse and tial ave pene les ie sia kext than
their non-cisibled puers, “ack of taliaieyingucle» typlealstdene's ry
sorrece key.

ing ery al aay ter pt thy sah ail searching fr rhe
Nieemey ane Tamgmnage deficits mas also negatively ip

aad pally with acelens venhs physica! dibibrice

Stnfheeg, 19953, Some amdenta with physical suites bawe po eons

sive ngage sills sie eevult ia sient issepancy Bececo intedece
sed erin expuesion [Pormay, Husky. & Last, 1964), Leet wile
tenn express ny bt futed ti poor phamolugiea knowledge rere
fad exprewsive Linguige uetiils, sakl ceioia in short cctm rmomory
‘Sanbg 1998, Sandbere, 2601), McCutcheon (1908) myonied tha” arto.
tion to dhe mechanses of wiring may signeantly 2x u writer’ woking
‘nemaory. This conkl itapect serio wil phsical dibiices wh Gx mo:
Irave stony, expresive ills ane need to spre
ences ia correct gramanatieal rma. cnze may be cowed. as srmleats
smvegle wet airing in apport granu ava spell
Sicderae with physical ishiliies may have difficulty spelling du to
due tractor pb

‘ee compen heir sea

oo apeling aba but apeling eras may ao
BVALUATING WORD PREDICTION SOFTWARE 95

sas, There can oceus even lien aise chvives ate use Decne
Ihara, and finger cones. are imyactea yy invelumtary moron pattem?
(eller, 2005; Cuok, Ax Howey, 2COB). Yomae stadents sack phyccel ial
ics se mele with suid wel processor sex othe students ca
rut handsic ffeciecly, #0 aevaive rochnolon i reed (Castella, 6.

Word Paenicnon Use
Clow way to asi: seaents with plysealdicabiliciss wich wien expression
ie titough selene tecknclayy. Assitive sckmwlogy may be used ev aie
ome of ch monar pores asocinid wih sping Moxey aa ol me
ehors Lueck, Dute-Ksup, Sezye, unl Clarke (2001) suggested that meirive
technolngp decisions shade (a1 romnene individ sskeswndeice Cbs woe

sulerfauctionss needs aa (C} consider ersomal prefsrences

“There are sre rypes of arnsuze ecisclegy that sy pronase writing
Fer suet with sowese physical diabiiir, aremace Keybonice sap he
needed when holt phystel impuienmas prevet then tr sing standard
heeyavurd: However tgping race my acl be slow and spell agers nay tll
fers. Ore rype of assove ecbaulugy hak may adiress typing oped and
-yelaey eros rd precio,

‘Word prslicuna softwany eauy be un eliceive vol to amit anders wih

Fhysical diabileise in nevrasing roping speed aul accuse, ua reduce
spelling erm. Thi tectzwlcgy wie developed ev asin soudents with phys
sal lsat, yet much ofthe tseal has dacused oe stds with Jenin
jug disbileies (MacArthex, 2000). This solvate alls wear Us rehuce

Iegsvakes, ako Koowo as rate eullatcemenc, pocertially saving eime and
physical energy that may increase reping speed (Marbles, Hadi, &
Liman, 1999)

‘Won prediction soiewsss works n conjnntan with ay saan word
procovor. The pred cvion proyain tically kettnse separate wind than
rn be moved vo hat wes mag wiew borh winds cruulateuesly, or there

may bea sepacare rel har plaved somewhere on te serean, The aver tipes
ule iu prediction window or he ward p-acesice depeuing on the peri
lular pnsgatn, To bop, rhea goer He letser ofa tune it eke prodio=
on window anda nuclera et ul words ected by the pages. Wee oF
the nutnber cheaves a ee mod che user aman hs wer eles it by tying
the nucrkeraswoe-ated wich shechive ol lveaoy im tbe chu, The a
ware chem Places the camspece wo ln the sentence and she nace yes Re
fin Jem: of rhe meer wn me tae xentence With prediction pvernne that
fearune a eeparate srindow, the use seer tex] cunstustion and vflare
96 PHYSICAL DISABILITIES: EDUCATION AND AMLATED StMICES

tnunafecs the complene sentence ra the ord pinerssor, When won ane
selecied fan the preicvor. menu, Keystrokes are saved andl rate enhance-
ment may e ached.

Race enlzurcerneut osicbieved because che sine pernos use: mo ger
brite more chazacter: {Teter} rhan they phys.al'g select ony a be
(Cook & Hasey 2002), Rate enkuncstoene is accarsplisned shen a ure
pes one er wo Terors fa word anal thet inlcates coe ofthe wxamplece
swond slices by selecting the ember associa wh rhe choaen word. The
seffware then phres the selectel ond kay the ventence for the nser, Won
retdiction sofewais alan cede kenriskes by aurawarically eapiaing the
fit won! sa reolence, capitalingy most proper nowss, ed by providing
snpropriars spacing hereoen wns and ene,

“There are sl other factors chat may impact the cifeciveness of wend
rediotion 06 typlug ae. Koes. and Levine (1998) sugested cat wel
resdiccinm may vary i is eeeriveness econ che mse Tis sentch time
(Geasonig the sl predict Fst), byptess te (Que a cabs 18 rater
cally prose che Bey, and kevyvess delay (time ca rakes decide wat 1
sree. Addiviounl factors that were Wentified a ubecing won: prediction

iweness include! the configutaiaa of the werd predierian system and
Jeptree avira, aswell as the srazay used to search the wordlist. Several
Aiferent vanch cteategyes were presente Ly Koester sul Lovie (1997) sue
‘8 earehing the word prediction ler Refoe cach sclecrian, selecting rae let
tee and eco searchany the worl predcein Ht before susxequerteeevtions,
col daxcmticing she sserch she word i nor Fine ae 9 ena Tras
“The mode sizulations cansceccd in this sty showed chat che efective
anes of wood yeedhetion vated hase pan the keypreas ame, sesame,
and search sraegy. Tan e¢ wl (20026) repuresd tha placement ofthe wel
‘eecccom wile ae fuente a tapos variable in sing sed pre
rion. They fend hae hsving the won! pcherien srindow in the lower
rade border ofthe seen led to apytovewers in Tear eet

‘Word prediction har she prtentil to increse pei ia acre se the
ser is prewnted with aT a poicen al weuds which ae spelled zoreesty and
an be weectes aoa placa a shawn wl wv ahe heyencke. This can
Ihe of honefie tm ater wich physical dinbiltes because sone spelling
ercosnaie due co weak phonological skills (Sandbeng. 196) anc weak terse
Gy knowlege (Sendlety, 001) Woed pnalerion say have advantages over
seunraterized spol check wich bis beew repos nave liad efective
‘wes foe atnenrs weak lange and learning dishes. Users were unable
ro loca the comset word mn the spell checker, rte wi waa hesanym
sid went urrecogrased by the spell checker (Maca rut, 2300),
EXALUATING WORD PREDICTION SOTWARE 97
WORD PREDICTION STUDIES

sexe] esenich aries have exo tbe use of were preicrem with tue
Claus with dibs, Lowi, Groves, Ashton, and Kaley {19981 seule ~
suuclens wih leaning diabiliie to cleprmune whether word prechetion
inaproved rmping nice shen. couapaved ro hard seirny and to worl proves
ing, The aurhorsuved a pretest reste: cone! design wich these uinute 2:
son, They reported chat yarticiuants made greater typing sans use wom
vedic verue wus goacessng, ber handing was che Hscest wom ler
acter methaxk'te authors suggested therm lack of keybuard practice Mag
explain shy burlertiag wi saporot en word preduceian, Ln another sil
wwe stents auth Irate alsin iss (Gevden, 2601), one seat sid
poorer with wel prediction chan typing. kp this avtane, the aurhets
thougat that the en's ping race was lento due te the ne I ak he
stent a evallysenech che word prediction es

‘nine ir apelling have leo boer, foul ym susie with sradones wi

ovale, MacAstkur (1992) curdcte « muliple Aasline and
verctanl snap fearning etudears with levrzany hablligs 1 aes

whether spelling accunsey improved wsiig werd. pedicriom software. The

regored chee 4 of the 3 pasticipnts mule gains 10 spelling aecurney
MacArrhae (£9999 repens gas in spelling accuey iw 2 nie a studi

wives. The ise er

feamsing the sams 3 partepunts with Jee ng i
bred an acomatmy eatent legate wetopsne haribeing to word pee
Seton oy word oven bi a yoursal waticg wes, Only Taf the 3 pa

sic

uae gts ns plug securaey. Hotweves, the sec.raé ay placed
bighe vocabulary deans sm he parisipanis posshly saving patieipace
arabe ward pealstion wave ulton

‘Sou eesemch hae heen enndcted an 3

1280 of om orcdcrom ith
4 Levine 11996) lead a sead
feacuring 4 poricipannawirhaxe dasbies and 6 with Higa level apna coed
iniates a9 sed rea ticks o neccw keyboards. They repens hae word

sualenis ehh physical sinhiiies, Koes

pledicior. weld onl increase ux geteration rate Uf cho smount of key
strokes thin ae sive! uaog wand prlition eseaads tle selestign ate
Gohich i an liereed by aich copririve and persaprinl aero a earch tire,
Adsciding on the selection, and key prs time). The stugly found taat even
hough fower zeyerles were aed vot word rece wath selon tk
slamFeaney fonger ter make, especialy for users wit spinal ve injure.
‘Thie wee arcibared te che coyatire and perceptual Esctove ncedel for wend

predictoc, Jn this studs, word prediction decreust texe wnerition nace for
98 PHYSICAL DISAB ITE: EDUCATION ANE RELATED SERVICES

those wih sina com ronuy by at avenue of 15% in cones wis Ring
without word predicrion.

To another surly with studeos with physical dishilirics (Timlin and
Hille, 1024), serd prederion affors on increasing ypvoy Haetcy were
fend eo wary based upon che severity of che phycal dimbiey and rhe. a
env ping poo. Sinden with Uke anes vere physical disables and
sks ying ses (2.9 ppm. 4.7 seam} had ineeasce in png speed sg
seve prediction offense However the smadents with fueter eying spcede
(12.9 vepm, 146 ape) and hese severe physial divlalines shone no
inprovewest or typed lower using word dicta sefsems, Ths sendy com
cluced rhar fugue, arieetion, heyptes ate, aed str plang iste ane
sklditions facto thar ray irspact Ryping performance of audenre wh ps
‘hal dialahives, nal te seventy of the Uiabley al prestervenion epic
rate may ply keg vale fn the effeerivenen a word prelerinn ns,

“Tau, Rekl, Nawnenn, sed OReete (20024) eamducted bret 20-day
fy owed prlloninn with ut ste volt sr bifida cual be
cpl ner IC sn 1 using five mote vp.ng cision. The mites rept
edivo gain br ypltg cate wont: onl peedictian be all panipants, They
suggast “har a Tok of prerise witk wd predieinn, che aot length oF Hae
euch. isues celating co methodology, ard populatior. may explain why
staeors fled ro nae gps ln evping are wie ward preshrln.

‘Move sezarch is nistded to determine che effcriveness of word pocdic~
tan wofvare sale selene de gleysieal Heabilives, The pore ot this
sandy was 1 exarsine the we af wore prediction soferure on yping fluency
send spelling accuracy

METHOD

PARTICIRANTE ANP SETT
‘Tereestulesis with ply wal diailnieg yore slosted for disc, Ln adr
tbe selected fr this sted Ute stacet has (a) ee Ine ong

mars for exchonedie impairments (eeudcnts hase enh’ t!letua ssa
tier ory Hitelleciualdicabiliias along with a phcaldisbilits),(b) be
receiving service throng ur errhp paizmenn special educarion se
gaa (6) have a plgsical diabilry involving fine actor problems (dl be
idle school age, Ce Lave ured aad precast fora minimum ef ane yar,
UU) ace a below averege typing cate andlor making spelling cars om over
5% of theic wr (wl sh sn noel Ieating ues), (gl ave bad
EYALLTING NORD PREDICTION SOFTWARE 99

fem sotmoctian i Ube se of werd prediction sft, and (fh) Re had
[prot sspanenct: sing the sod pnessor on compact

Te chree suideots selected for cis study sere all = the sevend yale
sral sere whee users vat goss ated Gee moto: dete (v8 Table 1
Sarah ad spine hvida and hyshacephals, James had Phcheane' macular
drvcophy, Tim had moderate spastic ews puley

Sala bieven yest old ory dy with zecrage iene, had spina
bifida ar ksdroeephalus. She nse manual shselchatr sud hal wheelshaie

suvsvubl clad in ech of Jer pera el gaan clies. Stal had 3
[peivence dor hanewriring bnzamse she da nor sean mn look diferent trom
her pours Shue was able ta cype god she wes Lamson with wor provesiny

James was a 12 yeac old gruag man with seatnge ineligenes who had
Duchenne'y Musculse Dpstophy, Le uied a manaat whelshute and acecsi
tele det. janes prefered ev bil wnte ll assgaents exerge lente rests
sr penjee. Jemes'handarring wns toible ‘or fan wining assiznmen,
be became ls legible for wists tbang oye hans LO nica. Ja
‘was familia sh word prasensing

‘Fi war a 13 yee old your aun sath moderace ymsdnplogis spate
save pay, euld clones speech, ontenisin deft iain, aol bor
avenge inelligenes. 13s ui a power whelelair independently and he had

sxbeelcbii acorsble desks each of bis cise, Tim completed maoet work
by hond with a penal, buc his handing was difieult 10 read dus w nual
nate szoror planning au tne moenr defer, Leaitiliy eeame wore twasd
Uke ened of rhe hey due wo fig, me evseyuecesod a eurnpunee, Howeren,
cron] personnel povided T m seth 2 randanl apa caugutee dase the
cour uf the sul al began tinicy 62 nutes Fer wed,

“The any tose place in a rains ecm fr students wit Oethopedbe
lpuients (OU, Studeose are iatructed Hy the OL teacher using the
elssrocm dsshiap eampate (9 Dell Diatusio PC) ot Del’ last corp
cers, Observation curs mond prscessng tks in he daily stele els oes

indicarod thar all students weee able uve worl processing ce ty98, Micro
‘Word was selocad us the word pmecssingsofroate since ws koa by all
participants. All poling ve yraucnae eee. eetures were Jeng rng
the sy

Worn Prti:1:08 SOFTWARE
(CosWeins 4008 Johnie, 1902) wee the wun precccion sofware Zor this
suds. This cermmarcally walle word prediction progeam can bese th
any wal yooreonor Fy students in elementary Ehecuga high sch age. The
prediction program fearures 2 separne waruw thus stypeally plac in the
100 PHYSICAL DISABLTIES EDUCATION AND RELATED SERMCES

‘wonvawesep FO 404 papeou sour
Jep.0510 PURE UORUERY = GAY ans

‘5275 SOUR AUEIBNIG = SWO
Bu Jd Sp1OM = HAA
mea
swauulisse uo ‘HORNY Pt
wu sod "suauisse oe) id rods use,
wade 2 “POU SOMMpUEH St 0 epoH FI om
sauufisse
uo] so fadonsig —— ueuawy
Bil ‘squouBsse uous res sey
saMMPUEHL oven 10N, wowed 1 unf
sums gh Roy
snyeydeaarp ly “UN
ssuumpuey ——_dpoteH ON, bug ues + yes
‘amen oF sou) Api BURN
aurdlounui, 1 aay

sepruaneseyy wuedppteg
VALUING WORD PREDICTION SOFTWARE 1OL

dutta half che soteen, Users slew rw now simelranceurl. The mor
ssperele fiat lees oa weed in the pradicrion windows and the program
offre a tnabered cet of suns. [Pome of the numer ahoigas isthe sod
tbe user wants, is selected by eying she matte” asta with rhechoies
1 by clicky on the choice. New, the pogzzm paces the complers werd
inp the fis esse af the nae wd, Fhe

Jae de serine na ha
oerecc yous 8 oF Inthe Ts, Fhe user carer ro TepS and the Tis of pa:
dered wont changes accordingly: When ending punchaatoe “sscteced, Bs
fofrwans range she somplerssenrenc From Cox¥Prier AQOC on che word

‘Coser 4000 as sot on he intermedia diccionary and the ¥o
isengoged. The péngnam way ser ro dsplay tive word choaces, and
swasaujusred heswecr. (2 thegh 18 to meet ind!videal preferences

Ode ried frum inelnded price asad, prodice in ine, and lease nes
vsabulary

PROCEDURE
Witdng sesdons. Tha writing aasiens crated othe audents ting steve
cd ro sritaa shor parazraph abou sue evenes + thet dally rowine of othes
Sali rope, Sucenre ner provided wih a writing pomp each ae "Whar
id ac Team in sour acienos class! ar Whar. sour Fr ie TY ago! Te

hora parapatessonal then diecussed the sivng prerypr wid ie st
dent. After the diseasion ahont the writg aignnaen, the: stdents ware
Sase provided L019 20 minness to pce-orite tls anaweis (vi handwesing
fyping wih spelling and grammar feamizes rarned af), Nest, the scugens
cupiel their prewetten ees using a word procestar alone or sel predic
(dlepending on the tatment condition}. This method acaied pues
vor Lucas fn yping dae ey cognitive inessuch asthe dent hnking sour
hor 9 nye vex. Seudents wore itruced #3 type fom choir pecriren

‘imple a sete Covel for either 3 or 6 mimueseesending on the satin,
(Unlike ies in while Pe suse cup fora seeing rte by some
fe elie, cope ne, fam hele prewsctier supe allaned spelling sort
Aceacha or pargnofesnemal rineed che ange shor dhe srudemt some
pleeed exting. Tach pos was headed by the teaber wich ewcas, dee, and
‘siting procapt Word poe rainacs and spelling ears were cakate
Tacring haste ating ver ane stb, Sadenes wees es >

Gecernine hascine teping ens Aad welling aecaracy Six sesians rere com

lucte in which the pircinmts Bod ising only wo srw esoog. Typing
12 PHYSICAL CASABILTIES EDUCATION ANE RELATED SERMCES

rare wos deveradas by vung indioidual words, Speing errs were eae
nae perce ound spelled incomes
Previews vesearch uv word presicam fescred oyping seas fu

coe

penta dive minetes Tuolia ea Heller [2001] wad ro mina sstions a
five minzie probes us det tu of ssl with hgsical dichilies, bowe
ves, hosuthors guested th atone newerch wich pacticipanee with physi
col dailies ahaukl caabidee longer ep:ng ssaiane while: manigcing fer
fauigec Tease al. (L9UR) ened eee misses sessions in srady of ries
with learning disailuies. Una, Reul, Nautanst, md CYKecfe (2022) wad
five mints sels a their sey wath tudes wit epin dds an We

cophalus. This nwt tia cesions ese neat? fur she i phar
cf he rene ara sre ae Fgh a tae est cmt och tera.
TTawaver, snow ihnes nivute sessions nighe not aelece cya or athenrie
seaem.: ease) neo. wloquately Uewousteate w dselineo#imprenerscne
le rypang mre eves rane by nmete ping deion wore used for the woke of
he lady

‘The send per euune (pun) eave wa calculate ey taki the tos ram
ber af rac pad aleay in the wal paeses i each saan and vidi,
by dhe numbor ef mines in ele tpg ven. tyes sometimes neces
tovadd she swords in she set prediction windy te cue wens aa be wer
reocessoe Rofo cabal ing som uses ad tk selected encee ans ts
ferted the remaining wow the word pnscestor whe ee seein as con
ered

Coit amnesia: Helos the sey hag, etude ts ved avi

alized iastwcrion on the we of CoNGier 4000 frane thee OT eeu
reaches during amy alle las. The rexchor dcsevited, deroenecrated, avd
then modeled the feiniee of che sfnwae, Facicinancr were Git, provided
‘wich one hoor of guided prsctice, then resmiteed indcpendane practice
[During sided practic, the siden were taht to (8) ehacee wd
ye the is eter he see, fade a te wo Lit 1 en ie

ssasolfoed, (A) selest the choice (ey clieing or eeoering the number onthe
Kerlord) or continue ting che move lec, (e) look at che werd ist to eee
UW the choice was otlezed, Uf elect hoe chive (by uickiny ot select the
Inrubae 90 the kaboasl) oe eemtinue meme the next lave. The adet

‘would proceed imal che sentence vs complece und wae sene to Word,

lnuen.etion of CeeWiater 4000 coun far each stuceta ul iL sa
slvr tsa each woe ale i adhieue TECK accuascy pn thee checks
Teme en the checkls: inchided opening CoNVissr 4600 with Microsns
‘Word, tsping, scanning the list ater each spp lence, selecting che wore