ERIC ED549966: Crossborder Education: Programs and Providers on the Move. CBIE Research Millennium Series No. 10

2005·11.5 MB·English

by  ERIC

a
CAF Mt loonury ese fla, “0

Crossborder Education: Programs and
Providers on the Move

Comparati
Ontare

1,0 INTRODUCTION,

deveopad 1 ele eke ed
788 yale in bei 30

ring he inet
program aid
hs

ve eyelope

lagen pate wa
ils

ng

iu Yr tna and Cina

ion Centre
yr af Farente.

‘nsdica univers ato eal
Al Assant Organivatin fs lng: pr soe one
lsh the ALA Canaan

Iijenree kas aces wget bane

oer 9,600
so pans, (These
1 ae elated

DURING THE LAST FIVE YEARS THE MOVEMENT OF
EDUCATION PROGRAMS AND PROVIDERS ACROSS
NATIONAL BOUNDARIES HAS BEEN A HOTBED OF

ACTIVITY AND INNOVATION.

+The Inertial Ins ine a inarmtion

Tesnaleg ll
Moscow a af in
high eneation inacmions i Chile, Ween,

eva sned Cta Ric and ome unsere i

Navn. Switalaral end Irene

niversiry of Westminster (US) isthe key fos

Lg: sewers porter inthe new orate Kingda
a Benin se phys seer ale

Unies
ffi le glk ne
Tdekisan and Kets

Avo fre 2003, 838 egret! progres trem
1 hile wounds were operting in Hong
Kong, ane Segapoce had 572 degree level
programs tian 12 Foreign count

+ Hanvasl Unies is éevlaping oo bs

iaminese ie Niger,

1 Tina Thanet we The the fit Chinese exit

tease ranch campy vowse Cs
Tod
+ Gerny Inver 14 allo Boro in scat

(o opera antead and 10 ier
encoment in Grima.

TRADITIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS (HEIs) ARE
NO LONGER THE ONLY DELIVERERS DF ACADEMIC COURSES
AND PROGRAMS. INTERNATIONAL CONGLOMERATES,
MEDIA AND IT COMPANIES ARE INCREASINGLY ENGAGED

‘Trese eaimakes involve higher education providers
indlingimatuings ans somoacice elvcing dha
cose oid poogre ro stents ia ther home eon
ces, [es coming evidesce ests ne Jeager juz
ssucenss whe see snoring across bowdess enc chit,
cough in alosia emes thee was sonia mobil
ve rare entesd a new ea

totes sdustion

17 PURFOSE

kame sce Ino
[Secession ee at
te aconywelnceing eee

says sac, TH leg 9

at pull oa yon Inge
Ngee qu prose a
Rote nando ann gered a
titan pen pris an ang hoor
Senin

A thscinacing bu ey my vl erassorde
sducacica i eterging. he psp wf Fie pape
dee ian some of she ody, celle aed
innpiesous of dese res dese npmont. Thea
CU) te laity he eeioushise besecon g.03
hort education and 18

tl so atta aa poi
_mobline 3) 10 ary to deve op 4 woes map. eat=

eps terms cad aces ef we ceelsave: cliation

‘Give the sipie and perhane nemul-ous caparsion
of ernationa aadersi alii, i's pest Hv be
anceces ofthis poets Une pitty
Focus ie onthe movernent of eit fs
2 aeoss bores, ae the mobi
pees i on igher et
fad clleagesepply to cther levels | is
ianpocrane wo scpanize st in consbordes ecient

lon ather ene ret

ng thst) ney se

sering tan

this paper ais tm

boes pers

arcenton is glen wo fer
dl comamets

iow prj
concentrates on the prvision gems

bse cusses and pragrisIading 09
certtctetcegres ine does nor adesee in sy ecbstane
til way he eeesbonder mobility of sarc and scholar
ly inise.ves, The dictation of ames are

lisies ad respensiblies,

12 ewe

vey

liters within sad beaween cous, Even doug
one of she abjecives oF chs
ofthe saya of ner sims eae
snporsin za ela new ey con
ane ud.

‘Traditional bigher ofccetioa ineinsons UTES ste
ne longur she only celiac of endemic coursce and
prognims Increaoral conglametare, meéia snd 12
companies, new parnechios of pesare and public bodies
ae inceingly engige in the prosiien of eduction

Ti language of tntenusaoncincnoa i chonging aa

spe to
ing ii
in:zpre
THERE IS GREAT CONFUSION ABOUT THE MEANING AND USE OF THE TERNIS
“TRANSNATIONAL, CROSSBORDER, AND BORDERLESS’ EDUCATION. THE
PREFERRED TERM FOR THIS PAPER IS CROSSBORDER EDUCATION AS IT IS
‘THE PRESENCE OF NATIONAL BURDERS WHICH IS KEY TO MANY OF THE
REGULATORY, QUALITY, ACADEMIC AND FINANCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO
‘THE NEW MOBILITY OF PROGRAMS AND PROVIDERS.

‘oe domes ily aml errata, Ths ten, Ca
os protein brag am
ni ald alt

cxgenizaions ard contre. Thi sence wees Ee sem
voit avs all ype of sues Ca teller

‘olntiss puogems and zen. The is ee cree

fesesiadtavanl the ne al rn seve oe
bes ae ying into ae eadeatin wl espoy

detion gence, This 2 6p Wile es oid eve

scene

‘cde ne vo lupe she ide and comes “eg ge

ie Soppies,cansunnin
Thate i ex sisi bor

sina some pee

ag and se
athe ww Irnsrational toate and ldots!

svuearion, This he zd a Sate 9.3." 20
preeied ory ft his paper seroubonder ecucatin,
asit the pesinoe of zation botéer whi sky
tay of he ception, qu 9, acs an Gace

lovin

i ems aby ob pyres and

1.3 CLTUNE

wiice of tis pave isa Slows, The
or aitewen he cnncest and cal

facing
lobular and thei:

mernatonal dicenion oF eduction,

ole of

timpaceon ‘her es tune pron, Soe impetn
Ig. the wlaoship of beating, tera

vbr ed

atar an Vacs vine sere 3

+ cloner educate

stud as wuld are Eh
‘onion et eeu aul ys ssc ete
ton sala, UR nal New Zealie sigher od
vie’ rosie. I: che fourth seul, =
sets, cones is
sonespeual ia

nein fs sul are
We Ce: Bom ef pies

soa and esusdetane ng UE
coscenues thet eso oF aues ad ipl

16 ely ss of

Vin seme of he cog af pha aa P=
sgunitcatioas che quill gsecsnase be rugs

ring delved, atl use ole ata ol ane
Incernacoral gultoty Paressrls

2.0 GLOBALIZATION,
INTERNATIONATIZATION AND.
CROSSRORDER EDUCATION

ospote ofthis ect i sins the was
envionment wit highessencation, ae
tspecity th hres -nersion or kigher

cation, i wethiog. Sou! sy empeasnr 9 la
Es comncetions amotiy gonzon, teraations

on, crsiondarqlizstin are rade ap thes
Tie ag wet oun aarp ee esd sane lige om she

Laven sted el inp of tee process,

16.08;

HAL:

ALIZAIICH: CHANGES HD
Ices

Ise
i

er easton aan ogg af ag
ang

emive nd per

‘Cangas eneesocmens, lait ie ven
seul colienooneass wakes feo Deus” pale
roles ectdemnce and pave al wasn rom
1 sects ane dic a. slr no excep,
of educa ia yarvi nly yosssedry ed
armas hort agent an nossce tu plusliaton i
wo Fu
sul ginhinaian oy educaioa poli,
ss nee ol very pene cach, 294,
Basu ancl Lethe, 2 eds an lon, 20035
Mang-1en, $001; Soot, FI). Hoses othe

fen
uncon af is daemon, a nee or wen ede
‘on ct glebalzation is pursosly alopied. al
nel loka ation i posciene ask
fees Ber has suiple eer
swt elson
Tes impartans re ote that (eto ae ot
sate elbabictar uf ohwstion’ rt gu
Insoa is preventer, 2 shen on
sloazizron, Ie fice, a
uicg ais sas desde co main the “oc
aimlizacion of eéurscon eal zo avid ig the
tshalia.or of sdace.o, ss has had nse,
esa, bu gon succes 860m 4 eel i ana
hae thse tea are mat yen a yoy ae

Berk pais esl neg

SUBSTANTIAL EFFORTS HAVE BEEN MADE DURING THIS
PAST DECADE TO MAINTAIN THE FOCUS ON THE
AINTERNATIONALIZATION OF EDUCATION’ AND TO AVOID
USING THE TERM ‘GLOBALIZATION OF EDUCATION.

ston lng
Iiiela. Cale
vay a gon ust aval stay aditiaas, en

fine ube provi, Galata i
the grog so ioe
Kelght de Wt 1947, p 6) Uha 6
hroslelgss bat ploeliaton 4 auleefaeeed pacers
tac i neh ut in aed dlc ps aut

shes iazact hae

hs tke psn ac wee
sive wales saya ensequaness.
Vhs ew ois acest ae sn ot

Jeneaal ayy

akg

loge.

ye
sank
sud change verano
shar 2 thes. ate eaalyss &

ondlzation 2: whee:
1 nf goal ars, be Sr his

ily weenie

sliwussie they ai ante sles 3ac 9 acs of
hia eatin shics tore stort a iapacs oa tke
daha seh

Gay Onc esas ence af

scat ¢ manatvrl

snl This care opens bighg

los wicks ie puace ico lleeee
etonmsita

sored of ei

inernatoraison eo
fon Wc povtar a on hat eee insphes

sora ad wag,

fs emsenocderGeivery ef se

jimctnasons, evelopment peje, ud of

figs ane nesia eae tal develepraenn nc ether.
Veuht incu saws. wich ste prnpesely
he impacto globalization. ie not

1 ligha bes

Finca The est- -sofghesalsatin lied a the Se
feds Inve plans oe ay dese agpoce
hig es lation eo fae he inssinaegeal

Te chav amps pos.
srs, holies he noon tt alebalisacon 2
flere pun lta nnsatte diana ery
sohich Fighr elevates ja ples ef how che

Iovate sini af educa
dad in
“viens
ian of igh luna is 6c
Toft sien 16 and en agent

iat asp
st ab a Hl

© glelonian
‘Wy finsenatoneiaon
sess aslei phils

Fass fats igh

sation sec we prepare sine i ising al sig,
in senor oonecte, “aarlejene = el publica
sword an scone: thet rears ane scholeship sed
Tesnnerhres me neon za intrarenal sus. ON
‘Beobre hal mers ondvtion asta aga of
tlobelbation, epevlly weenenic plait a ot ee
besos sh anrke apelin ghar ee atin
becomming meme he oe gra en bag
sealentrescivmens auger ene vink cay

29 MR ISERIA IONE ANE: E¥O.TSR AND
ARSON

soe st 9
that pose
seconds 7 nein engeged in. Bagirting i roe

amid-ighree mueratlorliatian a hah cra
isaprel in she broke ser
lmpureines supe al vu me, Foe

oneng neraber of fc
sencsers parsgacing in asaeric ably

ofthe elke
‘isang in che mmr of a,
ons bic Focus 0 conic
oursioaal

progres

lopreens of sow insatat tal sasrks are
‘ness in canpu ed inci schiien
sith a terasional a6 mln rl
epoca ie

‘aceite campuses

* ectblishs-t a ow bate

wzzed en ter ations aon

ein: 6° dou het
petnethips, “are eg elBhere

se agian and and el a0
ee plogitae saying we
snd ocho satereationafa.ion initives

sesclnirl or ese dimensios ints dhs
ovpese, Eacons delivery uf pest seomeany ede
‘eor” thalgar 2003, 2)

bie intense denim of inner

tdonatzsies Mone wcll sg i> the pooces of
patioaaizainy slik be shots in tome of pemacting
coeaeaionw ality wrong mains mgt
sualcy an thes a igh ederces o2 cons Bug
co is wdanacnect ol msn fs inetnaiocal ss,

“le ace an il ennons sa anennsconabaion
em coatibutc 2 thew yoy a detain nosis
discs anouph shar ream Fe eet np Seca ps
si et aver bor wi hae aif
lees, dezenshag on she see or
staheieller Misi, iti smpoctane exp
cfc narsean! nonexpts ave been carly eo fn
ths yguse working delincon of atetoa onslatin
The ea praca is desea aac scx 1

junta wnal tio i an ong
“thocest senotes an evalicinnas

ty to thesomesne The concep hageaiu ap
Ips
repli and propane
agers onlos penile sake YNTERNATIONALIZATION AT THE NATIONAL/SECTOR/
ara it capo tocran dhe INSTITUTIONAL LEVELS IS DEFINED AS THE
sweesen of dsaition aul set PROCESS OF INTEGRATING AN INTERNATIONAL,
the mesing eas ths somal

1 INTERCULTURAL GR GLOBAL DIMENSION INTO
Uetderacsy nor ew spwans 1's THE PURPOSE, FUNCTIONS OR DELIVERY OF

ody an aah «sn vie

sion pesds ke wiles ane beck PQST-SECONDARY EDUCATION.
nasomelspa es hse ell
inition Iewk Prereiore,
re dlintvs is nyse! which acenowagges ho Lar ly asl te denete she prnests uF el
(ng the interasionl ead iets Sen fee
sand progsas is mider tw asi. et chs cea
onal iscession reaivs.csstal — ow wargieal ane
seed fr inte bemiaric nigh trayple 79 many divs gutsingh The exncests a pupese: fncier al

sauce roles ston syreme. Walle it's liver’ fe bees catfullchovsv clare ment to be

veal syeher Purpose ze othe acral rl ane

ee neces a ite o develop 5 ual
fon i ine hu fe eozcopcian or ws

bread lange af erie sand for compara parts

sere coun ngs ofthe wor

i's umgorean wo ensure thar «det

je

cov situtioa, Feast i
vases chat charcredaea tinal mse seer
corinne. Usvall ee clk

Fp the sitions uy bene array, reveash and sence woal is awe
sd accor et a iolincion rover concept and refs naar eesti
conmouzy eine wine aly from etait rece and progians wah: demain ete,
instiacon. lan i ev ev sth she neers cna, Te stages daliety by tal diel hh
diession was all sports of seucation ad the a se snatinacoas bate ress prvilns ob 36

ich i es

that: pays iu wcey: hollowing trockeng defini iacisaal companies wi ate len sare tote
is pnp fe gloaal delivery af 2) progam ane series han
Tetetaatinliiion the neionllsctn st I ntensronsl or lvsnaltrllivsrsion of a cxspus

ion vali defies ihe piveees for earch an svi nr
CHART ONE: IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBALIZATION FOR INTERNATIONALIZATION

‘Element of globalization

Round: Society
Leena eporicacaradked
he oct aga eK

1h
Nac dasloprenn inferasion
anil ecestivian wok
solar

Market Yoonomy
Euston end nee

“ead Liberalization
[New ceraioal and eg
Ina erento

inet
decent rae

Govemance
egal eterarer crus ne

Tmpact an higher education

Troplicarions for the international

dimension of higher edncstion

to

apo morte
edacssoniflon lerrirg nde
[palbstied decor are rac.

fester ones sored Bs poser
Shactdon

Iedgeslirg fier po pratt

lop xo shila tro

sd yi lane

Reized eaves fy sarc and

ledge pout fecha aa

Nos stacy metho re sr
avershotén séncaon, esac
ivcae wile Foal

ico nf Higher scan snd sing,
aedoms 228 roe narsral lah

Tes

spor sional woos
se baie

he tle of rina eal eden > ast

ich poereranc aml pricier

sek ili nl pig Sinks

New pesca on peli panos

“diet wed eng poge
com apv si

usar cogent ech, le

Troprsct ute apoasve ws mates
aa Spied cing rere
Teng vl foe rere a
pci coehpsrant parser ind i
(lta waa eka bo

Texan intemoral nobly ef
gregiena; emul pelea] jects
Mats sel

dyes sale

Irina inaeabinl dey es

sch accruing reins selliceat
pene wei

New omoors ast ppt ls
sierur sedeehing nevi ie ena

furore eutene cet

Serf hy idan

Trcrensing empha comrnesly oi
se snore al eget anal
(pre ire fapor
Seton Soop stapes

Nap verstionsingiew fomavarks
el gins peer paca age
ally thrarem ray tera

{pelfentony, kil fox
Anechoe ian ng levelapanene in ths
liso soeabulay she apextina wee ota at rs
ssh flee eo wel St 42bout stews orate po
Few ina {Rng 20054), The fies
scheme Rina, 1199 wien

710 the

* ral gl etetieal ws ol
couretlur:. fre tewking’ camming proces

ssi, tere oo aati
‘ssleelap neeracoaa! culating

rho leaving ths wan The
sewed compen inteantin which

cz sedans, ewchere sche, powgsui, sour,
cvctculum an projerss moving boomeeh. Sonn anc
cealere.n Sat aro bodes

vhich Taps

fed iasteuard 9

ANION: SSOWETION

( einen nein acne snl fist
caval ur gosgnapbic Sowden. Ly

she past danse

explezel. lve inorssed mobi
eal i sh ngrucson of

micas vy no debe a

ine Use de ery of cco i un =
Goossen thit set

sod intrchangedhiy wich. tas

such 2 ura

edo neato

among he fis the er
‘earswativnal elton’ ae ey sania v lize as
hotest wervieaenc ef inseam te
Aus sli campued aad thoes eT msn sine
Asatelia degre afihore, Tews yarn truncata

edcesion ezine aed sy deri n alshote iss
patios ident ep olmentstpanllos of dh veey
saeco

ace for Ianenat eal Becton
via emablshed as an F-lependent
hus 15 slang tens
oven ux onal ews bue les roa eee to
disemi-aing good praiess a wa satin acon

De GATE i “Tsnscational chs fon
reasiing or orm ng activity la sede
aediff-Su ener fs Zoe ony to ta i wb
ho ination sing he educa. in shad fe

ar = amy), Ts atation raised
bowl be sees: by ator nehun shut eee
tion, a’ sa anctor edit on ors” Today

woe wes od cao penile ae sowing e's a
ers. shis dain pps c be ameue api rp
prea mebvity an pnd malig, Ta lst i hu
3610 tote the sires sha now exis bcs th

res dllus io vargneional edsset o> aa! faccure
defntion exa is being t2ed sp deri ivan mss
fron, 2etapethisis san weer a i Bn sia (3818

is cow managal ly ve TS Dataace ers ng

URTSCO el the Coal ef kurape Wt sine
oF Pec: wn Traneuesienal Educa ha. dsc
aan: aineion in alka sp, iy de
anvaiea | lesion 39 mean alge gh ee
tuo tly her the Isat" i sary

Aiffzsat nes rheoae whet he awnuling institution is
based! (UNESCOFCoune 02 sau, 201), Aging 8
shin fae “or some eoebavd movarcens oF
Drogrst a saya itd apple te

oll i sree= mek, bor ina her oe pe
Sate cps when age eal gm spervent oe
stone alone higher educa isin mss which se 230

CROSSBOADER EDUCATION IS A TERM THAT REFERS TO
THE MOVEMENT OF EDUCATION ACROSS NATIONAL
JURISDICTIONAL OR GEOGRAPHIC BORDERS.

Uy ¢ “some” ur serity bese te scached
sine enenaias. Wud ons dsc ds
os hu larmer ey lest ine erent eo
1h acne esti?

=o

Pater roe con: ky ome sie Reval
al rn site of Tc ny (RATT)
bishad “a line-rseun a Yensn,

si of grams cemnlen ih
hc peal anal Terese
Ioeowin valuta

spree re debs hs sua che eats
Fey ewe in & 1 wl
clin ne tea he

reser muy be Yet ‘Veer ha
lagi somering poss: fn Suri, eve though i
vn ve progzaas th Vian ther ae Doe oe
Siti, Ye, che sume 1 RM Weta ty
ina ful Vienamebesl RR! ‘eesapss, Thats
sessions wl a7 ‘emp thar she
University 9¥ Souls is ost)

Souprurs, Another example, when Leu
ANOTHER REASON THAT A NEW FRAMEWORK IS
PROPOSED IS TO OFFER AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE
TRADE FRAMEWORK OF THE GENERAL
AGREEMENT IN TRADE OF SERVICES (GATS) .

ourchases ane: upezaes¢ dauaeri nec in Sn
instarce Chile, sce ene lester loser ina diteree
county thas exe ava. inserion! The eases i a,
The provicer bas moved aces rational bards = pu
chown lanl wei whic coutinces eo senor the
sinks, Thine sxaapie stv o rac questions azoue the
rey sane an zeane of pomer ve aweaed quel

sikete she propa’ inowesatoas a bonder ot
srogram ot vovider ae vrtusl and ca

shes spon wo
Bosdefes lighes Base oa (O1BIID) ia the OK.
Risie

seg, n ustazoe the cencept oF anrdet-
lee enewion and ezssbaider edt, The nase
fr wkend oe eisppecsaace ef borders whic che
cur emaheunes es ere of borders,
es sepraahes:tZace the celcy of ody La chit sind
lcnizg eds
aco, grograpslc bordavs ses ro be of lite canse-
aqueser to tae orker bane, we ean ever ageing
_mportnce of doers whan she Bees cums to
spasm eecally ated to qual.sy acu
agend acendineion, The C ‘ots bordedss
snd Inowvasoneledccison i Ea epoen, A cose loos
xt how ORE apclics those crm #aoms tha often uate
eco inrerchangecbly sad secon. arama
sluicion often ace the mei of iacersainal st
eas fa adelton t pears ané providers. Thus
(OBE whe of he team etfs Som the Aasulian and
she Encopeas approaches, This iver s2nehe example of
‘he vated wees af he ern tsnasaconal education and
He perenial tor sone,

pulney

Uh ies his eee eloped a code ek conse

loreewsnnle abil of po
ones proies aad ek
oly ile it

the: Cele of Conds of
‘CovatcuderTieneninal ight
Fehusn Togs

sigualisg oh

the reas baz conse gee

eaetines bata

thie ae wv ua
his ciseion othe €krnt roeninge oars
inna eae nia tte hw ca es 8
tundeh Cee count oe te eee, Tai ba
Sigua impiaone et Iso stisetted slhowr
rgloay Tanasonhsasscnatel 1 ole aid che
vite aI om aetinces comercial
‘ah inti lg les inp ad pee

ewig we hep emer aed abou this

pposramenon of aliaation sessing orden,
Aethat ras thet snr fr pote
sie a aera the acs ise tha the Cv
2gerevetin TrkeiSarvies (GATS) bax Face
inves te gion con seste The GATS i - w
cgpusieiy anagl bpthe Wael Teale Organica nn
Tier te iach avin, east ei
ony hes cel sheers ae The GATS aie
el face nos of wk o aupply of aries Tag ane as
Fives
Moshe Is Cale a seca ese
tad mle hi si ey seam
staner tn ghveals mss. ramps signee

Abroad rete w dhe cust
vosiengh she vente ofthe sapien whic: i ea
‘in ate sngonts aking al se per of she een

Meck: 2: Cone p

tin isthe sey
‘esl 3¢ Cmts! Pewee inl wri

peikorssttsang comma tli seer
Poh ws pada sersce, Expl in higher le

‘ation ils bane exmoue Sachi

“a

Move Toren Nanna Petors mexcs pect
lelng oan eee on emporio
or se Tow ahi asa te wel
vis prin see

In sorts Se © eal ith che sense nex
‘lle? ale vth the conaumner moving, Made 9 cols
vith she provcer ane inveraens mneving aed

skeus wits harman cap moving, Tete sii
Ineplad -ageding ts ease Rennes of te Sue mais
fos wale wre, Or

canes isis gaze A ac
ave

sp agenesis lraveners to pay wo die
su of eursee otvoce ket e 1 wr wie
sect aue! 16D aubesca sFchulal CATS,

Uhr evacers abot “ase: Fn ice meses Seewnes
ves tesa they ev

2th
Far primary lamisil lk esd
saad et they slo oe cap ct the

sss aso
Vo is en to the azaljsie naj ato tally
tata, beac, ant as ts examines

fect aut
ion, ong

sie eee oth

i pot thar te an
yes ies © ersbe

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scsiity sone apy ely, bt given eaese new desc
ments aaa she snag isa, tie segted cha sa
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evo aldre the supe ul

cing concep “ar

24 CROBSE

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tow el te se lve
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topes
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OCR PUICATIR “Ha

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whether ey ae state pra
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sways. Thy sa ake ests syrah om
ip 2acipate ws acy are eeszange pry

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sch eb

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paste ures: lPtirling, Profesor, cb
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verve, scicalasetanes anc eangulinsigne

sisi hate tps es cane
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‘was aad prs fling

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Excheopestis. Divanve delivery of pit
salvos yet aouaher fo esaniia

GIVEN THE CHANGING NATURE OF THE RATIONALES
DRIVING CROSSBORDER EDUCATION, THE WORLDWIDE
‘SCOPE OF DELIVERY AND THE NEW MODES OF PROVISION,
THE ‘WHY, HOW AND WHERE’ ARE ELIMINATED AS THE
DEFINING FACTORS.

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fer

lee

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ions for enicbondsr Gel var ate presse: LI develop rior wr enepalia carmen ul wat wendy He

CHART TWO: FRAMEWORK FOR CROSSBORDER EDUCATION

Category | Means Conditions of Crosshorder Act

+ Suahwie
beople + Drofesse/Scholste

* Sand Alo:
Taine

q
operation Linkages “~ Srolit orientated

Progr + sachet Development. Exchungea/ Comes
"aisle Vide :

“ieinDeatle ad
| "Online Dmace

Providers

* Capacier Walling
+ Heese

Projects