ERIC ED473679: Biennial CEO Tenure and Retention Study. 2002 Update.

10 Pages·2002·0.19 MB·English

by  ERIC

DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 473 679
JC 030 122
Biennial CEO Tenure and Retention Study. 2002 Update.
TITLE
Community Coll. League of California, Sacramento.
INSTITUTION
2002-00-00
PUB DATE
NOTE
9p.
Research (143)
PUB TYPE Reports
EDRS Price MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.
EDRS PRICE
Administrative Organization; *College Presidents; *Community
DESCRIPTORS
Colleges; *Gender Issues; Governing Boards; Institutional
Role; *Labor Turnover; Leadership Effectiveness; Leadership
Responsibility; Leadership Training; *Minority Groups;
*School Administration; Two Year Colleges
*California Community Colleges
IDENTIFIERS
ABSTRACT
This is the third review of data on the retention and tenure
of California Community College (CCC) district CEOs (which includes
chancellors and superintendent/presidents). The review indicates that (1)
length of service levels are continuing to remain slightly higher (5.5 years)
since their lows of 4.4 years in the initial study in 1995 and 1996;
(2) the
annual turnover rates were below the national average until 2001, when
increasing numbers of CEOs began to retire and the average turnover increased
greatly, due largely to retirement; the turnover rate for 2002 rose to 16.7%,
(3) the movement of CEOs out of state dropped close to
from 15.35% in 2001;
zero, while in-migration of CEOs from outside California is rising;
(4)
retirement of a significant number of longtime CEOs has begun in earnest;
(5)
length of tenure for presidents in multi-campus districts is declining as
these administrators are more frequently chosen to serve as chancellors and
superintendents in their own or other districts;
(6) the numbers and
percentages of female CEOs are increasing at all levels (39.8% overall) and
are well above national averages; and (7) the number and percentage of non-
Anglo CEOs increased between 1984 and 1997, but has stagnated around the 1997
level of 40%.
(Author/NB)
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made
from the original document.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Office of Educational Research and Improvement
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION
PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND
CENTER (ERIC)
DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS
51, This document has been reproduced as
received from the person or organization
BEEN GRANTED BY
originating it.
AL
?
Minor changes have been made to
improve reproduction quality.
s.
COMMUNITY COLLEGE LEAGUE
Points of view or opinions stated in this
qrOF CALIFORNIA
document do not necessarily represent
TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
official OERI position or policy.
INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)
1
BIENNIAL CEO TENURE AND RETENTION STUDY
2002 UPDATE
c::r
Summary
The third review of data on the retention and tenure (i.e., length of service) of California Community
College district CEOs1 (which includes chancellors and superintendent/presidents) indicates that:
Length of service levels are continuing to remain at slightly higher levels (5.5 years) since
their lows of 4.4 years in the initial study years of 1995 and 1996.
The annual turnover rates were below the national average until 2001 when increasing
numbers of CEOs began to retire and the average turnover increased greatly; the higher
turnover rates were largely (55-75%) due to retirements.
The movement of CEOs out of state has dropped close to zero, while in-migration of CEOS
from outside California is rising.
Retirement of a significant number of long-time CEOs has begun in earnest.
Length of tenure for presidents in multi-campus districts is declining as these administrators
are more frequently chosen to serve as chancellors and superintendents in their own or other
districts.
The numbers and percentages of female CEOs are increasing at all levels and are well above
national averages.
The number and percentage of non-Anglo CEOs increased in earlier years (between 1984 and
1997) in California but has stagnated around the 1997 level in the folloWing years.
Data for District CEOS
Annual Turnover Rate
The annual turnover rate of district CEOs has risen to 16.7% in 2002, from
15.35% in 2001, primarily (67% and 55%, respectively) due to retirements (see Table I). This
compares with the initial study years (1984-92) when the annual turnover rate for California
community college district CEOS was 13%, slightly above the national average of 12%.
The most recent California data (2002) indicate an average tenure length of 5.5
Length of Service
years for community college chancellors and superintendent/presidents, compared with the national
tenure average of 7.2 years (Vaughan, 2002). This is a significant improvement over the early years
(1995-96) of this study which found California CEOs in their current positions for an average of 4.4
years while the national average in twosstudies (Vaughan, 1996 and American Council of Education,
1995) was 7.5 and 7.8 years, respectively. This trend means that the gap between the average service
N
length for California CEOs and the national average service length for community college CEOs has
dropped from 2.9 years to 1.5 years between 1996 and 1999 and has stabilized at that lower level (see
0
Table II).
rf)
0
I There were 71 California Community College district CEOs in the years 1984-1999; in 2000-02, there were 72
California Community College district CEOs.
2017 0 Street Sacramento, CA 95814 916 444 8641
2
BEST COPY AVAILABLE
In 2001 and 2002, the majority (13 of 24) of CEOs who
Reasons for Leaving/Inflow vs. Outflow
left their positions did so to retire; the 2001-02 data further reveal that, while two CEOs left
California for other states, seven CEOs were hired from out-of-state to replace those who left. This
contrasts with the original study which responded to concerns that CEOs were leaving under pressure
and some were exiting the state. For example, in 1997, 25% of CEOs who left their positions did so
under pressure and three of eight (37%) who left in 1998 did so under pressure. In 1999, however, no
CEO left under pressure; rather, all district CEOs who left their positions retired. In 2000, the data
were mixed, with two CEOs leaving under pressure, one leaving to assume an out-of-state position,
and two leaving to take higher positions (one in California and one out-of-state position.)
Data for Presidents of Colleges in Multi-Campus Districts
Many observers are interested in the trends affecting college presidents from multi-campus districts
because these presidents have frequently been chosen to serve as superintendent/presidents or
chancellors in their next career position. Thus, the section below addresses the turnover, "reasons for
leaving," and tenure for these CEOs.
Turnover Rates and Reasons for Leaving
Review of the data for the five-year turnover rates for
presidents of colleges in multi-campus districts indicates that the rates are from 1 to 4% greater for
presidents than for chancellors and superintendent/presidents. The data also reveal that the average
tenure for presidents over the past twenty years ranges from one to three years less than chancellors
and superintendent/presidents in each five-year interval. However, further review of the data indicate
that the primary reason for the higher turnover rate is that presidents tend to become
superintendent/presidents or chancellors, whereas the most common reason for the turnover of
chancellors and superintendent/presidents is retirement. Thus, one could surmise that the higher
turnover rate among presidents is due to a relatively new and strong trend to elevate those already
known and experienced in California (see Table III).
Length of Service
As far as length of service, the data consistently show that presidents in multi-
campus districts tend to have served in their current position for a shorter average period of time than
chancellors or superintendent/presidents. For the last four years, the president vs.
chancellor/superintendent average years of service are as follows: 3.8 vs. 5.5 (2002); 4.0 vs. 5.5
(2001); 3.7 vs. 5.7 (2000); 3.7 vs. 5.3 (1999). Once presidents establish themselves as effective in
their positions, they increase the likelihood that they will be chosen for a position (either chancellor or
superintendent/president) which reports directly to a local board of trustees (see Table IV).
Issue of Interest
Changes regarding Female CEOs By the year 2001, there were 51 female California community
college CEOs including 20 of 69 (29%) serving as superintendent/presidents or chancellors and 31 of
59 (52%) serving as presidents in multi-college districts, for an overall percentage of 39.8% female,
an increase in both their absolute number and overall percentages in all categories. These compare
favorably to the Vaughan data showing that 27.8% of presidents at the nation's 1200 community
colleges were women in 2001.
These data are particularly impressive because earlier data did not reveal such positive information.
For example, in 1980, there were 6 of 121 (5%) female CEOs (all of whom were college presidents in
multi-campus districts, which meant that none was the highest administrator in her district but
Community College League of California
2
CEO Study 1/03
reported to a male CEO rather than directly to the board of trustees); by 1990, there were 28 female
CEOs, including 17 out of 50 (34%) who were college presidents in multi-campus districts, and 11
out of 71 (15%) superintendent/presidents or chancellors who reported directly to their local board.
Concerns and Conclusions
Currently, the primary concern about CEO turnover is the impending retirement of
Retirements
experienced CEOs and the prospect that the pool of qualified applicants to replace them may be
limited in California as well as elsewhere. This concern has been reflected in California with the
establishment of the California Leadership Development Institute to assist in the coordinated
development of new leadership; and nationally in stories in the community college and higher
including Trustee Quarterly (Spring 2001), "The Leadership Challenge: A
education press
Significant Number of Presidents Will Retire in the Next Few Years;" The Chronicle of Higher
Education (April 6, 2001), "Community Colleges Face a Crisis of Leadership: Most Presidents Will
Retire in the Next Decade and the Pool of Replacements Is Shallow;" and Community College Times
(October 5, 1999; Vol XII, No. 20), "Community Colleges Enter Decade of CEO Retirements."
The attention to this issue appears justified in California as eight long-time chancellors or
superintendent/presidents retired in 2001, another seven retired in 2002, and a similar number are
expected to retire in 2003 and each of the following years.
Changes regarding non-Anglo CEOs According to Vaughan (2002), members of minority groups
accounted for 14% of community college presidents nationwide in 1996 and a similar percentage
were serving as presidents in 2001. For California community colleges (CEOs including chancellors,
superintendent/presidents, and presidents in multi-campus districts), the corresponding figures are
40% in 1997, and 35% in 2002. Thus, while California colleges have hired a significantly greater
percentage of non-Anglo CEOs than community colleges throughout the nation, the percentages have
begun to stagnate, similar to the national percentages.
Moving out of California
The concerns about retirements and stagnation in hiring non-Anglo
the resignation of
CEOs have replaced the primary concern which resulted in this study in 1995
high-ranking CEOs (including several Chancellors from large districts) to take positions out of state.
The issue of leaving California for other states has now receded as the "inflow" of CEOs from other
states is far outpacing the "outflow" to other states. In 1999, no CEO left California to take a better
position out of state, while six CEOs entered California service from states other than California. In
the year 2000, two CEOs entered from out-of-state, and one CEO left to take a higher position out-of-
state. However, the CEO who went out of state left a long-time superintendent/presidency to take the
position of executive director of the national community college association.
Rita Mize, Ph.D.
Director State Policy Research
January 2003
CEO Study 1/03
Community College League of California
3
4
Bibliography
Edition. American Council on
Corrigan, Melanie E., The American College President: 2002
Education, 2002.
Chronicle of Higher Education.
Evelyn, Jamilah. "Community Colleges Face a Crisis of Leadership,"
April 6, 2001.
Higher Education. February
"More Women Lead Community Colleges", Chronicle of
.
15, 2002.
Minorities
"Women Gain Ground in Obtaining Community College Presidencies;
.
Remain Stagnant." Chronicle of Higher Education. February 1, 2002.
of the Academic
Padilla, Art and Sujit Ghosh. "Turnover at the Top: The Revolving Door
Presidency." The Presidency. Winter 2000.
President: 2000 Edition. Washington,
Ross, Marlene and Madeleine F. Green. The American College
D.C.: American Council on Education, 2000.
Community College
Shults, Christopher. The Critical Impact of Impending Retirements on
of Community Colleges,
Leadership: Research Brief No. 1 Leadership Series. American Association
2001.
Washington, D.C.:
Vaughan, George B. and Iris Weisman. Community-College Presidency.
American Association of Community Colleges, 2002.
Community College League of California
4
CEO Study 1/03
5
c
o
d
.
l
e
l
2
b
0
a
T
/
3
,
0
2
1
1
0
/
1
y
0
d
u
r
t
S
O
i
0
0
E
n
C
g
9
g
9
n
i
v
I
8
e
a
8

g
e
9
9
4
8 6 2
0
2
4
1
a
L
r
.
.
. . .
.
.
.
.
3
9
1 4 2
9
r
3 6
2

r
t
e
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
M
1
n
v
7
i
e
9
A
l
c
r
e
P
6
9
)
)
s
s
t
t
c
1
c
1
i
i
r
5
r
t
t
9
s
s
i
i
d
d

s
e
e
2
s
9
4
1
g
g
l
9
a
9
0
O
e
e
9 l
0
l
v
l
l
o
E
o
1
0
g
r
c
c

2
e
3
n
C
-
h
-
9
i

i
8
i
t
t
g
t
f
v
l
l
n
o

u
u
u
a
t
e
2

m
m
I
c
o
s
1
e
g

2
0
4
0 5
8 4

a
4 7
i
4
r
r

L
a
m
9
r
m
h
.
a
. .
.
. .
. .

.

t
r
0
3 1
9
8 6
8 8
0
s
t
r
o
e
s
o
e

1
1 1
e
t
1
s
r
r
r
c
v
i
f
b
Y
f
a
t
D

i
A

c
1
s
r
m s
e
9
t
i

O
O

s
r
e
Y
u
e
t
i
E
E
s
d
)
N
v

g
s
i
C
y
C

d
0
i
0
m
e
1
e
b
F

9
0
g
0
2
e
i
I

l
r
2

2
e
g
0
l
g
e

y
V
o

l
t
n
e
d
0
e
5
d
l
n
b
o
C
n
9
l
i
P
n
2
i
l
l
v
c
8

o
a
a
g
-
b
g

a

I
6
c

n
y
y
s
s
N
e
n

a
7
i
t
t
t
y
t
d
i
c
c
L
i
n
9
i
8
t
T
u
i
n
v
i
i
r

8
r
u
1
n
l
t
r
t
c
a
u
s
s
m
e
u
x
i
i
d
e
m
d
m
b
e
2
m

1

(
m
L
e
7
e
m
m
o
8
g
g

u
c
e
o
s
e
o

N
l
c
l
O
a
l
l
o
o

C
i
6
s
a
c
n
c
E
8
l

i

a
r

n
e
e
o
a
C
v
l
r
l
g
f
g
o
r
i
i
n
n
e
l
n

f
5
a
t
i
i
i
2
t
8
s
l
r
s
c
C
n
a
0

o

m
i
I
C
m

0
r

2
f
r
t
o
0

2
i
o
a
7
1
s
l
1
4
r
r
a
e
8
f
7
f
i

D
Y
s
C
s
O
V
O
1

5
e
E
0
E
V 3
v
W
0
8
C
C
i
F
2

2
1

0
f
f
5
0
1
5
o
o
2
(
0
(

8
e
e
0 5 0 5 0
g
g
8 8 9 9 2
a
a
s
- - - - -
6 1 6 1 6 2
1
r
r
r
1
1
e
a
e
7 8 8 9 9 0
0
8
1
v
e
9 9 9 9 9 0
v
0
A
A
Y
1 1 1 1 1 2
2
a
i
0
n
1
8
r
o
1
f
i
l
a
C
V
9

7
f
o

e
u
4
1
g
8
a
7
e
L
w

e
g
7
e
W
7
l
l
o
3
C
0

5
y
0
N
6
t
2
i
7
n

y
u
r
m
a
u
m
n
4 0
0
6 2
6 4 2
o
a
1
1 1 1
C
J
c
o
d
5
.
2
2
.
5
e
0
l
b
a
T
5
/
.
1
2
5
0
0
/
y
d
u
0
t
0
S
O
E
C
9
3
9
.
5
8
s
7
9

l
5
a
v
7
r
9
e
t
n
6
I
9
.
) )

4
s s
r
s
t t
a
-
c c
4
O
i i
5
e
r r
.
9
t t
4
Y
s s
E
i i
d d

C

e
4
e e
9
9
9
.

v
g g
4
t
9
0
e e
i
c
F
9
0
l l
l l
i
o o
1
0
r
3

c c
t

y
9
2
.
.
_
h
s
- -

i i
b
g
t t
f
i
l l
o
D
u u

u

3
s
2
m m
e
o
s

9

5
O
a
r
e
c

m m
h
4 3 0 5 5

5
2
i
g
s
v
E
t
. . . . .
o o
.
.

6 5 5 5 5
t
5
5
r
5
e
s
1
r r
c
C
e
.

f f
9

t
i
= = = = =

l
=
=
c
r
S
s s
l

t

o
i

O O
s
r
0 0 5 0 2
t
5
0

t
c
f
i
C
8 9 9 0 0
E E
s
0
8
0
d
o
)
9
i
6
s
i
9 9 9 0 0
C C
9
0

r
d

.
m
e
s
5
1 1 1 2 2
t
y
1
2

g
s
0 0
2
I
e
r
i

t
r
h h h h h
a
2 2
h
h
e
0
I
i
g
e
i
9
D
n
g g g g g

e
g
g
l
8
t

e
0
4
d d
l
n
o
u u u u u
.
e
u
u
u
Y

l
n n
2

o
i
l
c
o o o o o
o
r
o
o
a a
l
g
m
-

o
r r r r r
6
c
r
r
b
1

n
8
y
h h h h h
s s
h
h
.
8

7
f
5
i
t
m
t t
y
t t t t t
d
a
t
t
i

c c

r
n
9

t
e
u
6 6 1 6 1
1
6
e
i i
i
T
r r
u
o
1
n
l
7 8 9 7 0
t t
c
c
8
9
b
s s
m
3
7
u
C
x
9 9 9 9 0
9
9
i
m i i
8
.
d d
m
e
v
5
1 1 1 1 2
m
1
1

(
r

u
e e

n
m
a
n n n n n
o
n
e
g g
N
a
6
a a a a a
i
c
a
o
e e
S
n
8
e

e e e e e

1
e
c
l l
a
n
M
l l
r
.
M M M M M

o o

M
5
i
o
a
a
f
n
c c
o
i
e

f
r
5
n
e e
o
i

8
M
l
r
l l
s
f
g g
a
o
i
r
l
n n
f
C
a
a
i
i i
l
s s
S
4
C
a
e

8

-
5
C
m m
f

2
Y
o

o o
7
1

r r
s
3
7
f f
f
4

8
o
s s
i
.
5
s
O O

r
y
E E
e
2
l
C C
5
a
8
b
.

5
n
1 2
m
5 5
A
8
( (
.
1
u
5
8
N

2
n
0
.
6
8
a
a
i
n
e
r
o
f
M
9
i
l
7
a
6
C
.
6

f
o
8

e
1
7
u
.
6
g
a
e
7
L
7

e
.
6
g
e
l
l
6
o
7
3
C
0

y
0
t
2
i
n

6 4 0
8 5 3 2
7
1
y
u
r
m
a
)
5
>
O
i
<
5
2
-
)
u
L
c
m
c
>
a
C
,
n
o
a
C
J
d
3
e
e
4
n
l
b
2
r
a
u
0
T
t
/
e
2
0
r

/
r
1
y
o
d
0

u
)
t
7
S
9
O
0
9
E
0
1
C
g

n
i

9
n
9
o
y
n
a
8
C
9

o
g
7
a
9
i
t
n
a
S
6
9

d
g
n
7
n
a
s
i
5

v
1
%
%
S
l
0
% % % %
%
9
a
e
1
a
9
0
T
7
g
e
v
0 2 3 8
3
9
.
.
a
N
L
1
4
r
. . . .
.
1
5 5 6 3
3
e
r

1
1
4
E
e
t

1 1 1 1
1
n
t
n
9
v
0
n
D
e
i
A

1
I
s
c
I

S
a
r
r
e
3
a
t
E
i
P
9
s
e
0
R
o
1
Y
P
P

2

e
s

9
E
o
v
L
G
i
F
S

,
E
.
1

T
v
y
9
L

C
b
.
L
r
q
a

I
O
(
g
R

e
0
d
n
C
T
9
Y
e
i

d
)
S
v

Y
s
g
d
y
a
I
m
n
T
2
a
D
b
9
e
I
i

i
8
v
I
0
I

r
n

L
N
g
I
a
e
E
e
0
e

e
t
n
U
g
s
e
E
G
n
2
0
6 0
2
L
2 8
2
a
i
8
b
t
i
M
.
. .
v
.

. .
.

E
c
6
7 8
r
L
8 8
7 8
g 8

r
e
a
e
9
e
i
M
n
L
r
v
B
v
b
e
6
t
i
L
A
d
a
s
O m
L
7
A
7
O
h
u
i

u
D
9
8
C
l
r
c
C
s
T
N
1
e

x
e
A
e
-
e
b
g
I
g
6
I
(
T
m
e
N
8
e
l
L
l
u
R
o
l
U
l
c
N
o
O

M
5
C
s
F
8
a

-
7
I
N

i
L
s
s
t
2
r
l
I
l
A
u
a
e
4
0
C
v
f
8
M
0
2
f
r
i
1
2
d

e

F

n
t
g
n
O
3
i
n
I

8

1
s

i
r
v
S
0
a
t
a
n
0
e
I
e
S
2
Y
e
2
l

Y
8

d
0 5 0 5 0
e
e
5
e
8 8 9 9 0
g
L
i
g
s
v
s
- - - - -
a
r
a
A
i
6 1 6 1 6
F
e
a
r
t
1
7 8 8 9 9
e
N
n
e

r
8
f
9 9 9 9 9
v
P
e
Y
o
9
A
A
1 1 1 1 1
c

e
.
r
)
e
g
0
4
p
a
8
8
4

r
9
e
e
1
h
v

9
t
A
n

7
g a
i

i
n
n
y
r
i
e
n
o
l
f
8
i
l
i
m
l
a
7
a
9
V
C
r
e

f
n
t
o
e
a
7

e
d
7
i
9
u
d

g
r
n
o
a
I
e
f
(
6

L
r
s
7

o
e
u
t
g
t
a
e
a
n
l
t
l
o
s
i
m
5
0
0
5
C
3

s

0
1

o
1
y
u
0
t
n
i
p
2
n
e

m
u
y
d
z
)
B
s
c
i
5
m
r
a
_
C
a
a
a

'
e
m
u
c
n
h
o

a
o
T
C
J
t
c
n
o
i

d
s
.
a
4
e
t
i
l
s
b
o
a
P
T
/
s
2
o
0
8
L
3
/
2
y
.
0

.
d
,
. .
u
v
-
-
t
.
S
q
1
O
(
0

d
E
e
C
s
d
l
0
7
d
a
0
.
3
a
v

n
r
e
e
9
7
e
9
.
t
3
n
b

I
e

8 v
8
r
.
9
a
a
3
h
e

s
Y
6 7
e
9
3

g
e
e
v
l
l
o
6
i
s
F
4
9
c
t

s
n
y
s
a
b
5
e
l

1
a
r
9
.

4
a
d
s
v
e
t
r
i
y
c
s
e

4
y
i
9
e
t
r
b
n
t

r
s
s
I
P

e
i
3
r
D
i
9
a
r

a
5
e

e
_
e
v
4
g

Y
g
s
2
t
e
9
4 7 9 7 8 6 9

e
1
c
s
e
5
i
. . . . . . .
l
l
r
4 4 4 4 3 4 3
t
l
l
v
t
o
o
s
c

i
1
5
i
= = = = = = =
F
c
9
d
i

C
4
r

-

e
0 5 0 5 0 0 2
t
i
y

t
s
g
)
8 8 9 9 0 0 0
y
l
b
s
e
u
0
i
9 9 9 9 0 0 0
9
t
m
V
D

l
9
M
l
2
e
i
1 1 1 1 2 2 2
o
.
4
n
i
0
c

c

r

h h h h h h h
I
e
e
-
u
n
0
i
9
i
v
t
t
g g g g g g g

8
l
g
n
2 I
m
u
.
e
r
u u u u u u u

)
i
m

e
s
e

4
o o o o o o o
-
g
l
m
8
t
S

l
r r r r r r r
n
b
n
8
n
6
9
l
h h h h h h h
8
i
o

i
1
e
d
o
7

f
a
t t t t t t t
)

o

u
c
s
d
n
9
C
6 1 6 1 6 6 1
T
t
l

i
-
i
n
c
1 7

7 8 8 9 9 7 0
s
s
y
8
i
e
x
t 9 9 9 9 9 9 0
e
r
e
a
e
1
d
l
a
l
.
1 1 1 1 1 1 2
5
u
l
r
i
(
a
i
s
e
P

n
8
V
e
6
M
n n n n n n n
.
Y
8
4
r

r
a a a a a a a
p
n
r
o

o
e e e e e e e
(
a
f
n

o
i
4
f
s
M M M M M M M
f
d
5
i

O
I
8

n
l
e
r
a
I
E
e
(
c

C
C
s
b
i
9
v
u
4

.
m
r
8
4

r
t
.
o
a
f
e
f
o
.
t
u

s
S
m
.
N

3
s
s
r

8
8
.
e
u
f
.

4
o
i
.
n
p
t
s

m
f

.
a
o
s
y
2
a

e
8
r
h
l
c
9
a
a
M
t
.

g
4
o
4
e
n
n
:
t
5
1

Y
e
8
d
A
l
e

e
f
n
o
g
r
0
u
a

8
r
t
r
e
e
e
r
v
b

a
r
9
o
m

7
3
e

.
)
5
a
h
7
u
i
n
t
9

N
r
g
8
9
o
7
7
n
1
.
f

5
i
n
i
l

n a
n
C
a
i
i
m

7

n
e
f
7
o
r
o
e
M

y
e
t
e
n
u
g
a
d
4
6
.
7
a
5
C

r
e
o

L
o
f

5
1
7
g
6 0
4 3
e
2
r
o
a
g
f
e
t
i
O
.
<
E -
) i
0
>
i
.
t
P
a
c
a
>
.
C
l
.
n
.
.
l
n
o
a
C
i
m S

y
3

o
d
t
0
i
n
n
0
n
2
e
u
a

m
d
y

0
r

a
m
e
9
u
h
o
9
n
a
C
T
1
J
,
U.S. Department of Education
Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI)
Hid lessuao Ilemeim
Cede
National Library of Education (NLE)
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
NOTICE,
Reproduction Basis
This document is covered by a signed "Reproduction Release (Blanket)"
form (on file within the ERIC system), encompassing all or classes of
documents from its source organization and, therefore, does not require a
"Specific Document" Release form.
This document is Federally-funded, or carries its own permission to
reproduce, or is otherwise in the public domain and, therefore, may be
reproduced by ERIC without a signed Reproduction Release form (either
"Specific Document" or "Blanket").
EFF-089 (1/2003)