ERIC ED518232: Education at a Glance 2010: OECD Indicators

2010·4.8 MB·English

by  ERIC

Education at a Glance
2010
OECD inDiCatOrs
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ISBN 978-92-64-05598-8 (print)
ISBN 978-92-64-07566-5 (PDF)
Also available in French: Regards sur l’éducation 2010 : Les indicateurs de l’OCDE
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F
oreword
Governments are paying increasing attention to international comparisons as they search for
effective policies that enhance individuals’ social and economic prospects, provide incentives for
greater efficiency in schooling, and help to mobilise resources to meet rising demands. As part
of its response, the OECD Directorate for Education devotes a major effort to the development
and analysis of the quantitative, internationally comparable indicators that it publishes annually
in Education at a Glance. These indicators enable educational policy makers and practitioners alike
to see their education systems in the light of other countries’ performances and, together with
OECD’s country policy reviews, are designed to support and review the efforts that governments
are making towards policy reform.
Education at a Glance addresses the needs of a range of users, from governments seeking to learn
policy lessons to academics requiring data for further analysis to the general public wanting
to monitor how its nation’s schools are progressing in producing world-class students. The
publication examines the quality of learning outcomes, the policy levers and contextual factors
that shape these outcomes, and the broader private and social returns that accrue to investments
in education.
Education at a Glance is the product of a long-standing, collaborative effort between OECD
governments, the experts and institutions working within the framework of the OECD’s indicators
of education systems (INES) programme and the OECD Secretariat. The publication was prepared
by the Indicators and Analysis Division of the OECD Directorate for Education with input from the
Centre for Educational Research and Innovation, under the responsibility of Andreas Schleicher,
in co-operation with Etienne Albiser, Eric Charbonnier, Pedro Lenin García de León, Bo Hansson,
Corinne Heckmann, Karinne Logez, Koji Miyamoto and Jean Yip. Administrative support was
provided by Sandrine Meireles, and additional advice as well as analytical and editorial support
were provided by Marika Boiron, Niccolina Clements, Julia Gerick and Estelle Herbaut. The
production of the report was co-ordinated by Corinne Heckmann and Elisabeth Villoutreix. The
development of the publication was steered by member countries through the INES Working Party
and facilitated by the INES Networks. The members of the various bodies as well as the individual
experts who have contributed to this publication and to OECD INES more generally are listed at
the end of the book.
While much progress has been accomplished in recent years, member countries and the
OECD continue to strive to strengthen the link between policy needs and the best available
internationally comparable data. In doing so, various challenges and trade-offs are faced. First,
the indicators need to respond to educational issues that are high on national policy agendas, and
where the international comparative perspective can offer important added value to what can
be accomplished through national analysis and evaluation. Second, while the indicators need to
be as comparable as possible, they also need to be as country-specific as is necessary to allow for
historical, systemic and cultural differences between countries. Third, the indicators need to be
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Education at a Glance   © OECD 2010
Foreword
presented in as straightforward a manner as possible, while remaining sufficiently complex to
reflect multi-faceted educational realities. Fourth, there is a general desire to keep the indicator
set as small as possible, but it needs to be large enough to be useful to policy makers across
countries that face different educational challenges.
The OECD will continue to address these challenges vigorously and to pursue not just the
development of indicators in areas where it is feasible and promising to develop data, but also to
advance in areas where a considerable investment still needs to be made in conceptual work. The
further development of the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
and its extension through the OECD Programme for the International Assessment of Adult
Competencies (PIAAC), as well as OECD’s Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS)
are major efforts to this end.
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Education at a Glance   © OECD 2010
T C
able of onTenTs
Name of
the indicator
in the
2009 edition
Editorial...................................................................................................................................................13
Introduction..........................................................................................................................................17
Reader’s Guide.....................................................................................................................................21
ChAptER A thE Output Of EduCAtIOnAl InstItutIOns
And thE ImpACt Of lEARnInG...........................................................25
Indicator A1 to what level have adults studied?.........................................................26 A1
Table.A1.1a... Educational.attainment:.Adult.population.(2008)........................................34
Table.A1.2a.. Population.with.at.least.upper.secondary.education.(2008)...........................35
Table.A1.3a.. Population.with.tertiary.education.(2008).....................................................36
Table.A1.4.. Trends.in.educational.attainment:.25-64.year-old.population..
(1997-2008).............................................................................................................37
Table.A1.5.. Annual.average.growth.in.25-64.year-old.population.between.1998..
and.2008....................................................................................................................40
Indicator A2 how many students finish secondary education
and access tertiary education?..................................................................42 A2
Table.A2.1.. Upper.secondary.graduation.rates.(2008)......................................................54.
Table.A2.2.. Trends.in.graduation.rates.(first-time).at.upper.secondary.level..
(1995-2008).............................................................................................................55
Table.A2.3.. Entry.rates.into.tertiary.education.and.age.distribution..
of.new.entrants.(2008)..........................................................................................56
Table.A2.4.. Trends.in.entry.rates.at.tertiary.level.(1995-2008).....................................57
Indicator A3 how many students finish tertiary education?................................58 A3
Table.A3.1.. Graduation.rates.in.tertiary.education.and.age.distribution..
of.new.graduates.at.tertiary-type.A.level.(2008)..........................................68.
Table.A3.2.. Trends.in.tertiary.graduation.rates.(1995-2008)..........................................69
Table.A3.3... Graduation.rates.at.different.tertiary.levels,.impact.of.international/
foreign.students.(2008).........................................................................................70.
Table.A3.4... Structure.of.tertiary.education:.Main.programme.blocks.(2008)..........71
Indicator A4 how many students complete tertiary education?.............................72 A3
Table.A4.1.. Completion.rates.in.tertiary.education.(2008).............................................79
Table.A4.2.. Completion.rates.in.tertiary-type.A.education,.by.mode.of.enrolment.
(2008)..........................................................................................................................80
Indicator A5 how many adults participate in education and learning?.......82
Table.A5.1a.. Participation.in.formal.and/or.non-formal.education,..
by.gender.and.age.(2007).....................................................................................92
Table.A5.1b.. Participation.in.formal.and/or.non-formal.education,..
by.gender.and.educational.attainment.(2007)...............................................93
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Education at a Glance   © OECD 2010
Table of ConTenTs
Name of
the indicator
in the
2009 edition
TableA5.2. Adultswhohavenotparticipatedinformal/non-formaleducation
andhavenotlookedforinformation,bygender,agegroup,
educationalattainmentandlabourforcestatus(employed)(2007)......94
TableA5.3. Participationinformaland/ornon-formaleducation,bygender,
andaccordingtowhetherindividualshavelookedforandfound
information(2007)................................................................................................95
TableA5.4a. Participationinformaland/ornon-formaleducation,byworkplace
aspects(full-time/part-timestatus,occupationandindustry)(2007)........96
TableA5.5. Participationinjob-relatednon-formaleducation,bygender
andlabourforcestatus(2007)...........................................................................97
TableA5.6. Meanhoursinnon-formaleducationperparticipant,bygender,
educationalattainmentandlabourforcestatus(2007)..............................98
Indicator A6 how does educational attainment affect participation
in the labour market?..................................................................................100 A6
TableA6.1a. Employmentratesandeducationalattainment,bygender(2008)..........110
TableA6.2a. Unemploymentratesandeducationalattainment,bygender(2008)........111
TableA6.3a. Trendsinemploymentratesof25-64year-olds,byeducational
attainment(1997-2008)......................................................................................112
TableA6.4a. Trendsinunemploymentratesof25-64year-olds,byeducational
attainment(1997-2008)....................................................................................114
Indicator A7 What are the economic benefits of education?.............................116 A7
TableA7.1. Relativeearningsofthepopulationwithincomefromemployment
(2008orlatestavailableyear)..........................................................................126
TableA7.2a. Trendsinrelativeearnings:Totalpopulation(1997-2008).....................128
TableA7.2b. Trendsinrelativeearnings:Malepopulation(1997-2008)....................129
TableA7.2c. Trendsinrelativeearnings:Femalepopulation(1997-2008)................130
TableA7.3a. Differencesinearningsbetweenfemalesandmales
(2008orlatestavailableyear)..........................................................................131
TableA7.3b. Trendsindifferencesinearningsbetweenfemalesandmales
(1998-2008)..........................................................................................................132
Indicator A8 What are the incentives to invest in education?..........................134 A8
TableA8.1. Privatenetpresentvalueforanindividualobtaininguppersecondary
orpost-secondarynon-tertiaryeducationaspartofinitialeducation,
ISCED3/4(2006)...............................................................................................147
TableA8.2. Privatenetpresentvalueforanindividualobtainingtertiaryeducation
aspartofinitialeducation,ISCED5/6(2006)............................................148
TableA8.3. Publicnetpresentvalueforanindividualobtaininguppersecondary
orpost-secondarynon-tertiaryeducationaspartofinitialeducation
(2006).......................................................................................................................149
TableA8.4. Publicnetpresentvalueforanindividualobtainingtertiaryeducation
aspartofinitialeducation(2006)...................................................................150
Indicator A9 What are the social outcomes of education?..................................152 A9
TableA9.1. Proportionofadultsreportinggoodhealth,bylevelofeducation......161
TableA9.2. Proportionofadultsexpressinginterestinpolitics,
bylevelofeducation...........................................................................................162
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Education at a Glance   © OECD 2010
Table of ConTenTs
Name of
the indicator
in the
2009 edition
TableA9.3. Proportionofadultsexpressinginterpersonaltrust,
bylevelofeducation...........................................................................................163
TableA9.4. Incrementaldifferencesinself-reportedgoodhealthassociatedwith
anincreaseinthelevelofeducationalattainment.....................................164
TableA9.5. Incrementaldifferencesinpoliticalinterestassociatedwith
anincreaseinthelevelofeducationalattainment(withandwithout
adjustmentsforage,genderandincome)....................................................165
TableA9.6. Incrementaldifferencesininterpersonaltrustassociatedwith
anincreaseinthelevelofeducationalattainment(withandwithout
adjustmentsforage,genderandincome)....................................................166
Indicator A10 What are the economic links with education?.............................168
TableA10.1. AnnualfulltimeearningsandannuallabourcostsinequivalentUSD,
25-64year-oldpopulation................................................................................178
TableA10.2. AnnualfulltimeearningsandannuallabourcostsinequivalentUSD,
25-34year-oldpopulation................................................................................180
TableA10.4. AnnualfulltimeearningsandannuallabourcostsinequivalentUSD,
45-54year-oldpopulation................................................................................182
ChAptER B FInAnCIAl And humAn REsOuRCEs InvEstEd
In EduCAtIOn...............................................................................................185
Indicator B1 how much is spent per student?...........................................................186 B1
TableB1.1a. Annualexpenditurebyeducationalinstitutionsperstudent
forallservices(2007).........................................................................................202
TableB1.2. Annualexpenditureperstudentbyeducationalinstitutions
oncoreservices,ancillaryservicesandR&D(2007)...............................203
TableB1.3a. Cumulativeexpenditurebyeducationalinstitutionsperstudent
forallservicesoverthetheoreticaldurationofprimary
andsecondarystudies(2007)...........................................................................204
TableB1.3b. Cumulativeexpenditurebyeducationalinstitutionsperstudent
forallservicesovertheaveragedurationoftertiarystudies(2007).......205
TableB1.4. Annualexpenditurebyeducationalinstitutionsperstudent
forallservicesrelativetoGDPpercapita(2007).....................................206
TableB1.5. Changeinexpenditurebyeducationalinstitutionsforallservices
perstudentrelativetodifferentfactors,bylevelofeducation
(1995,2000,2007).............................................................................................207
Indicator B2 What proportion of national wealth is spent on education?.....208 B2
TableB2.1. ExpenditureoneducationalinstitutionsasapercentageofGDP,
bylevelofeducation(1995,2000,2007)....................................................217
TableB2.2. ExpenditureoneducationalinstitutionsasapercentageofGDP,
bylevelofeducation(2007).............................................................................218
TableB2.3. ExpenditureoneducationalinstitutionsasapercentageofGDP(2007),
proportionofthepopulationatbasicagesofprimarytotertiaryeducation
(schoolyear2006-07)anddemographictrends(2000-20).........................219
TableB2.4. ExpenditureoneducationalinstitutionsasapercentageofGDP,
bysourceoffundandlevelofeducation(2007)........................................220
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Education at a Glance   © OECD 2010
Table of ConTenTs
Name of
the indicator
in the
2009 edition
Indicator B3 how much public and private investment is there
in education?.....................................................................................................222 B3
TableB3.1. Relativeproportionsofpublicandprivateexpenditureoneducational
institutionsforalllevelsofeducation(2000,2007).................................233
TableB3.2a. Relativeproportionsofpublicandprivateexpenditureoneducational
institutions,asapercentage,bylevelofeducation(2000,2007).........234
TableB3.2b. Relativeproportionsofpublicandprivateexpenditureoneducational
institutions,asapercentage,fortertiaryeducation(2000,2007).......235
TableB3.3. Trendsinrelativeproportionsofpublicexpenditureoneducational
institutionsandindexofchangebetween1995and2007(2000=100),
fortertiaryeducation(1995,2000,2002,2004,2006,and2007)..........236
TableB3.4. Annualpublicexpenditureoneducationalinstitutionsperstudent,
bytypeofinstitution(2007)..............................................................................237
Indicator B4 What is the total public spending on education?.......................238 B4
TableB4.1. Totalpublicexpenditureoneducation(1995,2000,2007)..................243
Indicator B5 how much do tertiary students pay and
what public subsidies do they receive?............................................244 B5
TableB5.1. Estimatedannualaveragetuitionfeeschargedbytertiary-typeA
educationalinstitutionsfornationalstudents
(academicyear2006-07)...................................................................................254
TableB5.2. Distributionoffinancialaidtostudentscomparedtoamountoftuition
feeschargedintertiary-typeAeducation(academicyear2006-07)..........256
TableB5.3. Publicsubsidiesforhouseholdsandotherprivateentities
asapercentageoftotalpublicexpenditureoneducationandGDP,
fortertiaryeducation(2007)...........................................................................257
Indicator B6 On what resources and services is education funding spent?......258 B6
TableB6.1. Expenditureoneducationalinstitutions,byservicecategory
asapercentageofGDP(2007)........................................................................265
TableB6.2a. Expenditurebyeducationalinstitutions,byresourcecategory
inprimaryandsecondaryeducation(2007)...............................................266
TableB6.2b. Expenditurebyeducationalinstitutions,byresourcecategory
andlevelofeducation(2007)...........................................................................267
Indicator B7 Which factors influence the level of expenditure?....................268 B7
TableB7.1. Contributionofvariousfactorstosalarycostperstudent
attheprimarylevelofeducation(2007)......................................................279
TableB7.2. Contributionofvariousfactorstosalarycostperstudent
atlowersecondarylevelofeducation(2007).............................................281
TableB7.3. Contributionofvariousfactorstosalarycostperstudent
atuppersecondarylevelofeducation(2007)...............................................283
TableB7.4. Mainreformsimplementedbetween1995and2010
onthefourfactorsusedtocalculatesalarycostperstudent.....................285
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Education at a Glance   © OECD 2010
Table of ConTenTs
Name of
the indicator
in the
2009 edition
ChAptER C ACCEss tO EduCAtIOn, pARtICIpAtIOn
And pROGREssIOn.....................................................................................291
Indicator C1 Who participates in education?.............................................................292 C1
TableC1.1. Enrolmentrates,byage(2008).......................................................................302
TableC1.2. Trendsinenrolmentrates(1995-2008).......................................................303
TableC1.3. Transitioncharacteristicsfromage15-20,bylevelofeducation
(2008)......................................................................................................................304
TableC1.4. Uppersecondaryenrolmentpatterns(2008).............................................305
TableC1.5. Studentsinprimaryandsecondaryeducation,bytypeofinstitution
ormodeofenrolment(2008)..........................................................................306
TableC1.6. Studentsintertiaryeducation,bytypeofinstitution
ormodeofenrolment(2008)..........................................................................307
Indicator C2 Who studies abroad and where?............................................................308 C2
TableC2.1. Studentmobilityandforeignstudentsintertiaryeducation
(2000,2008)..........................................................................................................327
TableC2.2. Distributionofinternationalandforeignstudentsintertiaryeducation,
bycountryoforigin(2008)..............................................................................328
TableC2.3. Citizensstudyingabroadintertiaryeducation,
bycountryofdestination(2008)....................................................................330
TableC2.4. Distributionofinternationalandforeignstudentsintertiaryeducation,
bylevelandtypeoftertiaryeducation(2008)...........................................332
TableC2.5. Distributionofinternationalandforeignstudentsintertiaryeducation,
byfieldofeducation(2008)..............................................................................333
TableC2.6. Trendsinthenumberofforeignstudentsenrolledoutside
theircountryoforigin(2000to2008).........................................................334
Indicator C3 how successful are students in moving from education
to work?...............................................................................................................336 C3
TableC3.1a. Expectedyearsineducationandnotineducation
for15-29year-olds(2008)...............................................................................348
TableC3.2a. Percentageoftheyouthpopulationineducationandnotineducation,
byagegroup(2008)............................................................................................350
TableC3.2d. Percentageoftheyouthpopulationineducationandnotineducation,
bylevelofeducation(2008).............................................................................352
TableC3.3. Percentageofthecohortpopulationnotineducationandunemployed,
bylevelofeducation(2008).............................................................................354
TableC3.4a. Trendsinthepercentageoftheyouthpopulationineducation
andnotineducation(1995,1997-2008).....................................................356
TableC3.5. Educationalattainmentandoccupationalmatchesbymigrantstatus,
andproportionofpopulationbornabroadamong20-29year-olds
and15-64year-olds(2003and2007)...........................................................358
TableC3.6. Permanentjobs,full-timeworkandinvoluntarypart-timework
among15-29year-oldnon-students(2007)...............................................359
TableC3.7. Educationandoccupationalmismatchesforyoungindividuals
(2003,2007)..........................................................................................................361
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Education at a Glance   © OECD 2010
Table of ConTenTs
Name of
the indicator
in the
2009 edition
ChAptER d thE lEARnInG EnvIROnmEnt And ORGAnIsAtIOn
OF sChOOls.....................................................................................................363
Indicator d1 how much time do students spend in the classroom?.............364 d1
TableD1.1. Compulsoryandintendedinstructiontimeinpublicinstitutions(2008).....372
TableD1.2a. Instructiontimepersubjectasapercentageoftotalcompulsory
instructiontimefor9-11year-olds(2008).................................................373
TableD1.2b. Instructiontimepersubjectasapercentageoftotalcompulsory
instructiontimefor12-14year-olds(2008)...............................................374
Indicator d2 What is the student-teacher ratio and how big are classes?.......376 d2
TableD2.1. Averageclasssize,bytypeofinstitutionandlevelofeducation(2008).....386
TableD2.2. Ratioofstudentstoteachingstaffineducationalinstitutions(2008).........387
TableD2.3. Ratioofstudentstoteachingstaff,bytypeofinstitution(2008)................388
Indicator d3 how much are teachers paid?.................................................................390 d3
TableD3.1. Teachers’salaries(2008)...................................................................................402
TableD3.2. Changeinteachers’salaries(between1996and2008)...........................404
TableD3.3a. Decisionsonpaymentsforteachersinpublicinstitutions(2008)........405
Indicator d4 how much time do teachers spend teaching?..............................408 d4
TableD4.1. Organisationofteachers’workingtime(2008).........................................416
TableD4.2. Numberofteachinghoursperyear(1996,2008)....................................417
Indicator d5 What school choices are available and what measures
do countries use to promote or restrict school choice?........418
TableD5.1. Freedomforparentstochooseapublicschoolfortheirchild(ren)
(2008)......................................................................................................................428
TableD5.2. Publicandprivateschoolsandtheirroleinprovidingcompulsory
education(2008)..................................................................................................429
TableD5.3. Financialincentivesanddisincentivesforschoolchoice(2008)...........430
TableD5.4. Governmentregulationsthatapplytoschoolsattheprimary
andlowersecondarylevels(2008).................................................................431
Indicator d6 how can parents influence the education of their children?....434
TableD6.1. Requirementforschoolstohaveagoverningboard
inwhichparentscantakepart(2008)...........................................................440
TableD6.2. Existenceandroleofparentassociations(2008).......................................441
TableD6.3. Regulationsthatprovideaformalprocesswhichparentscanuse
tofilecomplaintsregardingtheeducationoftheirchildren(2008).......442
AnnEx 1 ChARACtERIstICs OF EduCAtIOnAl systEms..................443
TableX1.1a. Uppersecondarygraduationrate:Typicalgraduationages
andmethodusedtocalculategraduationrates(2008)............................444
TableX1.1b. Post-secondarynon-tertiarygraduationrate:Typicalgraduationages
andmethodusedtocalculategraduationrate(2008)..............................446
TableX1.1c. Tertiarygraduationrate:Typicalgraduationagesandmethodused
tocalculategraduationrates(2008)..............................................................447
TableX1.1d. Tertiaryentryrate:Typicalageofentryandmethodusedtocalculate
entryrates(2008)................................................................................................449
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Education at a Glance   © OECD 2010