ERIC ED432190: National Policies for the Internationalisation of Higher Education in Europe. Hogskoleverket Studies 1997:8 S.

276 Pages·1997·3.1 MB·English

by  ERIC

DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 432 190
HE 032 183
AUTHOR
Kalvemark, Torsten, Ed.; van der Wende, Marijk, Ed.
TITLE
National Policies for the Internationalisation of Higher
Education in Europe. Hogskoleverket Studies 1997:8 S.
Swedish National Agency for Higher Education, Stockholm.
INSTITUTION
SPONS AGENCY
Netherlands Organisation for International Cooperation in
Higher Education, The Hague.
REPORT NO ISRN-HSV-SS-97/8-SE
ISSN
ISSN-1400-9498
PUB DATE
1997-00-00
NOTE
274p.
PUB TYPE Reports
Descriptive (141)
EDRS PRICE MF01/PC11 Plus Postage.
DESCRIPTORS
Change Strategies; Comparative Analysis; Educational Change;
*Educational Policy; Educational Trends; Foreign Countries;
Government Role; *Higher Education; *International
Cooperation; *International Education; *Policy Formation;
Public Policy; Trend Analysis
IDENTIFIERS *Europe
ABSTRACT
This report presents an overview and analysis of national
policies for internationalization in higher education in Europe over the last
10 years. The study examined six major issues:
(1) fundamental political
ideas and commitments underpinning national policies;
(2) priorities for
national policies and motives for their setting; (3)-procedures used in the
development of national policies;
(4) policy implementation;
(5) changes in
national higher education systems as a result of the internaEionalization
process; and (6) assessment of how national policy affects or is affected by
international/multilateral initiatives. The first chapter, titled "Missing
Links: The Relationship between National Policies for Internationalisation
and Those for Higher Education in General," and the penultimate chapter,
"International Comparative Analysis and Synthesis", both by Marijk van der
Wende, identify trends and compare the national policies reviewed. The
intervening nine chapters review the policies of the following nations or
areas: Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Sweden,
United Kingdom, and Central and Eastern Europe and Russia. The final chapter
summarizes the main findings of this study, noting the growing importance of
economic motives for internationalization policies, the diminishing
conceptual disconnection between internationalization policies and general
higher education policy, and the enhanced influence of institutional and
market forces. (Individual chapters contain references.)
(DB)
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PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND
DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS
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MizsremlAitemAsak
TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)
1
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Office of Educational Research and Improvement
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION
CENTER (ERIC)
okw.r;ot Studie$ 1997:8
&I./This document has been reproduced as
received from the person or organization
olty0:-kets sioltscrie)
originating it.
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0 L EYPRKET
improve reproduction quality.
F_.:dumion
in this
° Points of view or opinions stated
document do not necessarily represent
BEST COPY Avitiff
nffinial clERI position or policy.
I
National Policies for
the Internationalisation
of Higher Education
in Europe
National Agency for Higher Education 1997
3
Box 7851, SE-103 99 Stockholm
Birger Jarlsgatan 43
Hogskoleverket
fax [phone]
phone [phone]
e-mail [email protected]
www.hsv.se
National Policies for the Internationalisation of Higher Education in
Europe
Produced by the National Agency for Higher Education (Hogskoleverket),
Stockholm, August 1997
Hogskoleverket Studies 1997:8 S (Hogskoleverkets skriftserie)
ISSN 1400-9498
ISRN HSV-SS--97/8--SE
Editor: Torsten Kalvemark, National Agency for Higher Education
(HsV), Stockholm, Sweden; Marijk van der Wende, Netherlands
Organization for International Cooperation in Higher Education
(Nuffic) The Hague, The Netherlands
Graphic Design: Information Department
Printed by Printgraf, Stockholm, Sweden, August 1997
Table of Contents
Introduction
7
Objectives
7
Missing Links
The Relationship between National Policies for
Internationalisation and those for Higher Education in General
10
Introduction
10
In search of the term "internationalisation"
10
The role of internationalisation in higher education policy
14
Academic cooperation, mobility and exchange
16
A comprehensive definition of internationalisation
17
The disconnection between internationalisation and higher
education policy
20
Conceptual disconnection
21
Political and practical disconnection
23
The growing importance of internationalisation in higher
education policy
27
Conclusions so far
30
Towards a new approach for the study of higher education
policy in an international context
31
Conceptual framework and objectives for the study
on
national policies for the internationalisation of higher education
34
Issues for further research
37
References
38
Austria
42
Fundamental political ideas and commitments underpinning
the Austrian national policy1
42
National Policy for the Internationalisation of Higher Education
45
Procedure of Establishing Policy
51
Implementation of Policy
52
Major Changes in the Higher Education and Research Systems
54
The impact of internationalisation
on policy
57
Denmark
59
General outline of the Danish national policy for internationalisation of
higher education
59
Rationales of Denmark's internationalisation policy
62
Priorities in national policy
64
V L.,
Policy development, its implementation, and the interaction between
national policy and international initiatives
67
Barriers to the internationalisation of higher education
70
Effects on the higher education system
71
Summary and look ahead
71
Finland
73
The cornerstones of Finnish education policy
73
General outline of the national policy for internationalisation of higher
74
education
Rationales of Finnish higher education's internationalisation policy
75
Priorities in the national policy 76
Policy development
79
Policy implementation
81
Effects of internationalisation on the higher education system
84
Some results of the internationalisation policy
87
88
Conclusions
89
References
Germany
91
Introduction
91
Principles of internationalisation policy
93
Priorities of national policy
98
Structure of subject areas and disciplines
107
Policy of internationalisation: procedures and actors
118
Implementation of internationalisation policies
125
Impacts of internationalisation processes on the higher
136
education system
Reciprocal influences of national and international policies
145
149
References
Greece
153
Fundamental ideas
153
National policy
154
Procedure to establish the policy
154
Consultation
154
Implementation
155
Changes in the system
158
Interaction between multilateral and national initiatives
158
The Netherlands
159
General outline of the national policy for internationalisation
159
of higher education
Rationales of the country's internationalisation policy
159
Priorities of the national policy
162
Policy development
164
The actors
164
Policy implementation
168
Effects on the higher education system
169
Interaction between multilateral and national initiatives
171
References
173
Sweden
174
General background and fundamental ideas
174
Rationales of the internationalisation policy
177
Description of the national policy
178
Political priorities
181
Policy development and implementation
182
Effects on the higher education system
187
Interaction between national policies and international initiatives
188
United Kingdom
189
General outline
189
The rationale of the UK's internationalisation policy for
higher education
189
Policy development
192
Policy implementation
197
Conclusion
200
References
201
Central and Eastern Europe and Russia
202
Introduction
202
Specific elements of the Central and East European context
204
Internationalisation
204
Findings
213
References
221
International comparative analysis and synthesis
225
Introduction
225
Rationales for the countries' internationalisation policies
226
Priorities in the policies for internationalisation of higher education 232
The development of national policies
240
Implementation of national policies
244
Effects on the higher education system
251
Conclusions and Discussion
259
Conclusions
259
Discussion
266
Introduction
Torsten Kalvemark, Swedish National Agency for Mgher Education
Coordinator of the ACA Western European Working Group
The Academic Cooperation Association (ACA) is an independent European
organisation dedicated to the support, improvement, management and
analysis of academic cooperation within Europe and between Europe and
other parts of the world. It was created in July 1993 with the legal status of
a non-profit-making international association according to Belgian law and
a secretariat in Brussels. The members of ACA are major agencies located in
European Union and EFTA countries responsible for the promotion of
international academic cooperation.
ACA works through a number ofworking groups, some of them focusing on
academic cooperation within certain geographic areas or between regions.
One of these groups is dealing with developments in Western Europe.
At the Western European Working Group meeting in Vienna on 12
February 1996, members decided to launch a project aimed at the investigation
into the different policies at national level with regard to the
internationalisation of higher education in some European countries.
This idea had come up within the context of the SOCRATES institutional
contract applications which had to be submitted by 1 July 1996. For the first
time European universities and other institutions of higher education were
asked by the Commission to formulate their own international policies. To
put these institutional policies into a broader national context, the working
group felt the need to investigate what the policies for the internationalisation
of higher education were like in their own countries.
Objectives
The general objectives for this study are to give an overview of national
policies (where they exist) for internationalisation in higher education in
Europe over the last ten years until the year 2000, to analyse these policies
and to show their impact on national systems.
7
The specific objectives of the study were defined as follows:
1. to describe the fundamental political ideas and commitments underpinning
national policies
2. to identify the priorities and explain the motives for setting these
priorities
3. to study the procedure applied for the establishment of national policies,
name the actors involved and show how they interact
4. to study the implementation of national policies
5. to give an overview of major changes in national higher education systems
as a result of internationalisation
6. to assess how national policy affects or is affected by international/
multilateral initiatives
Within this general framework the following issues were to be studied:
1. fundamental political ideas and commitments underpinning national
policies
2 priorities for national policies and motives for setting these priorities:
target countries and trans-national regions
national target institutions and target levels (e.g. universities, university
institutes)
national target groups (e.g. students, teachers, other)
target fields, subject areas of cooperation (e.g. humanities, computer
science)
3. procedure applied for the establishment of national policies
actors (e.g. national bodies like ministries, regional bodies, target
institutions, target groups, employers, agencies for
academic cooperation)
interaction of actors:
structure for interaction (e.g. boards, commissions)
frequency of interaction
decision-making processes
4; implementation of national policies
relationship between budgets and priorities identified
8
cooperation activities (e.g. student mobility, teacher mobility, curri-
culum development, intensive programmes, international (fee-paying)
student recruitment)
infrastructure made available for implementation (agencies for academic
cooperation, programme units, international relations offices,
accommodation offices, etc.)
other implementation mechanisms resulting from the policy (e.g.
programmes such as the Dutch regional mobility programme, the
Ceepus and Nordplus programmes)
5. major changes in national higher education
systems as a result of the
internationalisation process (e.g. introduction of academic credit
recognition systems, changes in fee policy, nationality criteria for grant/
fee payment eligibility, teaching of (lesser-used) languages,
use of non-
national languages as medium of instruction, international curricula,
open and distance learning, transferability of student grants)
6. assessment of how national policy affects
or is affected by international/
multilateral initiatives
The Swedish National Agency for High& Education (HsV) offered
to
coordinate the study and also to provide
some funding. Additional funding
was received from the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in
Research and Education. This enabled the
group to ask Marijk van der
Wende from Nuffic in the Netherlands to devote time and efforts
to write
a conceptual chapter and to give a comparative analysis of the national
policies presented in the contributions from the countries concerned. It
was
also possible to commission a survey of current policies in the countries of
Central and Eastern Europe, a region where the internationalisation of
higher education has only recently been
put on the agenda. This survey was
written by Liduine Bremer from Nuffic.
ACA and its member organisation are happy
to be able to present this book
as a contribution to the ongoing debate on ways and means to enhance the
international dimensions of higher education. Even if the subject of this
study is confined to European countries
we feel sure that the issues discussed
here are very high on the agenda also in other countries
on other continents.
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