Table Of Content

DOCUMENT RESUME CG 032 202 ED 473 748 McCutcheon, Lynn E., Ed. AUTHOR North American Journal of Psychology, 2002. TITLE ISSN-1527-7143 ISSN 2002-00-00 PUB DATE 507p.; Published in March, June and December. NOTE NAJP, 240 Harbor Dr., Winter Garden, FL 34787 ($30 per annual AVAILABLE FROM individual subscription). Tel: 407-877-8364. Collected Works Serials (022) PUB TYPE North American Journal of Psychology; v4 n1-3 2002 JOURNAL CIT EDRS Price MF02/PC21 Plus Postage. EDRS PRICE *Psychology; *Research Tools; *Scholarly Journals;. *Social DESCRIPTORS Science Research ABSTRACT "North American Journal of Psychology" publishes scientific papers of general interest to psychologists and other social scientists. (March 2002) are: "An Interview with Articles included in volume 4 issue 1 Kimmo Lehtonen: Music Therapy with Adolescents"; "The Relationship of Verbal- Nonverbal Incongruence to Communication Mismatches in Married Couples"; "The Effects of Confidence Perception of Test-Taking Skills on Performance"; "Relationships between Dimensions of Adult Attachment and Empathy"; "Programs for Young Fathers: Essential Components and Evaluation Issues"; "Meaning in Life and Positive and Negative Well-Being"; "Validity of the Wonderlic Personnel Test as a Measure of Fluid or Crystallized Intelligence: Implications for Career Assessment"; "Child Sexual Abuse: A Review of Definitions, Instrumentation, and Symptomology." Articles included in volume (July 2002) are: "An Interview with Arnold A. Lazarus"; 4 issue 2 "Depression, Drug Use, and Gender Differences among Students at a Religious University"; "Body-Image Assessment: A Review and Evaluation of a New Computer-Aided Measurement Technique"; "A Short Scale of Family Atmosphere (SOFA): Development and Psychometric Evaluation"; "An Interview with Mark Ylvisaker about Students with Traumatic Brain Energy"; "Delivering Human Services to native Americans with Disabilities: Cultural Variables and Recommendation's"; "On Differentiating Major Depression from Chronic Sadness: A Commentary." Articles included in volume 4 issue 3 (December 2002) are: "Girls with ADHD and Associated Behavioral Problems: Patterns of Comorbidity"; "An Interview with Albert Ellis about Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy"; "Counselor-Client Matching on Ethnicity, Gender, and Language: Implications for Counseling School-Aged Children"; "Parent Discipline Scale: Parental Discipline Styles as a Function of Transgressor Type"; "The Effect of Autobiographical Writing in the Subjective Well-Being of. Older Adults"; "Psychology Training Regarding HIV/AIDS Revisited"; "Attachment Styles, View of Self, and Negative Affect"; "Young Females' Perceptions of the Impact of a Sexual Abuse Experience: A Focus Group Approach"; "An Interview with Sonia Nieto about Multiculturalism." (GCP) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document North American Journal of Psychology Volume 4 2002 Lynn McCutcheon, Editor U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND Office of Educational Research and Improvement DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Points of view or opinions stated in this INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) document do not necessarily represent 1 official OERI position or policy. BEST COPY AVAILABLE North American Journal of Psychology rl 0 Advisory Editorial Board ADRIAN FURNHAM MANUEL LONDON Psychology Psychology University College London SUNY, Stony Brook KAREN LYNESS DOUGLAS JACKSON Management Psychology Baruch College, CUNY University of Western Ontario ROBERT PASNAK JAMES M. JONES Psychology Psychology University of Delaware George Mason University RICHARD RYAN HEIDI KELLER Psychology Psychology University of Osnabrueck University of Rochester PHILIP ZIMBARDO Psychology Stanford University Editor LYNN E. McCUTCHEON How to Subscribe to The North American Journal of Psychology All subscriptions are on a calendar year basis only. If you order late in the year, the earlier issue will be sent to you. Institutional rate: $65. Individual rate: $30. Add $7 for Canadian subscriptions. Add $8 for outside North America. North American Journal of subscriptions Psychology is published in March, June and December. Now visit our website at http://najp.8m.com North American Journal of Psychology ISSN 1527-7143 Vol. 4, No.1 March, 2002 "In What Font Color is Bill Cosby's Name Written?" Automatic 1 Racial Categorization in a Stroop Task Jerzy J. Karylowski, Michael Motes, Danielle Curry & Diana Van Liempd An Interview with Kimmo Lehtonen: Music Therapy with 13 Adolescents Kimmo Lehtonen & Michael F. Shaughnessy The Relationship Verbal-Nonverbal Incongruence to 21 Communication Mismatches in Married Couples Amy Van Buren The Effects of Confidence and Perception of Test-taking Skills on 37 Performance Lisa F. Smith Stimulus Load and Age in Face Recognition: A Comparison of 51 Children and Adults Mitchell M. Metzger Relationships Between Dimensions of Adult Attachment and 63 Empathy Jeffrey A. Joireman, Tami Lynn Needham, & Amy-Lynn Cummings Programs for Young Fathers: Essential Components and Evaluation 81 Issues Peggy B. Smith, Ruth S. Buzi, & Maxine L. Weinman Meaning in Life and Positive and Negative Well-Being 93 Evelyn D. Scannell, Felicity C. L Allen, & Janet Burton Validity of the Wonderlic Personnel Test as a Measure of Fluid or 113 Crystallized Intelligence: Implications for Career Assessment Nancy L. Bell, T. Darin Matthews, Kerry S. Lassiter, & J. Patrick Leverett Parental Acceptance-Rejection of the Disabled Children in Northern 121 Pakistan Zafar Afaq Ansari Sleep Positions and Personality: An Empirical Study 129 Michael Schredl Factors Influencing Opinions about Urban Growth and 133 Development: Measuring Resistance to Urban Development James T. Kitchens, Larry Powell, & Davis Cookson Eyewitness Testimony and the Jury Verdict 143 Jennifer N. Sigler & James V. Couch Child Sexual Abuse: A Review of Definitions, 149 Instrumentation, and Symptomology Karen Mannon & Gloria Leitschuh Blood Types and Athletic Performance 161 Gordon W. Russell & Masao Ohmura Predicting Magnitude Estimates of Drink Strength 165 Sharolyn R. Higgs, Stuart J. McKelvie, & Lionel G. Standing Editor's Comments Let me begin by apologizing for the omission of an important figure in the fine article by Timothy Moore that appeared in the last issue. Thanks again to all the reviewers, all of whom did a fine job of critiquing papers promptly and with great insight. Without our reviewers, this journal would simply not have the quality it has today. Most of our readers will readily identify the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology as one of the most prestigious of its kind. In the February, 2002 issue of Monitor on Psychology, new JPSP editor John Dovidio foresaw changes during his tenure. Specifically, he pointed out the need to make JPSP's turnaround time faster, the wish to help authors instead of turning them away, and the desire to publish articles that are brief. In other words, Dovidio wants his journal to become more like NAJP. We applaud his willingness to make JPSP more "friendly," and we encourage other editors to do the same. Lynn E. McCutcheon, editor "In What Font Color Is Bill Cosby's Name Written?": Automatic Racial Categorization in a Stroop Task Jerzy J. Karylowski University of North Florida and Instytut Psychology Polskiej Akademii Nauk Michael A. Motes, Danielle Curry, & Diana Van Liempd University of North Florida We used a modification of the Stroop (1935) color-naming task to investigate spontaneous, unintentional categorization based on race. Participants were presented with names of African American and Caucasian celebrities. The names were written either in black, white, green, or blue font against a background of a different color. The experimental task was to name the font color. We reasoned that because black and white are used in colloquial English as both color-labels and of African American and categorization race-labels, spontaneous Caucasian experimental targets by race should result in Stroop-like effects on a color naming task. Specifically, we expected that identifying font color as black would be faster when a name of an African-American target is presented in that font than when a name of a Caucasian target is presented. Similarly, identifying white font color should be faster when a is presented in that font. Our results name of a Caucasian target supported these predictions. "The problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color- line." declared W. E. B. Du Bois (1903) at the century's beginning. "A the high, curved line runs through the heart of America, cuts across . . . . dais of the Etowah County Commission in Alabama when one black encircles the 'black tables' when member sits with f i v e whites, . . . . African-Americans cluster together during meals at Princeton University, and jury rooms, intertwines itself through police departments . . . . . . . . . through television and radio" writes David A. Shipler (1997, pp. 3-4) at . the century's end. The two quotes, separated by the 1954 Supreme Court anti-segregation ruling in the Brown v. Board of Education, provide an Author info: Correspondence should be sent to: Jerzy J. Karylowski, Department of Psychology, University of North Florida, 4567 St. Johns Bluff Road, South, Jacksonville, Fl 32224-2645; e-mail: [email protected]. North American Journal of Psychology, 2002, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1-12. 0 NAJP NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2 eloquent illustration of the powerful and pervasive nature of race as a social category. Not surprisingly, race is often considered in social psychological theory and research as one of the principal categories that perceivers routinely apply in processing information about people (Brewer, 1988; Fiske & Neuberg, 1990; Hamilton & Sherman, 1994; Kunda and Thagard, 1996; Smith & Zarate 1992). Furthermore, it is assumed that categorization based on race may underlie the activation of racial stereotypes (Bargh & Pietromonaco, 1982; Devine, 1989; Lepore & Brown, 1997; Spencer, Fein, Wolfe, Fong, & Dunn, 1998; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997). In fact, it has been argued that activation of such stereotypes occurs automatically and inevitably upon a mere exposure to a category label or to other stimuli associated with the category (Bargh & Pietromonaco, 1982; Devine, 1989; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997 but see, Gilbert & Hixon, 1991; Spencer, et al., 1998). In contrast to extensive research on the contribution of automatic and controlled processes to the activation and application of racial stereotypes (see Bodenhausen & Macrae, 1998; Hamilton & Sherman, 1994 for reviews), the question of automaticity of its presumed precursor, racial categorization, received considerably less attention. For instance, in a recently published, multi-staged model of stereotyping, Bodenhausen and Macrae (1998) acknowledge that "categorization and stereotyping can certainly be dissociated empirically and theoretically." Nevertheless, they include categorization and automatic stereotype activation in a single, initial, stage of their model and provide very little elaboration regarding the automatic nature of the categorization process and its role as a precursor of stereotype activation. Such relative neglect might be at least partially due to the methodological challenges of studying race-based categorization as an automatic process separate from activation of racial stereotypes. Most of the relevant work in this area (e.g., Biernat & Vescio, 1993; Hewstone, Hantzi, & Johnston, 1991; Stangor, Lynch, Duan, & Glass, 1992) utilized a variation of the Who Said What? paradigm (Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff, & Ruderman, 1978). In a typical experiment, after listening to a group discussion, participants were asked to recall which statement was made by which group member. Within- category errors occurred if a statement was assigned to a wrong person belonging to the same social category as the speaker of the statement (eg, a statement made by one African-American was assigned to another African-American). Even though such within-category errors may be indicative of social categorization, this paradigm is not well equipped to distinguish between, presumably spontaneous, unintentional, cat- occurring during encoding and egorization strategic, performance- AUTOMATIC RACIAL Karylowski, Motes, Curry, & Van Liempd 3 maximizing categorization occurring during the retrieval (cf. Klauer & Wegener, 1998). In other studies participants were explicitly asked to perform a categorization task (Stroessner, 1996; Zarate & Smith, 1990) or to make similarity judgments (e.g., Fazio & Dunton, 1997), neither task particularly well suited to assess categorization as an unintentional process. Perhaps evidence strongest date the spontaneous, for the to unintentional nature of racial categorization comes from experiments by (1998, Experiments 2 & 3).1 Those experiments Spencer, et al., demonstrated that (under additional conditions) subliminal exposure to race category exemplars (photographs of African American targets) results in activation of concepts associated with a stereotypical view of African Americans (e.g., dangerous janitor, welfare). Such spontaneous , activation of stereotype-related concepts strongly suggests that race- category labels have also been activated. However, because their research did not measure categorization, the evidence is only indirect.2 The present experiment utilized a modification of the Stroop (1935) color-naming task to study automatic categorization by race. As in the original Stroop task, participants were presented with verbal stimuli written in fonts of different colors and the experimental task was to name the color of the font. However, instead of verbal color labels (such as red, green, or blue) used in the original Stroop task, the present task employed names of familiar persons (popular actors, singers, and TV personalities), some of them African Americans and some Caucasians. The names were written either in black, white, green, or blue font against a background of a different color. We were particularly in comparisons interested involving two font colors: black and white (the remaining two colors were chosen arbitrarily). We reasoned that because black and white are used in English as both color-labels and race-labels, spontaneous categorization of African-American and Caucasian experimental targets by race should result in Stroop-like effects on a color naming task. Specifically, we expected that identifying black font color should be faster when a name of an African-American target is presented in that color than when a name of a Caucasian target is presented. Similarly, identifying white font color should be faster when a name of a Caucasian target is presented in that color. As is usually the case in the color-naming task experiments (see MacLeod, 1991 for a review), participants were instructed to ignore the content of the verbal stimuli (in the present experiment names of African American and Caucasian celebrities) and to concentrate on the font color only. Thus, there was no task-related advantage to be gained from categorizing targets by race or from any other kind of semantic 10