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DOCUMENT RESUME ED 464 538 HE 034 851 AUTHOR Benson, Lee, Ed.; Harkavy, Ira, Ed. TITLE Universities and Community Schools, 2002. INSTITUTION Pennsylvania Univ., Philadelphia. Center for Community Partnerships. SPONS AGENCY DeWitt Wallace/Reader's Digest Fund, Pleasantville, NY. PUB DATE 2002-00-00 NOTE 144p. AVAILABLE FROM Center for Community Partnerships, University of Pennsylvania, 133 South 36th Street, Suite 519, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3246. Tel: 215-898-5351. For full text: http://www.upenn.edu/ccp. PUB TYPE Collected Works Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT Universities and Community Schools; v7 n1-2 Fall-Win 2002 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *College School Cooperation; Higher Education; *Partnerships in Education; Public Schools; *School Community Programs; School Community Relationship ABSTRACT This journal issue contains reports on U.S. examples of partnerships among communities, higher education institutions, and public schools. These articles demonstrate that the idea of such partnerships has taken firm root and flourished in innovative forms. The issue contains these articles: (1) 2001 as Turning Point (Lee Benson and Ira Harkavy); (2) The Role of Community-Higher Education-School Partnerships in Educational and Social Development and Democratization (Lee Benson and Ira Harkavy); (3) Linking Intellectual Resources and Community Needs at the University of Pennsylvania (Francis E. Johnston and Amelia Rosenberg Weinrab); (4) Motivation during the Middle School Years (Eric M. Anderman); (5) To Change a University, Start with the Community (Stephen L. Percy and Mary Jane Brukardt); (6) Organizing the Campus To Be in Partnership with Schools and the Community (Jilaine W. Fewell, Christine G. Overtoom, and Oliver P. Jones); (7) Beyond Community Involvement and Service Learning to Engaged Universities (Hal A. Lawson); (8) Integrating Services and Training (Kevin W. Allison, Jo Anne Henry, Humberto Fabelo, Marie Chapin, and Catherine Howard); (9) Capitalizing on the Popularity of Sport and Physical Activity among Underserved youth (Nick Cutforth and Don Hellison); and (10) Conference Summaries (summaries of the October 1999 National Conference on University-Assisted Community Schools and the March 2001 International Conference on Higher Education-Assisted Community Schools as Sites of Civic Engagement). Each chapter contains references. (Contains 2 tables and 12 figures.) (SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. VOLUME 7, NUMBER 1-2 FALL-WINTER 2002 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 1 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement TIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION EDU CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. AVAILABLE BEST COPY 2 STATEMENT OF Executive Editors Lee Benson University of Pennsylvania PURPOSE Ira Harkavy University of Pennsylvania Universities and Community Schools will not duplicate the Associate Editor work of any existing publication or association. Its unique John L. Puckett purpose is to help establish an international informal "visible University of Pennsylvania college"or network ofacademics and practitioners Assistant Editor working, in different places and ways, to increase the Joann Weeks contributions universities make to the development and University of Pennsylvania effectiveness of community schools. Establishing such a Board of Editors systematic, sustained network is mandatory, we believe, for Michael W. Apple the university-school connection to function positively and University of Wisconsin/Madison Mary Frances Berry significantly. ("University" is broadly conceived, i.e., all University of Pennsylvania "post-secondary" institutions of "higher education.") Nevin C. Brown The Education Trust We envision Universities and Community Schools as helping Morton Coleman to spark a worldwide informal movement which aims to University of Pittsburgh Pablo Eisenberg overcome major community and societal problems by devel- Georgetown University oping mutually beneficial, innovative partnerships between James W Hilty universities and schools. Temple University Roger Hollingsworth There is no subscription price for receiving Universities and University of Wisconsin/Madison Ernest Jones Community Schools. We would like all those interested in the Philadelphia Workforce focus and purpose of this journal to receive copies. We, Development Corp. therefore, encourage those on our mailing list to suggest Ellen C. Lagemann additional names. Spencer Foundation James A. Larkin We also encourage interested readers who are not on our University of Pennsylvania mailing list to contact us. Please write or call us at the Jo Lazarus Joint Education Trust of following address and phone number: South Africa Marc V. Levine Ira Harkavy University of Wisconsin/Milwaukee Center for Community Partnerships Bruce Muirhead University of Pennsylvania University of Queensland- _Ipswich Campus 133 South 36th Street, Suite 519 Laura Pires-Hester Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-3246 Consultant (215) 898-5351 John Mohan University of London For additional information about the John Rennie Center for Community Partnerships, Community Education Development Centre, United Kingdom Please visit our web site at: Steven I. Schlossberg http://www.upenn.edu/ccp Marvin E. Schuman Philadelphia Federation of Teachers This issue of Universities and Community Schools is funded Sue Marx Smock by the Wallace-Reader's Digest Funds as part of a multi-year Wayne State University grant to support the replication of Penn's university-assisted Henry Louis Taylor, Jr. SUNY at Buffalo cotnmunity school model and to encourage the development Sir David Watson of national network of colleagues interested in this work. The University of Brighton, Wallace-Reader's Digest Funds seek to enrich community life United Kingdom through support of education, arts and culture. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2001 as Turning Point 3 By Lee Benson and Ira Harkavy The Role of Community-Higher Education-School Partnerships in Educational and Social Development and Democratization 5 By Lee Benson and Ira Harkavy Linking Intellectual Resources and Community Needs at the University of Pennsylvania 29 By Francis E. Johnston and Amelia Rosenberg Weinrab Motivation During the Middle School Years 49 By Eric M. Anderman To Change a University, Start with the Community 59 By Stephen L. Percy and Mary Jane Brukardt Organizing the Campus to be in Partnership with Schools and the Community 65 By Jilaine W Fewell, Christine G. Overtoom and Oliver P Jones Beyond Community Involvement and Service Learning to Engaged Universities 79 by Hal A. Lawson Integrating Services and Training 95 By Kevin W Allison , JoAnne Henry, Humberto Fabelo, Marie Chapin and Catherine Howard Capitalizing on the Popularity of Sport and Physical Activity Among Underserved Youth: 106 By Nick Cutforth and Don Hellison Conference Summaries 113 October 1999 National Conference on University-Assisted Community Schools March 2001 International Conference on Higher Education-Assisted Community Schools as Sites of Civic Engagement EIMURCIDgig41:1CDM 2001 AS TURNING POINT: THE COMMUNITY-HIGHER EDUCATION- SCHOOL PARTNERSHIP IDEA BECOMES A NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT Lee Benson & Ira Harkavy University of Pennsylvania When the first four-page issue of Universities and Community Schools was published in 1989, the idea of genuinely collaborative, mutually beneficial, partnerships among communities, higher education institutions ("higher-eds" for short), and public schools was in its visionary, experimental stage. To mix metaphors shamelessly, this 141 page issue of the journal demonstrates that by 2001 that visionary idea had taken firm root, spread widely, and flourished in an impressive variety of innovative forms. Developed in the United States, it is now radiating out to such distant countries as South Africa and Australia. Though subsequent issues of Universities and Communities Schools will con- tain reports from other countries, this issue limits itself to American examples. But as the paper by the two of us which follows this introduction demonstrates, American higher eds are now closely collaborating with higher eds in other countries to develop "The Role of Community-Higher Education-School Partnerships in Educational and Societal Development and Democratization." That lengthy title was specified by The Joint Education Trust, which commissioned the paper for presentation to the Department of Education, South Africa. It specified that title in order to make clear the tripartite nature as the foundation of its comprehensive long-term plan to help overcome severe post-apartheid problems and significantly improve the democratic quality of life in South Africa. Before commissioning us to write the paper, delegations from South Africa had made several visits to the University of Pennsylvania, and had been impressed by the positive results achieved by the higher education-assisted community schools it had helped develop in West Philadelphia. They had also become convinced that the partnerships model which Penn had developed with its local community and public schools was relevant enough and flexible enough to be highly effective in South Africa. Copies of the paper were widely circulated in advance of a three-week visit to South Africa by one of us, Ira Harkavy, in the summer of 2000 and served as the basis of stimulating, fruitful discussion with high-ranking South African academics and government officials. Those discussions lead to the conclusion that the community-higher ed-school partnership idea could indeed be creatively adapted to the needs and resources of societies other than the United States. Subsequently, similar collaborative relationships have been developed between Penn and Australian universities and the Australians are now in the process of adapting the basic community-higher ed- school partnership model to their own particular needs and resources. 3 INTRODUCTION-BENSON & HARKAVY The second paper in this issue is by Francis E. Johnston and Amelia Rosenberg Weinreb of the University of Pennsylvania, "Linking Intellectual Resources and Community Needs at the University of Pennsylvania." As that title suggests, it pres- ents a systematic, intensive candid evaluation of how well Penn's resources have been used to meet the needs of its local community, West Philadelphia, with particular attention to the community's public schools. The third paper by Eric M. Anderman, of the University of Kentucky, "Motivation During the Middle School Years: The Case of Community Schools," reports on another evaluation study of university-school partnerships. In this instance, the study focused on the results of a partnership between the University of Kentucky and a middle school with which it worked to test the util- ity of the higher ed-assisted community school model. The next paper by Stephen L. Percy and Mary Jane Brukardt of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, "To Change a University, Start With the Community," focuses on the changes produced in a university when it reorganizes itself to use its resources to help improve the quality of life in its local community, in this case the entire city of Milwaukee. Appropriately enough, the paper which follows it by Jilaine W. Fewell, Christine G. Overtoom, and Oliver P. Jones, "Organizing the Campus To Be In Partnership With Schools and the Community: Ohio State's Campus Collaborative," also reports the results of collaboration between a university, Ohio State, and its neighboring communities in Columbus, Ohio. The next paper by Hal Lawson of the State University of New York at Albany, "Beyond Community Involvement and Service Learning to Engaged Universities," doesn't report on specific university-community relationships; instead it examines the general problems universities confront when they try to transform themselves into "engaged universities." It is followed by a paper authored by a quintet of faculty at Virginia Commonwealth University, "Integrating Services and Training," that examines the specific problems a university confronts when it develops and implements an "interdisciplinary training experience for professional students in nursing, social work, and child clinical psychology" working to provide health services for a local ele- mentary school. This issue concludes with a paper by Nick Cutforth of the University of Denver and Don Hellison, of the University of Illinois at Chicago, whose title is virtually self-explanatory, "Capitalizing on the Popularity of Sport and Physical Activity Among University Youth: Breaking New Ground in University/Community Cultures." Taken together, we believe that the papers in this issue strongly support our intro- ductory proposition that by 2001 the visionary community-higher education-school partnership idea "had taken firm root, spread widely, and flourished in an impressive variety of innovative forms." 6 4 THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY- HIGHER EDUCATION-SCHOOL PARTNERSHIPS IN EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIETAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRATIZATION Lee Benson Ira Harkavy UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA PAPER COMMISSIONED BY THE JOINT EDUCATION TRUST IN PREPARATION FOR IRA HARKAVY'S VISIT TO SOUTH AFRICA July 2000 7 5 BENSON & HARKAVY It is not possible to run a course aright when the goal itself is not rightly placed. Francis Bacon, Novum Organum (1620) Democracy has- been given a mission to the world, and it is of no uncertain character. I. wish to show that the.university is the prophet of this,democracy, as 'well as its priest and its philosopher; that in other words-the uniVersity is the Messiah of the democracy, its to-be-expected deliverer.. William Rainey HarPer, The UniversitY and Democracy (1899) The truth of a scienfific proposition, finding, or an abstract ethical principle not a static pr6perty.inherent-in it. Truth- happens.as.the.result of the man-:, is . agement of human affairs. It becomes true, is discovered and made true by actioriS [original emphasis]...Knowledge cannot be separated from the-process of its implementation...Truth is knowledge that is gained through the process of implementation. Truth is thereby not only equated with implementation, but it is only said to have occurred, or resulted when implementation has occurred. C. West Churchman and Ian I. Mitroff, The Management of Science and the Mismanagement of the World (1998) To be a great university we must be a great local university [emphasis added]. Shirley Strum Kenny, President, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York Times (August 18, 1999) First the good news: At the dawn of the new To begin this action-oriented, real-world problem-solving paper, we sketch a classic good millennium, democracy is both the primary mode of societal organization and the prevailing concept news/bad news scenario. In our scenario's opti- of how a good society should work. As the dis- mistic version, the 21st century becomes the global Democratic Centurythe century which tinguished political scientist Robert Dahl observed in his magisterial book, On Democracy (1998): witnesses practical fulfillment of the democratic "During the last half of the twentieth century the promise long heralded by progressive prophets world witnessed an extraordinary and unprece- and visionaries. In its pessimistic version, a radi- dented political change. All of the main alterna- cally different outcome materializes: the 21st cen- tives to democracy either disappeared, turned into tury world becomes so divided by such "savage eccentric survivals, or retreated from the field to inequalities" that anything like democratic prac- hunker down in their last strongholds." But Dahl tice becomes unimaginable. What will actually then went on to emphasize that little reason exists happen in the 21st century, of course, probably to indulge in democratic triumphalism: less than will fall somewhere between those opposite poles. half the world's population now actually lives in They are best conceived, therefore, as ideal-type even nominally democratic societies and, even in "fields of force" pulling societies, indeed the long-established democracies, crises of participa- world, in opposite directions. tion and confidence in government continually Which "field" will prove most "forceful"? That depends. Depends on what? Depends on manifest themselves. Nonetheless, it seems clear what individuals and institutions doand fail to that the democratic idea now functions as the most do. Higher education, we believe (hope), will powerful animating idea inspiring and motivating individuals and institutions throughout the world. function as the most powerful agent of change in Metaphorically speaking, new communication the 21st century, the Agent most likely to have the and information technologies increasingly provide most profound, most far-reaching, effects. How the "wings" which, directly and indirectly, carry can we justify that proposition? Before trying to globe. across democratic idea the the do so, we sketch a few more details of our possi- leaders and governments, for Authoritarian ble 21st century scenarios. 6 THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY-HIGHER EDUCATION-SCHOOL PARTNERSHIPS of local community. Transcending the example, cannot effectively seal off information old and ideas transmitted in nanoseconds through parochial local community, the new local com- cyberspace. It also seems clear, however, the irre- munity Dewey envisioned would be characterized pressible communication and information revolu- by humanistic, progressive, universalistic values, tions which spread the "democratic word" can as well as deep, trusting, personal relationships. Only by constructing such historically unprece- simultaneously put democracy in great jeopardy. dented face-to-face "democratic cosmopolitan Global democracy is not the inevitable out- neighborly communities" (our term for Dewey's come of the rapidly accelerating communication/ information revolution. On the contrary. Taking creative concept and theory) could a democratic history as our guideparticularly the horrendous Public find itself, practice participatory democ- history of the past century (e.g., Holocaust, racy, function as a rational, collaborative, cohesive Hiroshima, Chernoby1)it becomes obvious that body to realize the full societal benefits of modern science and technology, and thereby solve extraordinary advances in science and technology can produce unspeakable horrors rather than Bacon's Problem.' human progress. Unless controlled by an interna- Given Dewey's fundamentally "bookish" tem- perament, however, by "nature" and training he tional movement powerful enough to develop sci- was ill-suited and ill-prepared to engage in the ence and technology for democratic humane pur- systematic analysis of conflict and power in accelerating information poses, global the revolution may forcefully exemplify the "law of social organizations and societies. Understandably unintended consequences" and create "digital but unfortunately, therefore, he evaded the hard, practical problems involved in specifying the divides" and "savage inequalities" which, in turn, produce a self-aggrandizing plutocracy of, by, agents (individuals or institutions) and strategies and for the very highly educated and the very, likely to construct, develop, and maintain the cos- very rich. mopolitan neighborly communities he envisioned As philosopher William Sullivan has empha- as mandatory for democratic progress. He subse- sized, creating the necessary conditions to realize quently changed his mind but in his early writings the humane use of science and technology is any- Dewey tended to identify the schooling system as the strategic subsystem in modern society.' In thing but a new problem. To a significant extent effect, he essentially argued, only a democratic, it constituted the fundamental problem of the 18th integrated (pre-K through 16+), real-world prob- century Enlightenment, the fundamental problem of human existence to which Francis Bacon had lem-solving, schooling system would, on balance, directed attention as early as the 17th century, enable human beings to benefit from the profound namely: How can human beings organize, pro- changes resulting from a rapidly industrializing duce, advance, and practically use knowledge so society. Alas, as was true of Dewey's lifelong body that the "advancement of learning" contributes of work, though he advocated a radically changed optimally to "the relief of man's estate?"' For American schooling system, he characteristically brevity's sake, we identify that extraordinarily evaded grappling with fundamental problems of conflict and power. Since he evaded grappling complex problem as Bacon's Problem. with the hard problems of conflict and power A great admirer of Bacon, John Dewey's work entailed by his proposed changes, he failed to is best viewed as focused on solving an updated democratic version of Bacon's Problem. specify the agent(s) and strategy that could actu- In Dewey's version, it takes this form: How can sci- ally bring about the democratic schooling system and society he advocated. Very bluntly stated, ence and technology be conducted and controlled to help bring about the Humane Democratic Age Dewey essentially wished for radical changes, he (again our term) of human evolution and thereby didn't do the hard thinking needed to realize them. Having praised Dewey's democratic visions justify the Enlightenment's faith in the progress of human reason? In his major political work on the and sharply criticized his intellectual evasions, we Public and Its Problems (1927), Dewey argued, are obligated to try to do what we criticized him optimum development of human beings' biologi- for not doing: we have to specify the agent(s) and strategy likely to realize hisand ourdemo- cal capacity for intelligent, imaginative thought and behavior required modern democratic soci- cratic visions. To begin that process, we assert this eties to base themselves on a radically new type general proposition: In the 21st century, American 7 9 BENSON & BARKAVY higher institutions, particularly educational difficult problem to which man can devote him- self is the problem of education." Cahn then research universities, will have both the capacity and the motivation to function as the strategic observed that he knew of: agents powerful enough, determined enough, to integrated real-world problem-solving ...only two major philosophers who exem- create plified this principle in their philosophical schooling systems and democratic cosmopolitan work, one was Dewey, the other was Plato. He neighborly communities. Later in the paper, we too found it difficult to discuss any important sketch our reasons for believing that they can be philosophic problem without reference to the realized in practice. Here we simply note that our appropriateness of various subjects of study, overall strategy derives from this basic assump- methods of teaching, strategies of learning. But while Dewey's philosophy of education rested tion: In the global era of an irrepressible, accel- on his belief in democracy and the power of sci- erating communication/information revolution entific method, Plato's philosophy of education where great capacity for knowledge-production rested on his belief in aristocracy and the power and use really is power, American universities of pure reason. Plato proposed a planned soci- (broadly conceived) can be persuaded that their ety, Dewey a society engaged in continuous planning. Plato considered dialectical specula- primary mission should be to help bring about the tion to be the means toward the attainment of participatory democratic society John Dewey truth; Dewey maintained that knowledge is only envisioned as the optimally intelligent, optimally acquired through intelligent action...Suffice it moral, form of human social organization. To jus- to say that John Dewey is the 'only thinker ever tify the Neo-Deweyan priority we give to univer- to construct a philosophy of education compa- sities and schooling systems as agents of pro- rable in scope and depth to that of Plato.' change, we turn to gressive societal the Summarized even more starkly: Plato's phi- "Dewey-Plato debate." losophy of education aimed to achieve aristocratic 1. Education and Society: order, Dewey's to achieve democratic community. John Dewey vs. Plato Like the ancient. Greek philosopher, Dewey theorized that education and society were dynam- Plato was the philosopher John Dewey most ically interactive and interdependent. It followed, liked to read. Though he admired Plato, their then, that if human beings hope to develop and worldviews differed radically. For our purposes, maintain the particular type social order or soci- we need note only two basic differences: Plato's ety they regard as the optimum form of human worldview was aristocratic and contemplative, social organization, they must develop and main- Dewey's was democratic and activist. Despite their tain the particular type of education system con- many differences, in certain crucial respects ducive to it. Stated in negative propositional form: Dewey shared Plato's views about the relation- No participatory democratic schooling system, no ships between education and society..To make the participatory democratic society. Stated posi- point economically, we quote Steven M. Cahn, tively: To develop and maintain a participatory a leading philosopher of education. According democratic societyDewey's optimally intelli- to Dewey: gent, optimally moral, form of societyhuman ...philosophy of education was the most beings must develop and maintain a participatory significant phase of philosophy... [F]or Dewey democratic schooling system. "all social philosophy was at bottom philosophy of education implicitly or explicitly." As he put Dewey strongly affirmed the truth of that the- it, "it would be difficult to find a single impor- oretical proposition. As noted above, however, he tant problem of general philosophic inquiry that was temperamentally "bookish" by "nature" and does not come to a burning focus in matters of training. Since he was ill-suited and ill-prepared the determination of the proper subject matter for the systematic analysis of conflict and power, of studies, the choice of methods of teaching, let alone the effective use of power, he failed to and the problem of the social organization and develop and implement any concrete plan to apply administration of the schools." that proposition in practice. After leaving the University of Chicago in 1904 and becoming an Noting that other philosophers also empha- academic "superstar," Dewey continued to preach sized the importance of education, Cahn quoted the necessity of pragmatic action. But for some Kant's proposition that "the greatest and most 8 i 0