ERIC ED411834: Intelligent Information Harvesting Architecture: An Application to a High School Environment.

13 Pages·1996·0.26 MB·English

by  ERIC

DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 411 834
IR 056 661
AUTHOR
Hanani, Uri; Frank, Ariel
TITLE
Intelligent Information Harvesting Architecture: An
Application to a High School Environment.
PUB DATE
1996-00-00
NOTE
12p.; In: Online Information 96. Proceedings of the
International Online Information Meeting (20th, Olympia 2,
London, England, United Kingdom, December 3-5, 1996); see IR
056 631.
PUB TYPE
Reports - Descriptive (141)
Speeches/Meeting Papers (150)
EDRS PRICE
MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.
DESCRIPTORS
Access to Information; Computer System Design; Computer Uses
in Education; *Electronic Libraries; Elementary Secondary
Education; Foreign Countries; High Schools; *Information
Retrieval; *Internet; *School Libraries; Technological
Advancement
IDENTIFIERS
Digital Technology; *Israel; Search Engines
ABSTRACT
In the educational arena, information is conventionally
scattered throughout many projects and documents and on many systems. This
distribution of data inhibits students and faculty members from searching and
accessing information conveniently and efficiently. The research project
described in this paper aims to consolidate the disparate data into one
information repository. Known as the KATSIR (K12 Advanced Touring System
based on Information Retrieval) system, the project is developing and
implementing a comprehensive architecture for intelligent information
retrieval in open systems. The novelty of this approach is the combination of
a new research paradigm in information retrieval, called information
harvesting, with a K12-friendly interface. This paradigm enables both
teachers and students to gain practical experience in harvesting information
both locally and throughout Internet sites in a K12 environment. As part of
this research, an innovative information retrieval project was developed. The
program is targeted mainly at the establishment and implementation of a
comprehensive Educational Digital Library. This new virtual school library
was implemented in the Gilo Comprehensive High School on a local area network
that contains more than 150 personal computers with a CD-ROM based system, a
high-speed line interface to the Internet, and advanced information science
tools. This paper presents the KATSIR system with its various components and
capabilities on the Internet as a powerful search and harvesting engine, and
its promising contributions to the educational environment. (Contains 12
references.)
(Author)
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M
00
Intelligent Information Harvesting Architecture: An
Application to a High School Environment
By:
Uri Hanani
Ariel Frank
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Office of Educational Research and Improvement
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION
REPRODUCE THIS
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This document has been reproduced as
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Minor changes have been made to
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Points of view or opinions stated in this
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RESOURCES
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(ERIC)."
INFORMATION CENTER
v)
a
ThE
EST COLS' MAMA
G
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ottN GRANTED
BY
Intelligent information
harvesting architecture:
TO THE EDUCATIONAL
RESOURCES
INFORMATION
an application to a high
CENTER (ERIC)."
school environment
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Office of Educational Research
and Improvement
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
INFORMATION
CENTER (ERIC)
This document has been
reproduced as
received from the person
or organization
originating it.
Minor changes have been
made to
Uri Hanani and Ariel Frank
improve reproduction
quality.
Bar-Ilan University, Israel
Points of view or opinions
stated in this
document do not necessarily
represent
official OERI position
or policy.
Abstract: In the educational arena, information is conventionally scattered throughout many projects and
documents and on many systems. This distribution of data inhibits students and faculty members from
searching and accessing information conveniently and efficiently. This research project aims to consol-
idate the disparate data into one information repository. Known as the KATSIR system, the project is
developing and implementing a comprehensive architecture for intelligent information retrieval in open
systems. The novelty of this approach is the combination of a new research paradigm in information
retrieval, called information harvesting, with a K12-friendly interface. This paradigm enables both
teachers and students to gain practical experience in harvesting information both locally and throughout
Internet sites in a K12-environment. As part of this research, an innovative information retrieval project
was developed. The programme is targeted mainly at the establishment and implementation of a
comprehensive Educational Digital Library. This new virtual school library was implemented in the Gilo
Comprehensive High School on a local area network that contains more than 150 personal computers
with a CD-ROM based system, a high-speed line interface to the Internet, and advanced information
science tools. This paper presents the KASTIR system with its various components and capabilities on
the Internet as a powerful search and harvesting engine, and its promising contributions to the educa-
tional environment.
Keywords: Internet, information retrieval, open systems, intelligent information harvesting, computers in
high school, multilingual (Hebrew) support
Introduction
1.
Due to the huge volume of information gathered on the Internet and its heterogeneity, search engines were
developed to enable users to find their way in the World Wide Web. More specifically, in the educational arena,
the information is often scattered throughout many projects and documents, and on many systems. As a result
of the recent trend of using more computers in school, faculty members prepare their background materials on
the computers, and pupils surf the Web as part of their research and doing homework.
Moreover, the transition from frontal teaching to a teaching environment based on information retrieval and
telecomputing poses a new challenge. One can note a 'Tower of Babylon' of information resources and educa-
tional work that is scattered throughout separate projects and documents. In other words, this distribution of data
inhibits students and faculty members from searching and accessing information conveniently and efficiently.
This problem exists primarily in a mature environment of K12 institutions that are pioneers in the introduction
of computers to the educational arena. One such pioneer is the Gilo Comprehensive High School at Jerusalem,
Israel.
In the early 1990s, the Israeli Ministry of Education and Culture appointed a committee for telecomputing
schools all over the country. In 1992, the committee submitted a proposal for integrating computers into the
education process in Israel. Since then, much effort has been made to increase the use of computers at schools
as a part of a project known as 'Tomorrow 98'. As part of this strategic plan, ten schools were chosen to
represent various models of implementing telecomputing environments throughout this project.
The Jerusalem Gilo Comprehensive high school, as one of these schools, has made an effort to construct a
model of a virtual library school based on information retrieval, information science paradigms and telecomputing
environments. This advanced new virtual library is implemented on a local area network that includes more than
150 PCs, with a CD-ROM server-based system, and a high-speed line interface (frame-relay) to the Internet. The
networked system also supports hypermedia authoring tools, a sophisticated video studio and advanced infor-
mation science tools such as SQL Engine, HTML and harvesting tools. This existing technical know-how and
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capabilities enable the teachers and pupils to take advantage of sophisticated search strategies for locating
relevant information from the local networks and on the Internet, and to develop advanced Web home pages,
Web hypermedia presentations and useful courseware. The full view of Gilo Comprehensive is partially reflected
at the Gilo home page. There, some of multimedia projects can be viewed and retrieved. The URL is
http://www.gilo.j1m.k12.11.
Digital libraries and the virtual school
2.
Apart from the pedagogic innovations introduced through advanced information technologies in the Gilo school
model, its management tackled the above-mentioned problem of abundance of dispersed documents and media.
It was evident that a new coherent understanding was needed to encounter the dilemma involved in the collection
and management of digital materials. Here, as a combination of academic know-how and real life experience, the
technology recently termed 'virtual digital library' was applied (Ref 1).
One has to comprehend that the concept of a digital library (DL) in a virtual school expresses the revolution
in education that has emerged from information technologies and telecomputing. This can lead one day to an
environment that is free from the constraints of time and space. Teachers and students can have interactions
without attending specific classes according to a rigid schedule. The connection between teachers and students
is achieved by means of telecomputing systems based on communication networks. Moreover, most information
resources are not limited to the conventional school or library. Computerised databases and communication
networks make access to information possible for anyone from anywhere at all times.
This future (or actually the present environment in our case) invokes some new possibilities (as well as
questions) such as:
the role of the teacher as a mediator instead of being a classical owner of knowledge (Ref 2);
augmentation of the traditional librarian with machine-oriented 'intelligent agents' (Ref 3);
new methods of human-computer interactions rich with assistance and guidance (Ref 4, 5).
Based on this technologically advanced environment, many DL projects have been initiated at the Gilo High
School, to the benefit of both students and teachers. Using the DL, students are able to consolidate several
related projects into one information repository. The system also gives students the opportunity to access
Hebrew documents, regardless of format, through a Hebrew interface. Ordinarily, this poses a problem due to
different computer operating systems, Hebrew formats and general interoperability problems. The infrastructure
constructed can also be enhanced to support a multilingual environment (besides English and Hebrew). Another
important property of the DL is its 'K12-friendly' interface that is designed to make high school students
comfortable and enthusiastic about conducting searches and viewing their results.
To support all these requirements of the educational environment, an innovative project was initiated to
develop and implement a comprehensive architecture for intelligent information retrieval in open systems. The
novelty of this approach is the combination of a new research paradigm in information retrieval called information
harvesting with a K12-friendly interface. This paradigm enables both teachers and students to gain practical
experience in harvesting information both locally (intranet) and throughout Internet sites within the K12
environment. The Gilo project is targeted mainly at the establishment and implementation of a comprehensive
educational digital library, or in other words a virtual school library. The educational information retrieval system
operating at the school is based on the Harvest system originally developed at Colorado University (Ref 6) and is
titled KATSIR `10 2 Advanced Touring System based on Information Retrieval' ('katsir' in Hebrew means
'harvesting').
3. KATSIR description
We give here a concise and brief (and slightly technical) description of the KATSIR project that is the major theme
of this paper. We start by a short survey of the Harvest system that served as one of the starting points of our
research.
information gathering and access
3.1. The Harvest approach
The Harvest project was launched at the start of the 1990s at Colorado University (Ref 7). It operates as a server
on the Web and is targeted to achieve three main goals:
an infrastructure architecture that can collect (Harvest) distributed indexed information from the Internet,
(1)
in an efficient manner, with minimal overload on the networks and communications channels;
detailed customisation of different sorts of indexes over a wide spectrum of varied databases, heteroge-
(2)
neous schema, information resources and URLs;
support for local caching and information replication, to provide fast response time and the sharing of
(3)
computing resources.
The Harvest system consists of six components:
Gatherer: deals with the collection of indexed data from the Internet using local providers in an incre-
(1)
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mental way, and in sending it from the local cache in a compressed stream. It is based on the Essence
subsystem that specialises in different data types formats and their retrieval. Essence deals with
summarisation, after scanning the original document, by extracting important information from the
original document. In this syntactic phase, Essence can be guided to 'understand' and filter significant
knowledge and catalogue it along with the indexing process. In HTML format, the different parts are
annotated by such special tags as Header, Title or Bold. The Gatherer can be directed to carry on its
branching search from URL to URL, or to stop after several link traversals.
Broker: supports a user query interface on the Harvest host over the collected indexed data. Different
(2)
brokers can operate in parallel, retrieving information from their own host or from all brokers in the
harvest network. The brokers update their indexes in an incremental manner whenever a query is
invoked or data is updated. A special Broker HSR (Harvest Server Registry) is responsible for the infor-
mation about all brokers, Replicators and Caches in the entire system.
Index/Search Subsystem: a general interface to Internet search engines (such as WAIS, Glimpse,
(3)
Nebula). It supports Boolean search and incremental updates. Glimpse is equipped with an efficient
indexing system and interactive queries are used as the standard user query interface.
Replicator: replicates data in a weakly-consistent manner over distributed file systems in the network.
(4)
The replicated data is kept in the network with mirror copies using suitable protocols.
Object cache: its main aim is to manage the system caching memory, to optimise searching for files and
(5)
data over the network, and save redundant accesses to retrieve data.
Object system: handles complex types of objects that are kept in the network. It allows the storage and
(6)
the retrieval of objects from local and remote hosts.
Summing up, the Harvest system is constructed as an open and scaleable architecture using Resource
Discovery methods. It is customisable, flexible and adaptive to many applications. More technical information
and a list of Harvest sites and uses can be found at Ref 7 and at the URL http: / /harvest.cs.colorado.edu /.
3.2. KATSIR objectives and phases
The objectives of the KATSIR project outlined in the paper are as follows:
the development of a representative model of referential and abstracts materials (Educational Repository)
in the Gilo digital library, with specific emphasis on K12 educational documents;
using the HARVEST Internet search software developed at the University of Colorado to develop and
implement an open architecture for intelligent information retrieval, using a friendly K12 human-computer
interface, while applying methodologies of 'information brokers', 'intelligent agents' and harvesting tools;
evaluating the prototype developed by applying it to an educational repository including the drawing of
conclusions, from students and faculty use and feedback, that can be relevant for the entire educational
community.
To carry out this pioneering project, several phases were outlined:
investigating the Harvest system and its tools;
building the prototype educational information data repository as a Digital Library;
developing a K12-friendly user interface;
testing and evaluating the prototype with student and faculty feedback.
Before describing these phases and their specific results, we note that the KATSIR architecture framework
main contribution is to enable high school students to feel a sense of accomplishment when accessing infor-
mation and computer technologies. Students are encouraged to gain skills in investigating information systems
and in using practical applications of various computer technologies.
4. KATSIR components
KATSIR is composed of four main processes, as follows:
the collection (gathering) of initial K12 Internet relevant information and URLs;
(1)
information processing and summarisation;
(2)
the presentation of processed information and its retrieval;
(3)
the analysis and follow-up of system usage.
(4)
Initial K12 collection
4.1.
The gathering process is activated by applying a Harvest Gatherer to an Internet K12 relevant URL. The initial
URLs are provided manually to the Gatherer by information scientists or by system users. Hereafter, the Gatherer
follows the HTML links from these URLs and collects the relevant documents using recursive branching.
This automatic branching process can be controlled by the system, either by instructing it to stop after a
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specific number of branches or by a filtering algorithm (this filtering process is still in a development phase and
evaluation).
In contrast to the Harvest original Gatherer, our improved Gatherer is capable of collecting documents that
reside on the local user network (high school LAN). Here, using a special KATSIR user interface, the student or
teacher can update the database with relevant material such as multimedia presentations or any other relevant
documents. This data entry option allows the inclusion of the document description and storage location in the
LAN. Thus, the DL is enriched with many interesting materials from the local school environment.
4.2. Information processing and summarisation
Here, four sub-processes are available:
Summarisation;
(1)
Hebrew support;
(2)
Optimisation and cataloguing;
(3)
Indexing.
(4)
Summarisation. Here the Harvest Essence tool is applied. The original collected document is scanned
and several important details (such as Document Title, URL, short description, Key Words and a few lines
from the document initial content) are registered by use of an abstracting algorithm. This abstraction
process is syntactically oriented. However, as mentioned before Essence can be guided to give a special
treatment to HTML tags. It should be noted that in order to save disk storage, the original collected
document is not kept in the database, but it can be found using its original URL in the Internet.
Hebrew support. Native English speakers are usually not aware of the problems caused by the Semite
languages (Hebrew, Arabic) in the information retrieval arena. Due to writing and reading from right to left
(in contrast to Western languages), special treatment must be given to documents that are written in
Hebrew. KATSIR supports Hebrew and is capable of converting the document summary, abstracted by
the previous phase (summarisation), to a special format that is compatible with the user interface (which
operates either in Windows mode or other GUI systems). This necessitates a set of special Hebrew
algorithms that deal with the Hebrew orientation indexing and retrieval parts in KATSIR.
Optimisation and cataloguing. Due to the KATSIR educational environment, we developed further the
properties related to filtering, optimisation and cataloguing of the documents. After the automatic
summarisation done by Essence, the information scientists can:
delete or add keywords to the document;
correct any field or description annotated by the system;
decide whenever the document is relevant or not;
attach any document to the system browsing outline tree that guides the users in their
queries.
Indexing. The original document summaries are processed to produce indexes keys that serve the search
engine. KATSIR uses the Harvest standard search engine, namely Glimpse.
4.3. The presentation of processed information and its retrieval
KATSIR allows two main interaction styles (or access methods): information retrieval and touring (i.e. browsing).
The retrieval of information follows Harvest standard text retrieval mechanisms that were tailored to the KATSIR
environment. The second method is one of KATSIR's main innovations. Here, the user can take a tour along a
topics tree that represents the various educational entry points for both students and teachers. The system
automatically generates an HTML page which displays the topics tree that contains links to the relevant materials.
In order to simplify the system usability for the typical K12 user, the user is advised to make use of Glimpse's
full (and complicated) search options by special branching. In parallel, KATSIR also advises the user to conduct
a simple structured search by a 'frame text'.
4.4. The analysis and follow-up of system use
All activities in KATSIR are logged and monitored, including users' touring steps. This will allow analysis of system
usability and performance, and may suggest further research.
5. KATSIR applications
5.1. System integration and evaluation
A main objective of the KATSIR project direction is its K12 orientation. We consider its usability for a typical K12
user, either faculty or student, to be one of the key issues. So, system integration and evaluation were carefully
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planned to evolve as follows:
system analysis and users' requirement definition;
(1)
prototyping and pilot;
(2)
system evaluation and test runs;
(3)
further development;
(4)
further evaluation and refinement.
(5)
System evaluation and tests were made by special teams of students and faculty called 'leading groups'.
These groups were consolidated during a two-year process of intensive work, as part of the Gilo representative
model, and they also serve other objectives in the school modeling environment. For example, the Faculty leading
group chose the information domains that should be included in the topics tree, and they gave the initial feedback
to the documents and URLs that were gathered by the research group. In addition, the leading students partic-
ipate intensively in the evaluation of the effectiveness of the KATSIR query interface. Without these contributions,
KATSIR would still be just an academic tool.
5.2. Applications
Taking advantage of the Gilo school daily involvement in all the above-mentioned phases, the students and
faculty members are part and parcel of the KATSIR development. The many users involved and the educational
projects that were integrated into the DL were just results of this approach.
To illustrate what was achieved in this pedagogic domain, we list here some of the educational projects that are
part of these activities as DL components (see Appendix):
Students' projects
specials events in Israeli political life and atmosphere;
information banks such as: stamps, NASA activities, participation in special education activities and work
groups;
designing tutorials for other students in the domains of: HTML, 3Dstudio, multimedia tools, etc.;
electronic newspaper, updated bi-weekly, related to school life as well as politics, current affairs, etc. This
project includes also a reference to two scientific electronic newspapers available in Hebrew.
Information for the faculty
International projects of K12 teachers and discussion groups;
multimedia presentations done by colleagues and even students that served as reference materials for
classes, in many domains such as:
physics;
humanities;
history sciences;
geography;
holocaust studies;
mathematics, geometry and trigonometry;
biology.
Internet section
HTML tutorials;
Unix tools and tutorials;
repository of graphical aids to prepare home pages and converters;
Q&A material and FAQs.
In Figure 1, we try to illustrate all digital library materials in their natural educational environment. The objective
is to represent all school activities as one complete information tree, representing a digital library. This metaphor
is user friendly and simplifies the DL touring, while making the browsing and retrieval easy for faculty and
students. This ongoing sub-project is evolving as a result of the above-mentioned process of evaluation and
refinement. We have a future plan to convert it to three-dimensional space, using VRML tools.
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7
DIGITAL LIBRARY
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Special
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Announce-
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Digital library as a metaphor of K12 environment.
Figure 1:
5.3. Local library
intranet
In the analysis study phase we have identified a typical problem that characterises the K12 sector. Not every
school can afford an Internet connection, as is possible in the Gilo case. So, an intranet structure (i.e. a local
Internet TCP/IP network without immediate access to the Internet) can be installed on the LAN. One essential
Intranet tool is a search engine that supports a local DL. Therefore, an SQL engine was tailored to work with
KATSIR as an additional tool that handles local digital materials and documents. This tool contains a simple SQL
search engine and a topics tree, with a user guided interface, as illustrated (partially) in Figure 2. This local DL can
this
serve as an intermediate repository to the KATSIR DL, and materials can be collected and exported from
repository as from any other Internet repository.
8
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Page 216
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Further Developments in KATSIR
6.
KATSIR was initiated as an open infrastructure architecture for intelligent information retrieval and touring.
Therefore, it is natural that some innovative developments of KATSIR are under work at the present. We list here
some of these developments:
Intelligent human-computer interface that includes a thesaurus and consulting facilities, based on the
expertext ideas presented at Hanani (Ref 5), Rada (Ref 8) and Chen et al. (Ref 9);
Developing the Harvest collection process (the Gatherer) by applying new filtering algorithms based on
ideas developed by Shapira et al. (Ref 10) while researching user filtering;
Developing a three-dimensional human-computer interface based on VRML and Java applets, using the
metaphor of school environment and school layout;
More advanced ranking of search results presented in a friendly way to the K12 users.
Applying the KATSIR infrastructure to regional or even country-based environments (such as urban
Jerusalem or Israel), by interconnecting several brokers with a single KATSIR management system. This
will allow the application of the caching mechanism of Harvest, with optimisation of search accesses to
the Internet, and really arriving at a community virtual school and virtual digital library.
Applying a more advanced usability evaluation other than the user-task model (see Ref 11), and studying
advanced productivity tools in the digital library arena (see Ref 12).
Conclusions
7.
In this paper we presented the innovative approach of the KATSIR system, based on the Harvest architecture, as
an Internet collection system and digital library applied to the educational environment. One major achievement
is the cooperation between the academic research team and K12 students and faculty members that allowed the
realisation of an educational digital library operating in the field. Our KATSIR environment is an open architecture
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LE
BEST COPY MAMA
that can form a generalised infrastructure to be used successfully by any K12 schools and organisations.
The Internet is going to be the main issue in information science, both as an academic theme and as an appli-
cation technology. The information gathered at the many (million or more) URLs, home pages and sites will not
be available to the user community unless we pay attention to user needs and develop a more adaptable
paradigm that will replace the old notion of search engines. Here, the KATSIR project serves as a model as to
what that can be done successfully without a large budget and with real life applications. Thus, we have enough
background and experience to believe that this research is an important contribution to the information retrieval
community of new and beneficial tools and concepts, that can be put to use now and in the near future.
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the Israeli Ministry of Science and Arts, in the framework of experimentation and
demonstration in the domain of information superhighways, digital library and data repositories. The authors are
also indebted to I. Miller, KATSIR Chief Knowledge Engineer, and the rest of the KATSIR research group of Bar-
Ilan University, Ramat-Gan and the Gilo High School , Jerusalem, Israel.
Dr Uri Hanani
Department of Information and Library Studies, Bar-Ilan University
Ramat-Gan
Israel 52900
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
E-mail: [email protected]
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