ERIC ED473395: Towards a Research Model for Distance Education-Contributions from the Telecommuting Literature.

10 Pages·2000·0.2 MB·English

by  ERIC

DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 473 395
IR 058 625
Dick, Geoffrey N.
AUTHOR
Towards a Research Model for Distance Education-Contributions
TITLE
from the Telecommuting Literature.
2000-00-00
PUB DATE
9p.; In: Proceedings of the International Academy for
NOTE
Information Management Annual Conference (15th, Brisbane,
Australia, December 6-10, 2000); see IR 058 611.
PUB TYPE Information Analyses (070)
Speeches/Meeting Papers (150)
EDRS Price MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.
EDRS PRICE
Computer Assisted Instruction; Computer Mediated
DESCRIPTORS
Communication; *Distance Education; Educational Practices;
*Educational Research; Higher Education; Instructional
Development; Instructional Effectiveness; *Research
Methodology; Telecommunications
ABSTRACT
This paper draws on an extensive review of literature
associated with telecommuting and looks at features that might affect the
offering and take-up of distance education, particularly distance education
involving computer applications, telecommunications and web-based, off-campus
delivery of courses or components of courses. The issue is discussed from the
perspective of the individual, the organization (the educational institution)
and the wider community. The aim of the paper is to put forward a possible
research model for the evaluation of distance education. Includes two
figures: a task model and a research model.
(Contains 43 references.)
(Author)
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made
from the original document.
TOWARDS A RESEARCH MODEL FOR
c\,1
DISTANCE EDUCATION CONTRIBUTIONS
M
FROM THE TELECOMMUTING LITERATURE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Office of Educational Research and Improvement
PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION
Geoffrey N. Dick
DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS
CENTER (ERIC)
BEEN GRANTED BY
This document has been reproduced as
University of New South Wales
received from the person or organization
originating it.
T. Case
Minor changes have been made to
improve reproduction quality.
Points of view or opinions stated in this
TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
document do not necessarily represent
INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)
official OERI position or policy.
1
ABSTRACT
This paper draws on an extensive review of literature associated with telecommuting and looks at features that might
affect the offeringand take-up of distance education, particularly distance education involving computer applications,
telecommunications and web-based, off-campus delivery of courses or components of courses. The issue is discussed
from the perspective of the individual, the organisation (the educational institution) and the wider community. The
aim of the paper is to put forward a possible research model for the evaluation of distance education.
In respect of the personal attributes of the individual,
INTRODUCTION
there are parallels with the telecommuting literature too.
These are most likely to be in the areas of personal
The paper begins with a review of the be nefits, costs
characteristics such as the ability to get information
and risks associated with telecom muting (Gray et al.,
required, knowing when advice is needed, the ability to
1993; Turban and Wang, 1995; Ford and McLaughlin,
solve one's own problems and good self-management
1995; Ellis and Webster,1997) and suggests thatseveral
(Venkatesh and Vitalari, 1992;
Gray et al.,
of the matters here have direct relevance to the distance
1993;
Wheeler and Zackin, 1994; Mokhtarian and Salomon,
This theme is continued by an
education decision.
1996a) and the home environment (Yap and Tng, 1990;
examination of the enablers, drives and co nstraints
Man nering and M okhtarian, 1995).
(Mokhtarian and Salomon, 1994;
Tung and Turban,
1996) which provides some insight into the factors that
To some extent the role of the academic is analogous
are likely to influence the acceptance of this form of
with that of the supervisor. As the supervisor controls
education.
allocation, timing and resources for tasks (Starr, 1971),
the academic controls task content, timing and the
Parallels are drawnbetween educational andwork-place
Accordingly, this literature, as it
required resources.
the understanding of prescribed material,
tasks
relates to telecommuting, offers some assistance in
assignments, experiences and acquisition of knowledge
studies of distance education.
on one hand and the components of a job on the other.
Using a theoretical task model to encompass the
component, co-ordinative and dynamic themes of
Tclecommuting literature also provides so me pointers to
influences preference
comp lexity (Wood, 1986), the task characteristics of
demographic
the
on
to
age, gender, time in the work-place, job
telecom mute
uncertainty and equivocality (Daft and Macintosh, 1981)
type, education, transport, presence of small children and
and the organisational issues of resources and scheduling
of work (Thompson, 1967), a set of attributes for
the number of cars in the household (Mokhtarian and
Salomon, 1997; Belanger, 1999; Dick and Duncanson,
educational tasks is developed. It is proposed that this
some of these seem to have relevance to the
1999)
model form a central component of a research model for
decision to engage in distance education.
the evaluation of the suitability of educational tasks to
distance education.
oo
In
Proceedings of the 15' Annual Conference of the International Academy for Information Management
244
FBI
2
BEST COPY AVAILA
...and the disadvantages.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
More difficult to work at home due to less help
For the Individual
available, motivational problems, increased family
one might expect these
conflict and distractions
The telecommuting literature (Olson, 1983; Rice, 1987;
to be serious impediments to distance education for
Ford and Butts, 1991; Gray et al., 1993; Mokhtarian
many people, requiring particularpersonal attributes
Turban and
McQuarrie, 1994;
and Salomon, 1994;
for them to be overcome.
potential
Wang, 1995) suggests
following
the
as
each
advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting
Viewed negatively by management, being "out of
item is discussed with a view to its applicability to the
if we
sight and out
of mind
interpret
student undertaking distance education, using some form
"management to mean academic staff, there could
of information and communications technology to aid
well be a feeling among distance students that those
him in the associated tasks. First, the advantages...
with physical access to the academic staff get
enhanced help and assistance.
Reasons associated with travel to work such as
reduction in commuting stress, saving money and
missing out on
Exploitation by management
somerelevance
time andhelping the environment
overtime or having to work extra time to cover peak
to distance education; not having to attend on a
in this sense could be
"management
periods
regular basis may reduce travel costs for the student,
interpreted as the university administration which
particularly if long distance travel is involved. In
supplies resources and occasional casual work to
this context it should be noted that reduction of
supplement student incomes.
living costs maybe a significant factor for the
area might be
potential student.
this
Also,
Travel time can be used productively, to run errands,
broadened to include those for whom travel would
or provides a break between home and the office
be impossible, such as those living abroad or in
travel is seen as a time for completing assignments,
remote areas.
reading, study, etc.
Better able to manage one's own affairs eg. more
equipped than a home
The office is nicer/better
independence, flexibility, control of the physical
a significant issue for potential
office would be
working environment, to study or pursue personal
distance students may be the need to equip a home
particular relevance perhaps to the post-
interests
study area with a PC and appropriate software,
graduate student in the sense of better managing
telephone line, communications software.
work commitments.
The social interaction found at the conventional
To be able to work if sick, disabled or look after a
missing out on the extra-curricular
workplace
or other dependent
sick child
potentially
activities that take place on campus could be viewed
increases the possibility of education for those who
by many as a serious impediment to distance
may be disabled or extensively involved in the care
education.
of dependent children or other relatives.
the
interaction
found
professional
The
at
To reduce the stress experienced in the office
getting to know one's
conventional workplace
relevant perhaps to those who might find the campus
fellow students, easy access (formal and inform al) to
environment threatening or intimidating.
At a more strategic
level,
staff.
academic
a
diminished educational experience may result.
To spend more time with one's family
covered
above.
For the Organisation
campus life offers many
To get more work done
Advantages to the organisation from telecommuting
distractions for the student; while mostly seen as an
normally centre around productivity, better use of an
advantage, some students may benefit from the
employee's time, a wider pool of recruits on which to
possibility of removing themselves from these
draw, saving on conventional office space and an
distractions.
245
Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the International Academy for Information Management
3
BEST COPY AVAILABLE
Against this, business activity in the city centres and
extension of working hours (Katz, 1987; DuBrin, 1991;
travel may increase in
university towns may fall,
Gray et al., 1993; H amb len, 1999) . Similar advantages
outlying areas and energy consumption in the home may
could accrue to universities offering distance education
rise (Gray et al.,
increasing staff work loads and the ability to offer
1993).
courses outside conventional hours m ay appeal to
ENABLERS
university administrations; the wider pool of students is
already seen as a major driving force and there could be
There is a long list ofelectronic enablers which facilitate
savings in lecture halls, tutorial rooms, laboratories and
PCs and laptops, printers, modems,
telecommuting
other on-campus facilities.
copiers, fax machines, cellular telephones, answering
Disadvantages from telecommuting are to do with
machines, high speed communications links and access
to e-mail and the Internet (Hotch, 1993;
Tung and
changing the way organisations work and function,
Turban, 1996). While clearly not all are required for all
duplicating equipment costs, absence of key personnel
tasks, this list is a useful starting point for the types of
from the conventional workplace, morale problems and
electronic assistance that would facilitate
distance
security (Ford and Butts, 1991 ; Filipczak, 1992; Li and
education. At present much of this equipment is made
Gillespie, 1994; T amrat et al., 1996; Orlikowski, 1996;
available free of charge to students in the traditional
Dick and Duncanson, 1999). Re-skilling academic staff
campus environment considerable expense would be
and changes to m ore traditional ways of teaching may
incurred by the student in equipping himself with such
present problem s, there will be additional co sts in
technology. On the other hand many universities are
supporting students' online access and the absence of
moving to requiring (or expecting) students to have such
students from the conventional classroom may diminish
technology available at home.
the research and teaching standing of the university.
TASK SUITABILITY
For the Community
constructed
following
model,
The the
from
reduction
Potential for
demand transport
the
in
telecommuting and task literature, outlines various
infrastructure, reduction in pollution and benefits to local
aspects of task properties that make task suitable for
or rural communities are often cited as possible effects of
telecom muting.
telecommuting (Blanc, 1988; Mokhtarian et al.,
1995;
Nilles, 1996). There is some scope for these benefits from
distance education, perhaps the most significantmay be the
reduction in the subsidies required for public transport.
FIGURE 1
A TASK MODEL
ChuructeriNtics
Equivocality
\
( Olsonilleilmann Models
iticeliainly
1
moitenient.3
Pit
iGttl
1?ac of woik
Defined deliverables
(-Organisational ...\
Concentration
2ssessm cut
Milestones
Conntwitications
Serial
oterdependrnee
_Task
p
ettvtrionment
Proceedings of the Igh Annual Conference of the International Academy for Information Management
246
4
BEST COPY AVAILABLE
with each member responsible for various co mponents
Based on original models of task
for
suitability
and then the team having to link them together to
1990) the
telecommuting (Olson, 1983; Huws et al.,
produce a final product.
model suggests support for these properties from the task
related literature.
The task characteristics (Daft and Macintosh, 1981;
Daft et al., 1987) of equivocality (ambiguous meanings
The original telecommuting models suggested that tasks
or instructions) and uncertainty (about what is required
may lend them selves to telecommuting if physical
or how to go about it) are re levant to tasks involved in
requirements (for resources and equipment) are kept to
considerable difficulty might
distance education too
a minimum, the staff member is in a position to control
be expected to be experienced b y the student if tasks are
the pace of his work, the work has defined deliverables,
not clearly explained with no ambiguity and specified to
required concentration, has specific milestones set and
reduce uncertainty.
has minimal need for comm unications with one 's
There are obvious
supervisor or fellow employees.
Similarly, the environment in which the tasks take place
parallels here to those tasks whic h are likely to be part of
(Thompson, 1967) m ay have some relevance to their
assignment writing, research,
distance education
serial dependence refers to the need to wait
suitability
understanding course notes and lecture material and
on others (academic or student) in order to commence or
examination preparation.
Also relevant is the degree
complete one's own work .
of "networking and team building that educational tasks
In terms of task complexity (Wood, 1986), in general
are designed to include.
terms as the degree of complexity rises,the task becomes
less suitable (or more difficult) for telecommuting. The
PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES
same may be said of distance education. Component
comp lexity is a function of the number of distinct acts
Successful telecommuters display certain traits (Gray et
that are required to perform the task and the number of
1993). According to the authors, these traits are:
al.,
information cues to be processed in performing these
acts. Comp onent com plexity is also affected by the task
the ability to make sound decisions, know where to
being dependent on completion of other tasks. The type
get the information that leads to
that decision
some concepts
of task may have relevance here too
making process or completion of the task and know
may be difficult to explain or demon strate without
when they need advice;
for example dissection,
"hands on
experience
modelling and instrument operation.
Co-ordinative
this might
form and
the ability to solve their own problems
of
strength
refers
complexity
to
the
require a knowledge of the organisation, the tasks or
relationships and the sequence of inputs. Wood suggests
the technology and an analytical approach to
that the more complex the timing, frequency, intensity
problem solving; and
and location requirements, the greater the knowledge and
skill the individual must have to be able to perform the
self motivation, time
good self management
task. Change s in the acts and inform ation required or in
management, the ability to assess their own work
the relationships between inputs and products Wood
and to be able to put these skills together to deliver
calls dynamic com plexity. This too can create shifts in
quality work on time.
the knowledge or skills required.
There is considerable support for these traits in the
To illustrate, if we consider component complexity,
see also (Venkatesh and Vitalari, 1986;
literature
tasks with minimal component complexity may be those
Mokhtarian and Salomon, 1996b;
Lew is,
1998).
such as reading a study guide, notes or a text book and
Confidence in working within the electronic co mm unity
answering a series of "review questions. At the other
(Venkatesh and Vitalari, 1986; Hesse and Grantham,
end of the scale, research using multiple resources,
1991; Trevino and Webster, 1992) may also be an
including hard copy and electronic journals, text books
the telecommuter is isolated from
important attribute
and the Internet, discussions with a colleague and
being seen as incapable of
, and runs the risk of
"help
writing up a summary of the research may present
working with the required tools, or being seen as
difficulties for the distance education student. Likewise
incompetent if he/she does not hold the necessary skills.
co-ordinative complexity could range from one person
completing an assignment to working as part of a team,
247
Proceedings of the 15' Annual Conference of the International Academy for Information Management
5
individual instances, telecommuting is unlikely to take
Other aspects identified in various studies by Mokhtarian
place while on the other, the attitude of the supervisor
and others includethe need for self discipline, household
does not seem to affect the preference to telecom mute
interaction problems and aversion to risk (Mokhtarian
(Dick, 2000). Nevertheless, if we align the role of the
and Salomon, 1994), susceptibility and aversionto stress
supervisor with that of the academic, some issues do
(Mokhtarian and Salomon, 1997), (see also (Trentet al.,
has already been noted that one of the
get more work done
arise.
It
desire
and the
1994))
to
disadvantages of telecommuting to the organisation
(Mokhtarian et al., 1994).
relates to changes to the way of working. Academic
staff will need to learn new skills, particularly IT related
For the distance student, knowing where to get relevant
ones. They will need to be prepared to "formalise
information and when to seek advice wou Id seem to
presentations and the learning experience imparted to a
have particular importance, as does the ability to solve
considerable degree and to correspond with students by
the added reliance on information
his own problems
the, perhaps unfamiliar media of e-mail, "chat rooms
technology and communications equipment gives this
These changes will not be easy
and "bulletin boards.
aspect added weight. Under-graduates are more likely
and are likely to involve universities in considerable
(perhaps than there post-graduate counterparts) to have
upheaval.
motivational problems and will need to develop time
management skills to enable work of an appropriate
A RESEARCH MODEL
quality to be delivered on time. On the subject of the
the telecommuting issues
environment,
househo Id
The above suggests that the following model may be
(Mannering and Mokhtarian, 1995) of presence of small
useful in the evaluation of distance education as an
children, number of peop le in the household and family
alternative for students and universities.
orientation may also have some effect on the preference
to study at a distance.
THE SUPERVISOR
The supervisor has a enigmatic role in telecommuting
on one hand, without the supervisor's approval of
FIGURE 2
A RESEARCH MODEL
Extra students
Cost savings. etc.
Perceived
advantages and
disadvantages
Changes to work
Provision of
practices.
distance
Willingness and
standing of
education
ability of staff
university
Task suitability
Take up of
Complexity,
distance
characteristics.
education
environment
Availability of
enablers
Preference for
distance
Motivation,
education
possession of
Possession of
skills, pmblem
appropriate
solving, !tome
personal
environnrnt, etc
characteristics
Distance, Costs,
flexibility. sick
or disabled, etc.
Perceived
advantages and
Less help,
disadvantages
motivational
problems,
equipment costs,
social and
nrotessional
Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the International Academy for Information Management
248
6
BEST COPY AVAILABLE
Dick, G. N. and Duncanson, I (1999) "Telecommuting:
CONCLUSION
Does it Work in the Long Term? Procedings of the
32nd Hawaii International Conference on System
Many education institutions are considering, or have
Sciences, January, Hawaii, IEEE.
already implemented, distance education programmes.
Research on these programmes is just beginning. There
"Comparison of the
Job
(1991)
DuBrin,
A.J.
is a need for the evaluation of such programmes against
Satisfaction and Productivity of Telecommuters
a sound research model. The essential contribution of
versus In-House Employees: A Research Note on
this paper is to bring the telecomm uting related literature
Psychological Reports 68, pp.
Work in Progress.
together in a manner which allows the development of a
1225-1234.
preliminary research model for studies of the provision
of distance education from the educational institution
Ellis, T. S. and Webster, R. L. (1997) "Information
perspective and for the desire to partake in distance
Systems Managers' Perceptions of the Advantages
education from an individual perspective. The model
of
Telecommuting:
brings together the tasks (and the related issues of
Disadvantages
and
A
International
Hawaii
Analysis.
Multivariate
scheduling and control of work), personal characteristics
Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, IEEE.
the perceived advantages and
of the
individuals,
disadvantages of undertaking a course of study in this
Filipczak, R. (1992) "Telecom muting : A Better Way to
way and the necessary underlying technology.
Training pp. 53-61.
Work?
REFERENCES
and Butts, M.A. (1991)
Your
"Is
Ford,
R.C.
Organization Ready for Telecommuting?
"Workers' Propensity to Tele-
SAM
Belanger, F. (1999)
Advanced Management Journal 56, pp. 19-23.
Information and
commute: An Empirical Study.
Management 35, pp. 139-153.
Ford, R.C. and McLaughlin, F. (1995) "Questions and
Telecommuting
Program s.
Answers about
Blanc, G. (1988) Autonomy, Telework and Em erging
Business Horizons 38, pp. 66-72.
Cultural Values. In: Korte, W.B., Robinson, S. and
Telework: Present Situation
Steinle, W.J., (Eds.)
and Gordon,
(1993)
Hodson,
Gray,
M.,
and Future Development of a New Form of Work
N.
G.
Teleworking Explained, John Wiley & Sons.
Elsevier Science
Organisation,
189-200.
pp.
Publishers. B. V. (North Holland).
Hamblen, M. (1999) "Merrill Trains Staff to Work at
ComputerWorld 33 (17) pp. 50
Daft, R.L., Lengel, R.H. and Trevino, L.K. (1987)
Home.
"Message Equivocality, Media Selection,
and
Hesse, B. W. and Grantham, C. E. (1991)
"Elec-
Manager Perform ance: Implications for Information
Distributed
tronically
Communities:
Work
MIS Quarterly pp. 355-366.
Systems.
Implications for Research on Telework. Electronic
Networking: Research, Applications and Policy 1,
Daft, R.L. and Macintosh, N.B. (1981) "A Tentative
Exploration into the Amount and Equivocality of
Hotch, R. (1993)
a Distance.
"M anaging from
Information Processing in Organizational Work
Nation's Business 81 (10) pp. 24-26.
Administrative Science Quarterly 26, pp.
Units.
207-224.
Huws, U., Korte, W.B. and Robinson,
(1990)
S.
Telework: Towards the Elusive Office, Chichester
Dick, G. N. (2000) "Telecommuting in Australia and
John Wiley & Sons.
Singapore. Proceedings of The Fifth International
Workshop on Telework, Stockholm
249
Proceedings of the 15'h Annual Conference of the International Academy for Information Management
Mokhtarian, P. L., Salomon, I., Saxen a, S., Sam path, S.,
"The Management, Control and
Katz, A.I. (1987)
Cheung, P., Le, K. and Bagley, M. N. (1994)
Evaluation of a Telecommuting Project: A Case
"Adoption of Telecommuting in Two California
Information & Management 13, pp. 179-
Study.
unpublished work
State Agencies.
190.
"Tapping into the Benefits of
Nilles, J. M. (1996) "What Does Te lework Really Do to
Lewis, B. J. (1998)
World Transport Policy and Practice 2, pp.
Journal of Management in
Us?
Telecommuting.
15-45.
Engineering 14, pp. 9-10.
Olson, M. H. (1983) "Remote Office Work: Changing
Li, F. and Gillespie, A. (1994) "Team Telework: An
Work Patterns in Space and Time.
Emergent Form of Work Organization.
Comm uni-
In:
cations of the ACM 26, pp. 182-187.
Baskerville, R., Smithson, 0., Ngwenyama, 0. and
Transforming Organisation
DeGross, J.I., (Eds.)
Orlikow ski, W. J. (1996) "Improvising Organizational
with Information
397-418.
pp.
Technology,
Transformation Over Time: A Situated Change
Amsterdam Elsevier Science (North Holland).
ISR 7, pp. 63-92.
Perspective.
and Mokhtarian,
Mannering,
(1995)
P.
L.
J. S.
Rice, R. E. (1987) "Computer -Mediated Communication
"Modeling the Choice of Telecommuting Frequency
Journal of Com-
and Organizational Innovation.
Exploratory
California:
Analysis.
An
in
munication 37, pp. 65-94.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change 49,
pp. 49-73.
Starr, M.K. (1971) Management: A Modern Approach,
New York Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
McQuarrie, F. A. E. (1994)
"Telecommuting: Who
Really Benefits? Business Horizons 37, pp. 79-83.
Tamrat, E., Vilkinas, T., and Warren, J. R. (1996)
"Analysis of a Telecom muting Experience: A Case
Mokhtarian, P. L., Handy, S. and Salomon, I. (1995)
Proceedings of the 29th Annual Hawaii
"Methodological Issues in the Estimation of the
Study.
International Conference on System Sciences,
Energy and Air
Impacts of
Quality
Travel,
Hawaii, USA
Telecommuting Transportation Research A 29A,
pp. 283-302.
Thompson, J. D. (1967) Organisations in Action: Social
Science Bases of Administrative Theory, New York
Mokhtarian, P. L. and Salomon, I. (1994) "Modeling
McGraw-Hill.
the Choice of Telecommuting: Setting the Context.
Environment and Planning A 26, pp. 749-766.
Trent, J. T., Smith, A. L. and Wood, D.L. (1994) "Tele-
Stress
commuting: Support.
Social
and
Mokhtarian, P. L. and Salomon, 1. (1996a) "M odeling
Psychological Reports 74, pp. 1312-1314.
A case of the
the Choice of Telecommuting 2:
PreferedImpossible Alternative. Environment and
Trevino, L. K. and Webster, J.
"F low in
(1992)
Planning A 28, pp. 1859-1876.
Computer-Mediated Comm unication:
Electron ic
Mail and Voice Mail Evaluation and Impacts.
Mokhtarian, P. L. and Salomon, I. (1996b) "Modeling
Communication Research 19, pp. 539-573.
the Choice of Telecommuting 3: Identifying the
Choice Set and Estimating Binary Choice Models
Tung, L. L. and Turban, E. (1996)
"Information
Environment
for Technology -based Alternatives.
Technology as an Enabler of Telecommuting.
and Planning A 28, pp. 1877-1895.
International Journal of Information Management
16, pp. 103-117.
Mokhtarian, P. L. and Salomon, I. (1997) "Modeling
The Importance of
the Desire to Telecommute:
Turban, E. and Wang, P. (1995)
"Telecommuting
Attitudinal Factors in Behavioural Models.
Trans-
Comprehensive
Overview.
Management:
portation Research A 31, pp. 35-50.
A
Human Systems Management 14, pp. 227-238.
5th Annual Conference of the International Academy for Information Management
Proceedings of the
250
8
Wheeler, M. and Zack in, D. (1994) "Telecom muting.
Venkatesh, A. and Vitalari, N. P. (1986) "Computing
Work-Family Roundtable 4, pp. 2-14.
Technology for the Home: Product Strategies for the
Journal of Product Innovation
Next Generation.
Wood, R. E. (1986) "Task Complexity: Definition of
Management 3, pp. 171-186.
Organizational Behaviour and
the Construct.
Human Decision Processes 37, pp. 60-82.
Venkatesh, A. and Vitalari, N. P. (1992) "An Emerging
Distributed Work Arrangement: An Investigation of
Yap, C. S. and Tng, H. (1990) "Factors Associated with
Computer-Based Supplemental Work at Home.
Attitudes Towards Telecommuting. Information &
Management Science 38, pp. 1687-1706.
Management 19, pp. 227-235.
251
Proceedings of the 15' Annual Conference of the International Academy for Information Management
9
E IC
U.S. Department of Education
Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI)
National Library of Education (NLE)
Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
NOTICE
Reproduction Basis
This document is covered by a signed "Reproduction Release (Blanket)"
form (on file within the ERIC system), encompassing all or classes of
documents from its source organization and, therefore, does not require a
"Specific Document" Release form.
This document is Federally-funded, or carries its own permission to
reproduce, or is otherwise in the public domain and, therefore, may be
reproduced by ERIC without a signed Reproduction Release form (either
"Specific Document" or "Blanket").
EFF-089 (1t2003)