ERIC ED429137: Education and Training in Britain. CRE Factsheet.

9 Pages·1998·0.37 MB·English

by  ERIC

DOCUMENT RESUME
UD 032 856
ED 429 137
Education and Training in Britain. CRE Factsheet.
TITLE
Commission for Racial Equality, London (England).
INSTITUTION
1998-00-00
PUB DATE
NOTE
8p.
Descriptive (141)
PUB TYPE Reports
MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.
EDRS PRICE
*Educational Attainment; Elementary Secondary Education;
DESCRIPTORS
Enrollment; *Ethnic GroupS; Foreign Countries; Higher
Education; Immigrants; *Minority Groups; Public Schools;
Status; *Training
Fact Sheets; *Great Britain
IDENTIFIERS
ABSTRACT
This factsheet provides information about education and
training in Britain for people from nonWhite ethnic groups. In spring 1997,
545,000 men and women of working age from nonWhite ethnic groups in Britain
were receiving education and training in schools, colleges, and universities
and through other courses, compared with an average of 15% of the working age
population as a whole. The proportions of young people in full-time education
have grown steadily across all ethnic groups since 1986, and the share of
young people from ethnic minority groups is still 14% to 15% greater than
that of their White counterparts. In spring 1997, 81% of ethnic minority
members aged 16 to 19 were receiving education and training, while about 67%
of comparable White young people were in education and training. Although
people from ethnic minority groups are more likely to be studying or training
than their White counterparts, they are less likely to have formal
qualifications. About 13% of students in higher education are from ethnic
minority groups, and about 9% of the graduates from higher education were
from ethnic minorities. Only 2.5% of working teachers and other education
professionals are from ethnic minority groups. Additional information is
given about the position of minorities in compulsory and higher education,
religious schools, and government supported education. (Contains 14
references, 15 figures, and 2 tables.)
(SLD)
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Education and Training in Britain
Commission For Racial Equality
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND
Office of Educational Research and Improvement
DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS
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originating it.
Minor changes have been made to
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Points of view or opinions stated in this
INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)
document do not necessarily represent
1
official OERI position or policy.
AVAILABLE
IIEST COPY
VT
A
A
A
In Spnng 1997,
Figure 1. People receiving education and training in
545,000, (25%) men
Britain, by ethnic group and age,
and women of working
Spring 1997 (% of group)
age from 'non-white'
90
ethnic groups in Britain
86
83
were receiving education
80
74
1 20 24
I
and training in schools,
67
70
NM Working age
colleges, and universities,
60
and through other
50
,
50
48
courses, compared with an
40
average of 15% of the
30
working age population as
30
30
27
a whole The proportions
22
20
20
of young people in full-
10
time education have
grown steadily across all
White
Black
Indian
Pakistani I
Other
ethnic groups since 1986
Bangladeshi
Source Labour Force Survey, Spring 1997
However, the share of
young people from ethnic
had no qualifications com-
Indian men of working
minority groups in full-
pared with around 18% of
age were most likely to
time education was still
White people Pakistanis
have degrees
23% com-
14-15% greater than that
and Bangladeshis were
pared with 14% of White
of their White counter-
least likely to have qualifi-
men.
parts.
cations (47%), even in the
16-24 year age group,
r"- Analysis based on the
t> In Spring 1997, among
where 24% had no quali-
1991 census shows that
ethnic minority groups,
fications compared with
Irish-born women are
81% of 16-19 year-olds
10% of White people and
more likely (16%) to have
were receiving education
and training (71% full-
25% of men and women
time), and 42% of 20-24
year-olds (29% full-time).
from ethnic minority groups in
Among White people,
67% of 16-19 year-olds
and 27% of 20-24 year-
ritain study further after school
olds were in education
and training (27% and
comp red with an overall
17% respectively studying
full-time). Figure 1 gives
the proportions for each
average of 15%
COMMISSION FOR
\>`' RACIAL EQUALITY
ethnic group.
0
QUALIFICATIONS
12% of Indians (see Table
higher qualifications
I> Although people from
1). In the 16-19 year age
above A-levels
than the
JUST S
ethnic minority groups are
group, Black people were
average for the population
more likely to be studying
most likely (29%) to have
as a whole (11%). The
or training than their
no qualifications, and
figure for Irish-born men
White counterparts, they
Indians (18%) and
is slightly lower than the
are less likely to have
Pakistanis and
overall average
13%
formal qualifications. In
Bangladeshis taken
compared with 16%. In
Spring 1997, more than
together least likely
the 15-29 year age group,
one in five people of
(20%); 22% of White 16-
however, 32% of Irish-
working age among
19 year-olds had no
born men and 34% of
Britain's ethnic minorities
formal qualifications.
Irish-born women had
NOTE: This factsheet fo//ows the ethnic categories used in the 1991 census. The
term 'ethnic minorities' is
used to refer to people who did nottick the 'White' box when identifying their ethnic
group. 'Non-white'
ethnic minorities make up 5.6% of Britain's
5
between five and 15 years
Table 1. Highest qualification held among people of working
age, by ethnic
who were students in
group and age, SPring 1997
primary; secondary and
special schools hi-England.
White
All ethnic
Indian
Black
Pakistani &
Other
Of these, 704,175 (11%)
minorities
Bangladeshi
were from ethnic minority
25
59164 years
%
%
%
%
groups.
Degrees
14
16
14
19
10
19
Higher below degree
7
7
11
8
2
GCSE grades
A-level
12
.23
15
7
11
11
> The proportion of
GCSE grades A-C or equivalent
20
13
19
12
8
11
young people from ethnic
Other qualifications
15
29
25
30
36
26
minority groups achieving
No qualifications
20
23
17
20
47
15
five or more GCSE higher
24 years
16
(A-C) grades has increased
Degrees
7
6
9
8
since 1994. However,
Higher below degree
4
2
significant difUerences
A-level
27
24
24
29
26
19
between ethnic groups still
GCSE grades A-C or equivalent
37
34
37
38
30
30
remain. In 1996, 38% of
Other qualifications
10
15
15
17
19
Asians and 23% of young
No qualifications
10
17
18
24
12
15
Black people achieved this
1
Numbers less than 10,000; estimated percentages not reported.
standard compared to 45%
Source: Labour Force Survey, Spring 1997
of White pupils (see
Figure 3). In Birmingham
higher qualifications,
Back
only vocational qualifica-
LEA (which has the largest
mainly first and higher
tions in 1996, 62% of
number of ethnic minority
degrees, compared with
them at Further Education
pupils in England),
Caribbean
20% of all men and 18%
(FE) colleges and 20% at
although the overall pro-
of all women. However,
state schools. Among 16-
portion of pupils obtaining
pupils were
during 1989
1991, the
year-olds from other
A-C grades increased from
proportion of Irish-born
groups, 41% of Asians and
18% in 1988 to 30% in
men with no recorded
46% of people from the
five times more
1994, the gap between
qualifications (25%) was
'Other' group were pursu-
Black Caribbean pupils
well above the average for
ing academic qualifica-
(the lowest achieving
llikelly to face
White people born in the
tions. Asians were also
group) and White pupils
UK (16%).
more likely to be studying
(the highest achievers)
perm nent
at FE colleges (48%) than
grew by three percentage
C> Black 16-year-olds are
at state schools (32%).
points between 1992 and
more likely to take a voca-
Only 36% of White 16-
1994. Just over one in
exclusion
tional rather than an acad-
year-olds studied at FE
three White pupils
emic route towards acquir-
colleges.
achieved at least five
ing qualifications. As
in 999516 than
higher grades, but only
Figure 2 shows, 40% of
COMPULSORY
one in seven Black
Black 16 year-olds in full-
SCHOOUNG
Caribbean pupils scored as
White puplis
time education in England
In 1995/6, there were
well. Similarly, in Brent
and Wales were pursuing
6,338,628 people aged
LEA, which has the
.
.
Figur&3: AthieVemen1s in year 11, byethnic group,:
Figure 2...Type:Otqualifications pursued by
'
Oaks; 1996 (% of .grOup),;,
16 4ear-olds,:bicethnic group, England
and Wales, 1996 (% of group)
50
,
White.
as
Bl'ack
40
50
Miao
n-i white
45
35 ,
. Other
Black
40
30,
;
Asiani
35
UWE Other
25 _
30
25
19
20
IS
10
5'
5
0
Acadernic only
Vocational only
Arademic &vocational
1-4 D-G.
5+ D-:.G
A-C
5+ A-C GCSE
GCSE grades
grades
GCSE glades
'GCSE grades.-
,
.
Source:Youth Cohort Study OfEE 1997
Source: Yauth Cohort Study, WEE, 1997
ST COPY AVAXIABLE
Figure 4. Permanent exclusion rates aMong 5-15
year-olds in England; 1995/6 bY ethnic
Table 2. Increase in permanent exclusions in
;
aroup
o of group)
England, by ethnic group, 1994/5
- 1995/6
0.92
1995/96
1994/95.
Increase
No.
No.
No.
White
8765
10096
1331
15
Black Caribbean
768
867
99
13
Black African
148
216
68
46
Black Other
182
241
59
32
Indian
98
109
0.0
11 11
White
Black
Pakistani
Black
Mack
unEan
Pakistani Bangideviri Chinese
208
255
47
Other
23
Cantbean
African
Other
Bangladeshi
46
58
Source: WEE, 1997
26
12
Chinese
14
11
27
3
EXCLUSIONS
highest proportion of ethnic
Other
366
241
125
52
minority pupils in
t>
Permanent exclusions
England, there was an
in England rose by 13% in
Excludes 181 pupils whose ethnic origins were not not known. The fig-
increase of 1.50 points in
ures were based on the 1991 census.
1995/6 across all ethnic
the gap between the
Excludes 10 pupils whose ethnic origins were not known
The figures
groups. However, as Table
were based on information from schools.
higher achieving Asian
2 shows, there were signif-
Source: OfEE, 1996 and 1997
group and Black
icant variations between
Caribbean pupils.
ethnic groups, with pupils
from the Other group, the
out of ten permanent
London compared with
>. Variations in achieve-
Black Other group and the
exclusions involved boys,
14% of all home students.
ment between ethnic
Black African group expe-
and a similar proportion
groups are most marked in
riencing the highest per-
involved pupils aged
Sex
individual subjects. In a
centage increases. Ethnic
between 12 and 15 years.
r> In 1994/5, 52% of
large English LEA, the
minority pupils, who
ethnic minority students
1994 GCSE results showed
HIGHER
made up 11% of all 5-15
were men compared with
50% of Black African
year-olds iri compulsory
EDUCATION
49% from White groups.
pupils obtaining A-C
schooling, accounted for
> Of the 516,700 UK stu-
However, nearly two-
grades in English, Maths
17% of all permanent
dents entering higher edu-
thirds (63%) of all Black
and Double Sdence.
exclusions. Black children,
cation in 1996/7 whose
Caribbeans in further and
However, only 7% of
forming 3% of all 5-15
ethnicity was known,
higher education were
Black Caribbean pupils
year-olds in 1995/6, but
66,100 (13%) were from
women; among
reached this standard in
11% of all permanently
ethnic minority groups,
Bangladeshis and
Maths, and 9% in Double
excluded pupils, were dis-
which make up around
Pakistanis, only about a
Science; a higher percent-
proportionately affected by
6% of the total population
third were women.
age (28%) achieved these
exclusion. As Figure 4
of Great Britain.
grades in English, a subject
shows, Black Caribbean
Age
in which pupils from the
pupils were five times
UK residence
> Black students were
Black Other group fared
more likely to face perma-
> 45% of UK home stu-
much more likely than
least well
only 14%
nent exclusion in 199516
dents from ethnic minority
other groups to go into
obtained AC grades.
than White pupils. Eight
groups came from Greater
higher education as
mature students. In
l> In Tower Hamlets,
, Figure 5.' Firit year tni home Students qualifications
1994/5, only 14% of Black
which is home to almost a
on 'eiitri; by OthniC grOuP, 1994/5
first year home
(% of group)
quarter of all Bangladeshi
;
students were under 19
children between 5 and 15
years compared with 49%
years in Great Britain,
of Indian and 39% of
30% of Bangladeshi girls
White students
con-
and 25% of Bangladeshi
versely, 56% of Black stu-
boys achieved five A-C
dents were aged 26 and
GCSE grades in 1997,
30
over, compared with only
compared with 21% of
15% of Indian and 36% of
White girls and 18% of
White home students.
White boys. Among
Bangladeshi children who
Admission rates
. White
Black
Indian
were fully fluent in
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Chinese
> Success rates for appli-
English, 58% achieved five
Higher and niofe sional quahficitions
.
cations to degree and HND
A-C GCSE grades.
i GCE A-leitel, *Big ers and 'equivalent
courses have increased for
.1 °the' qualifications
Summer HESA Ethnicity in His;her Education,.1995
all ethnic minority groups
AVAIUBLE
BEST COPV
Figure 6. Ethnic minority Ul Chnine students entering
Figure 7. Preferred first degree subjects among UK
uniireisities and c011eges in 1996/7
home student% by ethnic group, 199415
WINIIIE
Pharmacy
Chinese
131aCkt.alibbean
Black
(796)
(11%)
Accountancy
Other
Pre-dinical medicine
Asian
(12%)
Lan;
Black African
Computing science
White
(15%)
I
Electronic engineering
I..
/
I
I
Economics
Asian Other
'5
(9%)
General engineering
'
I
Business & Management
Black Other
Bangladeshi
Sociology
(5%)
(3%)
Other medical
Design studies
50:50 modular split
Pakistani
(13%)
Combined or modular g1.
Indian
20 30 40
70 80 90 100
50 60
(25%)
10
Source: HESA Ethnicity in High, Education. 7995
Source: HESA. 1997
since 1994, most markedly
business and management
while the rest were at HE
students (40%), students
among Pakistani women,
(6,782), electronic engi-
colleges, mostly pursuing
from the Pakistani and
whose success rate almost
neering (6,265) and com-
degrees. Of those doing HE
Bangladeshi groups com-
doubled from 46% in
puting (5,105); 7,096
courses at FE colleges, 18%
bined (32%), students
1994 to 89% in 1996. In
(9%) ethnic minority
were from ethnic minority
from. the Other group
1996, 18% of all accep-
students were doing
groups, compared with
(30%) and Indian students
tances to degree courses,
combined degrees.
only 5% at HE colleges.
(23%).
and 27% of acceptances to
Choice of institution
HND courses were from
STUDENTS IN
GRADUATES
ethnic minority groups.
EMPLOYMENT
I> At the end of 1996,
r> 37,200 (9%) of the
more than a fifth of all.UK
I>
In Spring 1997, 44% of
417,300 UK domiciled
Qualifications on entry
home students in higher
all 16-24 year-old full-time
graduates in 1995/6 were
L> Home students from
education were not study-
students in Britain were
from ethnic minority
Black groups were least
ing at universities: about
also in paid work or look-
groups (see Figure 8);
likely (35%) to have A-
half were doing higher
ing for paid work. White
39% of them got firsts and
levels. Highers, or their
upper second degrees
equivalents on entry to a
compared with 65% of
9% of all UK-
higher education institu-
White graduates. The
tion compared with other
results are significant,
ethnic groups (see Figure
domkiied gr desates flo
because similar propor-
5). They were also most
tions of first-year students
likely (26%) to have other
from White and ethnic
1996 were from ethnk
qualifications and higher
minority groups, 70% and
and professional qualifica-
73% respectively, had two
minority gmups
tions (19%). Nearly two-
or more A-levels on entry,
thirds of Asian home
with similar average A-
students had A-levels,
level scores (17.4 and 17.5
Highers or their equiva-
education (HE) courses at
students were most likely
points).
lents on entry, compared
FE colleges, mainly
(45%) to be in this situa-
with 56% of White home
towards HNCs or HNDs,
tion, followed by Black
(:). A study of the progress
students.
Figure B.
199516
1993 graduates who went on to study
Figure 9.
Subjects taken
UK- domiciled
further, by ethnic group (% of group)
graduates
f> At first degree level (see
18
Figure 7), the percentage
;, Ethnic minority
White
16
of home students from
Ethnic minority
.
(9%)
14
ethnic minority groups
12
was highest for pharmacy
10
(37%), dentistry (35%),
accountancy (30%), law
6
4
(23%), and computing
2
(22%). The greatest num-
0
bers of ethnic minority stu-
White
6 months
12
18 2.5 years
2 *years
SCZZ:r et al 199.6
(91%)
after
months
months
later later
dents, however, were in
graduation later
later
Source:DIEE 1997
AVAILOILIS
EST
COEDIT
;6
:F.gure
Fi
ure',11,..,`.:Overseas.students)n theMIC byregion..,,
.ciori;. by, higr.le.
IrOu
:Of :WOrld; 1996/7
;-
'u
and
'50r109,19P7,
ethnic 9170.
'2'.1'Afetica'
118114B7.1
35
Other.Edi
.30
1 Asian
:
(7,1!!)
25
Middle E.t
Black
,
(5%)
20
15 -
to -
Austrilla
.
5
about force.,
./J:(1%).,
.Sanrey,
;
Spring 1997
Sciarie:
,(796):i .
Mete(
Degreesip
cs
Other OA
,
HESA,Data Report,
higher.
grade's AC
Studentrin Higher
goals
'or.eclum
Education; 1996197
made by UK domiciled
Figure 12. QutcoMes of appliCations to Postgraduate
with only 3% of White
Certificate in Educatien, by ethilic.grOup,
graduates from the class of
degree holders. Among
1996 (%)
1993 for two and a half
those with no qualifica-
years after obtaining their
60
tions, 34% of Black people
White
first degrees showed that
were unemployed, com-
Black
50 -
47
ethnic minority graduates
pared with 13% of White
Asian
I
ao
.40
40-
(incl Chinese)
were more likely than
people.
33
30 -
White graduates to opt for
6
further study during the
OVERSEAS
20 -
STUDENTS
first year and a half after
10 -
graduation (Figure 9).
- 198,400 (12%) students
registered at higher educa-
Accepted
lInplaced
,
1> Figure 10 shows the
tion institutions in the UK
importance of qualifica-
in 1996/7 were from over-
teachers and other educa-
compared with 26% of
tions in obtaining employ-
seas, up 25% over the pre-
tional professionals were
White applicants (see
ment. Among all ethnic
vious two years (see Figure
from ethnic minority
Figure 12).
groups, unemployment
10). Overseas students
groups. Meanwhile, at
rates were highest in
made up 34% of the
7%, ethnic minority
GOVERNORS
Spring 1997 among those
138,200 full-time post-
groups are substantially
r> Only 3% of governors
who had no formal quali-
graduate students in the
overrepresented among
at FE colleges and 2% of
fications and lowest
UK.
unemployed educational
governors at sixth form
among those with degrees
professionals.
colleges were from ethnic
or other higher qualifica-
N In 1997, 15,000
minority groups, according
tions. The Figure also
18,000 foreign children
(> Acceptance rates for
to a 1994 survey of 240
shows that people from
attended boarding schools
Postgraduate Certificate of
colleges by the Further
ethnic minority groups
in the UK; the total board-
Education courses fell
Education Development
were more likely to expe-
ing school population in
across all ethnic groups,
Agency.
rience unemployment.
England and Wales was
from 57% in 1989 to 54%
than White people, how-
about 110,000.
in 1996. Black applicants
RELIGIOUS
ever well qualified they
were least likely to be
SCHOOLS
EDUCATION
were: 11% of Black people
accepted (40% compared
In 1995, a survey by
u.
with degrees and 6% of
PROFESSIONALS
with 55% for White appli-
the Further Education
Asians with degrees were
r> At the 1991 census,
cants), and most likely to
Development Agency
unemployed, compared
only 2.5% of working
be unplaced (40%
found that just under a
Figure 13. Government supported training,
by ethnic
t Figure 14. Youth Training and Training for Work 1
group, 199516
outcomes, 1995/6 (% of all leavers)
BO
I iite
16
3
14
93
100
72
70 -
69
Ethnic minority y
90 -
I
64
.
Ethnic
60 -
BO -
minority
52
70
SI
50 -
47
48
White
60 -
--- 45
96
45
93
40
SO -
86
84
Net Due to.
40
34
30 -
tOunding, flOures
68
30 -
do fled always
20 -
20 -
. add up to 100%.
10
47
0 -
Source:
(MEE
Eangd London
Source:
Eang:ined, London
Soglond
Statistk al
th"d"
DIEE
Completed
Obumed
in a job
Completed
Obtained
In a (ob
Bulletin.
Statiitiial
Youth Training
qualilkatio s
Modern Apps
qualif glans
Training for Work
Bulletin.=
May 1997
Youth Training
Training for Work
May 1997
OM
COPY
BEST
third of all state schools
Figure 15. People of working age who received job- 1
were voluntary-main-
:
related education or training in the last
tained denominational
four weeks, Spring 1997
schools, mainly Church of
12
.
England and Roman Cath-
olic. The only religious
schools run by ethnit
minority faiths and funded
by the state were 22
Jewish schools in England
and Wales. In 1998, 7,000
Christian, 25 Jewish
schools and two Muslim
White
Indian Pakistani /
Other
Black
Bang lade hi
schools receive state fund-
Source WEE, Labour force Survey, Spring 1997
ing. There are currently 58
independent Muslim
grammes with employed ployed back in work,
schools in Britain, up from
people from ethnic minor-
15 in the late 1980s. status, with Bangladeshis
ity groups made up
being least likely (15%)
GOVERNMENT
around 12-13% of the
and Indians (36%) most
SUPPORTED
224,700 participants in
likely. As Figure 14 shows,
TRAINING
England and Wales in
White participants were
more likely than ethnic 1995/6; 6% were from
> The proportions of 16-
minority participants to
Black groups, 4% from
year-olds in government-
Asian groups and 3% from
comp)ete their pro-
supported training have
Other ethnic minority
grammes, obtain qualifica-
fallen steadily across all
groups. In London, over
tions and find jobs.
ethnic groups, from
half the participants were
around 25% in 1986 to
Modern Apprentice-
from ethnic minority
around 9% in 1994. Only
ships
groups. Ethnic minority
4% of 16 year-olds from
participants were more
> Modern Apprenticeships
ethnic minority groups
likely than White partici-
were in government train-
(MA) are also designed
pants to.complete the pro-
for this age group, but are
ing schemes in 1994, com-
gramme, but less likely to
pared with 13% of White
aimed at higher (NVQ 3)
obtain qualifications or
qualifications, which are
16 yearolds.
find jobs afterwards'(see
integral to the programme.
At the end of December
Youth Training
Figure 15).
> During the year ending
1996, ethnic minority par-
Job-related training
ticipants made up 3% of
December 1996, approxi-
> As Figure 16 shows,
mately 262,000 young
all MA starts in England
and Wales, and 16% in White employees were
people aged between 16
and 25 years were pursu- twice as likely to have
London. They were most
likely to be on schemes in received job-related educa-
ing vocational qualifica-
tion or training in the four
hotels and catering (8%),
tions through Youth
weeks prior to the Labour
childcare (7%), retailing
Training programmes in
Force Survey interview in
(6%) and business admin-
England and Wales;
Spring 1997 than ethnic
istration (5%), and least
around 7% of them were
minority employees.
likely to be in traditional
from ethnic minority
apprenticeship areas such Among employees of
groups. In London, ethnic
working age , those from
as the motor industry
minority young people
made up nearly one-third (3%), engineering (2%)
the Pakistani/Bangladeshi
group were least likely
and construction (2%).
of all participants (see
(4%) to have received
Figure 13). Young people
Training for Work
such opportunities,
from ethnic minority
compared with 11% each
> On Training for Work,
groups were less likely
than their White counter-
whose aim is to get the
of White and Black
adult long-term unem-
parts (41%) to be on pro-
employees.
_
The Commission for Racial Equality is working for a just society
which gives everyone an equal chance to learn, work and live free
from discrimination and prejudice and from the fear
of racial harassment and violence.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
IERICI
Office of Educational Research and improvement (0ERO
Educational Reseurces information Center (ERIC)
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