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DOCUMENT RESUME SP 038 309 ED 427 006 Comprehensive Teacher Education: A Handbook of Knowledge. TITLE American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, INSTITUTION Washington, DC. DeWitt Wallace/Reader's Digest Fund, Pleasantville, NY. SPONS AGENCY ISBN-0-89333-151-1 ISBN 1999-00-00 PUB DATE NOTE 38p. AACTE Publications, 1307 New York Avenue, N.W., Suite 300, AVAILABLE FROM Washington, DC 20005-4701; Tel: 202-293-2450; Fax: 202-457-8095; Web site: www.aacte.org (AACTE members $15; nonmembers $20). Descriptive (141) Reports PUB TYPE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. EDRS PRICE Educational Change; Educational Improvement; Elementary DESCRIPTORS Secondary Education; Higher Education; Knowledge Base for Teaching; *Preservice Teacher Education; Student Characteristics; *Teacher Competencies; Teacher Qualifications *Psychosocial Factors; Teacher Knowledge IDENTIFIERS ABSTRACT Since 1992, AACTE and the DeWitt Wallace-Reader's Digest base of Fund have worked in partnership to advance the knowledge Digest comprehensive teacher education. The AACTE/DeWitt Wallace-Reader's Project is Fund's Comprehensive Teacher Education National Demonstration grounded in the mutual belief that preparation of classroom teachers must human needs consider not only the academic needs of students but also their knowledge of and varied societal circumstances. The project incorporates practicing health and human services in the training of prospective and four teachers. The results of this partnership, operationalized as represented demonstration models at geographically diverse universities, are of in this publication. The publication discusses the current context the education, including disadvantaged students, school-based services, providing an national reform context, and the collaborative imperative. After describes overview of the National Demonstration Project, the publication (1) the Wellness Project at the University of each of the four sites: (2) the Training for Interprofessional Collaboration Project at Louisville; Seattle; the Human Services Policy Center of the University of Washington, University in (3) Project TEACH at the School of Education of Jackson State Collaboration Training Jackson, Mississippi; and (4) the Interdisciplinary Mexico, Albuquerque. Project at the College of Education, University of New (Contains 35 references.) (SM) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ******************************************************************************** &gagOgER &SSOC CBCR ©a ©,gg@ N6M@EZOW ,C;@1,ChEgF A I' 17\ 3 37 3 3 3,3 wRag.M1p) wEh The DeWitt Wallace Reader's Digest - Fund Comprehensive Teacher Education A Handbook of Knowledge U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND Office of Educational Research and Irnprovernent EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS CENTER (ERIC) BEEN GRANTED BY O This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. O Minor changes have been made to BEST COPY AVAILABLE improve reproduction quality. TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES o Points of view or opinions stated in this INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. 1 This document and the projects that led to its production were supported by a grant from the DeWitt Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed in this monograph do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of the DeWitt Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund. DeWitt Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund does not necessarily endorse or warrant this information. The AACTE is publishing this document to stimulate discussion, study, and experimentation among educators. The reader must evaluate this information in light of the unique circumstances of any particular situation and must determine independently the applicability of this information thereto. Copies of Comprehensive Teacher Education: A Handbook of Knowledge may be ordered from: ilh AACTE WNW , AF_GN4141/ FOR TIACHFR AACTE Publications 1307 NewYork Avenue, NW, Suite 300 Washington, DC 20005-4701 Single copy $15.00 for AACTE members $20.00 for non-members plus shipping & handling charges Copyright © 1999 by the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America International Standard Book Number: 0-89333-151-1 Cover design by Carolyn D. Lambert 3 Ack Tiowledgmems The American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE) recognizes the many individuals who contributed to the development and publication of Comprehensive Teacher Education: A Handbook of Knowledge. Generous support from the DeWitt Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund enabled AACTE to implement the three-year Comprehensive Teacher Education National Demonstration Project that informs this publication. To this end, the thoughtful guidance of Project Officer Mildred Hudson was invaluable. A national advisory committee was convened to guide the project. Members and special advi- sors included: Martin J. Blank, the Institute for Educational Leadership, Inc., Washington, D.C.; Stephen N. Haymes, DePaul University (Illinois); Rebekah A. Levin, University of Illinois at Chicago; Barbara Ferguson Kamara, Office of Early Childhood Development, Department of Human Services, Washington, D.C.; Jan S. Kettlewell, Georgia Board of Regents; Edward Tetelman, Department of Human Services, State of New Jersey; and Jeannette E. Whitford, Chief Judge, Kalispel Nation, Veradale, Washington. Their advice and expert guidance significantly enhanced project activities. The four participating project sites were lead by directors who contributed immeasurably to the success of the Project. Site leadership included Ric A. Hovda, Project Director of The Wellness Project, School of Education, University of Louisville, Kentucky; William M. Kane, Project Director of the Interdisciplinary Collaboration Project, College of Education, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; Walter Crockett, Project Director for Project TEACH (Teacher Education Advancement through Collaboration with Human Services), School of Education, Jackson State University, (Mississippi); and Richard Brandon, Project Director of TIC (Training for Interprofessional Collaboration), College of Education, University of Washington. The project was managed within AACTE's Research and Information Services Division, under the direction of Mary Dilworth. Mwangaza Michael-Bandele served as project coordinator and lead the development of the handbook. Dagmar Kauffman contributed substantially to the development of the handbook text, with assistance from Mark Lewis and Marjorie Bynum. Technical editing was provided by Judy Beck, graphics and layout by Michael Kane. Finally, we acknowledge the dedication and commitment of the many persons, both adults and children, from college faculties and student bodies, human and social service agencies, and experts from a wide range of helping professions who genuinely contributed to the collective success of the project and the publication of this handbook. 4 Table of Coriterits Introduction I. 1 Comprehensive Concept II. 3 Current Context 4 School-linked and School-based Services 5 National Reform Context 5 III. The AACTE/DeWitt Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund National Demonstration Model 9 Overview 9 University of Louisville, Kentucky 13 University of Washington, Seattle 18 Jackson State University, Mississippi 23 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 27 Bibliography 31 IV. 5 iv "A journey of a thousand miles begins with the first step." Introduction comprehensive professional preparation should Since 1992, AACTE and the DeWitt Wallace- find this handbook helpful. While the text Reader's Digest Fund have worked in partnership includes a summative overview, it presents to advance the knowledge base of comprehensive lessons we have learned through the process of teacher education. That partnership, the AACTE/ implementation. Many of those lessons are akin DeWitt Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund's to simple wisdoms of interaction centered upon Comprehensive Teacher Education National the ability of human beings to genuinely accom- Demonstration Project, is grounded in the mutual modate and support each other beyond belief that the preparation of classroom teachers professional dictates. Such lessons rest squarely must consider not only the academic needs of on old educational wisdomWisdom that students, but their human needs and varied soci- affirms the value of varied perspectives working etal circumstances as well. Hence, teacher in concert on behalf of children. If as the popular preparation that includes the perspective of the African proverb states, "it takes a village to raise social worker, health practitioner, and other a child," teachers, and others must be knowl- human service professionals provides a more edgeable of the expertise that informs the varied expanded, comprehensive training that addresses perspectives of the villagers and gain proficiency a fuller range of student needs. The results of this at organizing this pool of resources. partnership, operationalized as four demonstra- The project has reminded us that the most tion models at geographically diverse impacting work is the least complex. At the same universities, are represented in this publication. time, the most simplistic work can be quite The University of Louisville, Kentucky; Jackson demanding,even revolutionary. We welcome State University, Mississippi; the University of the opportunity to share the learned outcomes of Washington, Seattle; and the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, comprise the national our implementation journey. demonstration.Teacher educators and other helping professionals interested in providing 6 1 Rationale for comprehensive teacher prepara- called "at-risk" or "disadvantaged" students. tion are plentiful, ranging from the budgetary The project recognizes the well-researched benefits of combining program instruction to impact of teacher expectations, affirms the infi- the need for addressing the societal ills that are nite ability of every student, and assumes manifested by the students. While these are professional responsibility for student learning. perfectly valid reasons for developing compre- It becomes, therefore the responsibility of the hensive preparation programs, the teacher to identify and neutralize barriers to AACTE/DeWitt Wallace-Reader's Digest initia- teaching, so that learning will occur. tive was grounded in an awareness that Knowledge of how social workers might students bring genius into the classrooms, address child or family substance abuse or which must be identified and harnessed to homelessness, or how legal experts address the serve as a springboard for academic success, rights of HIV/AIDS-infected children in the despite the presence of social and health prob- classroom, all affect the impact of teachers. lems. Comprehensive teacher preparation Teachers must be capable of recognizing compels teachers to assume the responsibility teaching/learning barriers and of minimizing of identifying the strengths and interests of stu- them by either addressing them directly or dents, even when camouflaged by social and referring the student to the appropriate health barriers, and moves beyond the student professional, whom the teacher is prepared deficit model of attending to the needs of so to work with on behalf of the student. 4 Ar% trs- r\--r There is a paradigm shift going on in education. We are moving away from the idea that the child is the problem. The child is not the problem, the child is having a problem. As we begin to care about that child, the child begins to care about what we teach. trwrad Smith, Special Liaison, Jackson Public School District, Jackson, MS 2 Gmprehensive Concept Alternately referred to as collaborative teacher education, interprofessional training, integrated service training, and other names that suggest a range of cooperative preparation experiences, the notion of "comprehensive preparation" reflects the growing need for teachers to know more in order to successfully address the growing and varied needs of the students they serve. There is a clear and engaging impetus within education reform calling for comprehensively trained teachers a preparation designed to produce educators equally competent in traditional academic dis- ciplines and prepared to meet the social and health needs of students. While not a new idea, comprehensive preparation represents a matured understanding that learning best occurs where there are minimal social and health challenges that inevitably distract from learning. Where there are academic needs there are social realities. Successful teachers comprehensively prepared to foster learning are able to meet these realities. The challenge of teacher education is to produce student educators to do just that. 8 (Annie E. Casey Foundation, 1994, p. 15). In addition, the long-term trend of children liv- Crrent Context: ing in poverty continues, with 20 percent living in poverty in 1991, and 25 percent of preschoolers under the age of 6 living below By No Fault of Their the poverty line. The percentage of births by teenage mothers and pregnancies by single mothers has increased dramatically. The National Center Approximately 10 million children, who for Health Statistics reported that teenage have been placed in disadvantaged social pregnancies rose to the highest level ever dur- environments, arrive at schools throughout the ing the 51 years for which this information has country every day. Many are not ready to learn been available. Young mothers with insuffi- and acquire the basic skills needed to forge a cient education coupled with low or no successful future for themselves (Dryfoos, incomes have little opportunity to raise chil- 1990). Factors such as high levels of poverty, dren successfully. inadequate housing, and unemployment have The share of children living in single-parent an adverse impact on many children. families also increased from 22.7 percent in Between 1985 and 1991, 36 states and the 1985 to 25.1 percent in 1991 nationwide and District of Columbia experienced an increase occurred in all states but six. Children grow- in the percentage of low birthweight babies. In ing up in single-parent households are more a world of ever improving technology and likely to be economically poor than are chil- medical advances, such increases suggest that dren in two-parent families: 42 percent as expecting mothers do not have adequate opposed to 8 percent (U.S. Bureau of the access to preventive health care. Census, 1994). The infant mortality rate decreased to an all- Yet another indicator of the well-being of the time low in 1991 of 8.9 per 1,000 compared to nation's children is the juvenile crime arrest 10.6 per 1,000 births. Even with this encourag- rate, which reflects the number of youth ing progress, infants born into socially and between the ages of 10 and 17 who were economically distressed neighborhoods still arrested for homicide, forcible rape, robbery, experience a much higher mortality rate or aggravated assault. This rate increased because of less access to neonatal intensive nationally from 305 per 100,000 in 1985 to care and prenatal care. 457 per 100,000 in 1991. Due to the improvements in trauma care, Advanced skills and technical knowledge auto safety, and accident prevention, child have become increasingly important in attain- death rates decreased from 33.8 per 100,000 in ing a meaningful job, yet too often high school 1985 to 30.7 per 100,000 in 1991. Despite this students do not graduate on time or do not gain, U.S. children run a great risk of dying at graduate at all. Nationally, on-time graduation a young age. In 1991, 15,693 children between has decreased by 4 percent between 1985 and the ages of 1 and 14 years died in the United 1991, and the unemployment rate of those States. In 1991, the death rate for African who dropped out of high school was nearly 50 American children was significantly higher percent more than for those who graduated. than that for white children, i.e., 48.1 com- The number of youth who are not in school or pared to 27.8 per 100,000. in the labor force are at a still greater risk of Youth life expectancies also decreased signif- delinquency, crime, and diminished success. icantly. Between 1985 and 1991, the teen Factors such as these have created conditions violent death rate increased by 13 percent in that continue to affect in greater measure chil- over two thirds of all states and the District of dren of color than white children. Children of Columbia and can be attributed "almost entire- color are much more likely to be placed in ly to a doubling of teenage homicide victims" socially and economically distressed neighbor- 9 4 hoods than are White children. One out of 4 ular school-community (Office of Educational African American children and 1 out of 10 Research and Improvement, 1994). Hispanic children live in distressed and eco- To strengthen youth and families, some com- nomically disadvantaged neighborhoods munities across America have integrated the compared to 1 out of 63 white children (Annie services rendered by many agencies and professionals (particularly those of educators and E. Casey Foundation, 1994). health, human services, and law enforcement professionals) and have located them in their and Sao Wlased School-linked schools. The services and activities offered are Services; Full-servke Schos as diverse as the needs of the student popula- tions, the schools' racial/ethnic make-ups, and The impact of these social factors on schools their geographic locations. Services have has been powerful. Schools and teachers have ranged from school-based health clinics that provide preventive, primary, and mental increasingly recognized their responsibility to teach all children, feeling the obligation to health care services to health education to feed children; provide psychological support after- and before-school care to parent educa- services; offer health screening; establish refer- tion seminars and to family resource centers. ral networks related to substance abuse, child welfare, and sexual abuse; cooperate with the National Reform Context local police and probation officers; add curric- ula for prevention of substance abuse, teen Recent federal legislation such as Goals 2000 and the reauthorization of Title I, the pregnancy, suicide, and violence; and actively Elementary and Secondary Education Act, promote social skills, good nutrition, safety stress the importance of providing comprehen- and general health (Dryfoos, 1994). Comprehensive professional preparation fos- sive services. In 1994, the U.S. Office of Educational Research and Improvement ters school-based collaboration, which focuses (OERI) and the American Educational on identifying and working toward a common goal so that children will benefit from educa- Research Association (AERA) convened a conference to determine the appropriate research tional and other services available in the and practice agenda on school-linked, compre- community. hensive services for children and families. The concept of collaboration between teach- School-Linked Comprehensive Services for ers and human service professionals to Children and Families, a 1995 publication that provide comprehensive service delivery has evolved from this conference, describes the experienced a revival since it last emerged 20 need for cabinet-level discussion regarding years ago. Following the dictum, "Care about policies that must address the following basic the child, so the child will care about what we principles: teach," many educators, administrators, and student learning depends upon partner- federal and state policymakers have called for ships involving all relevant community reform and invoked school-based or school- institutions; linked service delivery systems. Michael Kirst, comprehensive and coordinated ser- professor of education at Stanford University, o vices must focus on results; promotes the co-location of a variety of ser- local needs and commitment should vices and children's activities from public and determine the shape of collaborative private agencies in one place as a strategy that systems; and could bear significant results. Joy Dryfoos, research data should be used to affect noted education researcher, identifies the full- o assessment and accountability. service school as a strategy that would allow community agencies under partnership agree- Acting on the request of Congress to review the ments to come into the schools and provide health status of American adolescents, the Office services in response to the needs of the partic- of Technology Assessment (OTA, 1991 a, b) also 1 0 5