ERIC ED411612: Digest of Education Statistics, 1997.

564 Pages·1997·11.9 MB·English

by  ERIC

DOCUMENT RESUME
EA 028 826
ED 411 612
Snyder, Thomas D.; Hoffman, Charlene M.; Geddes, Claire M.
AUTHOR
Digest of Education Statistics, 1997.
TITLE
National Center for Education Statistics (ED), Washington,
INSTITUTION
DC.
NCES-98-015
REPORT NO
ISBN-0-16-049343-9
ISBN
1997-00-00
PUB DATE
619p.; For 1996 report, see ED 402 679.
NOTE
U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
AVAILABLE FROM
Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328
Numerical/Quantitative Data (110)
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Academic Achievement; Degrees (Academic); *Demography;
DESCRIPTORS
Education Work Relationship; *Educational Attainment;
*Educational Finance; Elementary Secondary Education;
*Enrollment; Expenditures; Federal Aid; Federal Programs;
Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Income; *School
Personnel; Student Financial Aid; Tables (Data)
*National Center for Education Statistics
IDENTIFIERS
ABSTRACT
This 1997 edition of the "Digest of Education Statistics" is
the 32nd in a series of publications initiated in 1962. Its primary purpose
is to provide a compilation of statistical information covering the broad
field of American education from kindergarten through graduate school. The
digest includes data from many government and private sources, and draws
especially on the results of surveys and activities carried out by the
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The publication contains
information on a variety of topics, including the number of schools and
colleges, teachers, enrollments, graduates, educational attainment, finances,
federal funds for education, employment and income of graduates, libraries,
and international education. Supplemental information is provided on
population trends, attitudes on education comparisons, education
characteristics of the labor force, government finances, and economic trends.
The digest is divided into seven chapters: "All Levels of Education,"
"Federal
"Elementary and Secondary Education," "Postsecondary Education,
Programs for Education and Related Activities," "Outcomes of Education,"
"International Comparisons of Education," and "Learning Resources and
Technology." The introduction includes a brief overview of current trends in
American education. The data show that in the fall of 1997, about 75 million
people were involved, directly or indirectly, in providing or receiving
formal education. Assessment data indicate that there have been improvements
in mathematics and science performance between 1986 and 1996. A higher
proportion of high school graduates are going on to college. Yet, wide
variations in student proficiency from state to state and mediocre
mathematics scores of American students in international assessments pose
challenges. The appendix contains a guide to tabular presentation, a guide to
sources, definitions, 12 tables, and an index. Thirty-three figures and 422
tables comprise the bulk of the document.
(AA)
It
NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS
Digest of
Education Statistics
1997
U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Office of Educational Research and Improvement
ED
ATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION
CENTER (ERIC)
This document has been reproduced as
received from the person or organization
originating it
Minor changes have been made to
improve reproduction quality
Points of view or opinions stated in this
document do not necessarily represent
official OERI position or policy
.
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BEST COPY AVAILABLE
2
NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS
Digest of
Education Statistics
1997
Thomas D. Snyder
Project Director
Charlene M. Hoffman
Production Manager
Claire M. Geddes
Program Analyst
Department of Education
U.S.
Office of Educational Research and Improvement
NCES 98-015
3
U.S. Department of Education
Richard W. Riley
Secretary
Office of Educational Research and Improvement
Ricky T. Takai
Acting Assistant Secrete!),
National Center for Education Statistics
Pascal D. Forgione, Jr.
Commissioner
The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing,
and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional
mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in
the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance
of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and
review and report on education activities in foreign countries.
NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable,
complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high
quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers,
practitioners, data users, and the general public.
We strive to make our products available in a variety of formats and in language that is appropriate to a
variety of audiences. You, as our customer, are the best judge of our success in communicating
information effectively. If you have any comments or suggestions about this or any other NCES product or
report, we would like to hear from you. Please direct your comments to:
National Center for Education Statistics
Office of Educational Research and Improvement
U.S. Department of Education
555 New Jersey Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20208-5574
December 1997
The NCES World Wide Web Home Page is
http://nces.ed.gov
Suggested Citation
Digest of Education Statistics,
U.S. Department of Education. National Center for Education Statistics.
1997, NCES 98-015, by Thomas D. Snyder. Production Manager, Charlene M. Hoffman. Program
Analyst, Claire M. Geddes. Washington, DC: 1997.
For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office
Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328
ISBN 0 -16- 049343 -9
FOREWORD
This 1997 edition of the Digest of Education Statis-
comes of Education," "International Comparisons of
tics is the 33rd in a series of publications initiated in
Education," and "Learning Resources and Tech-
1962. (The Digest has been issued annually except
nology." To qualify for inclusion, material must be na-
for combined editions for the years 1977-78, 1983-
tionwide in scope and of current interest and value.
84, and 1985-86.) Its primary purpose is to provide
The introduction includes a brief overview of current
a compilation of statistical information covering the
trends in American education, which supplements the
broad field of American education from kindergarten
tabular materials in chapters 1 through 7. Information
on the structure of the statistical tables is contained
through graduate school. The Digest includes a se-
in the "Guide to Tabular Presentation." The "Guide
lection of data from many sources, both government
to Sources" provides a brief synopsis of the surveys
and private, and draws especially on the results of
used to generate the tabulations for the Digest. Also,
surveys and activities carried out by the National
a "Definitions" section is included to help readers un-
Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The publica-
derstand terms. To make analyses more convenient
tion contains information on a variety of subjects in
for researchers, many new Digest tables include
the field of education statistics, including the number
standard errors. In addition to updating many of the
of schools and colleges, teachers, enrollments, and
statistics that have appeared in previous years, this
graduates, in addition to educational attainment, fi-
edition contains a significant amount of new material,
nances, federal funds for education, employment and
including:
income of graduates, libraries, and international edu-
cation.
Supplemental information
population
on
Findings from the Third International Math and
trends, attitudes on education, education characteris-
Science Study, the largest comparison of inter-
tics of the labor force, government finances, and eco-
national achievement ever undertaken, tables 395
nomic trends provides background for evaluating
to 402;
education data. Although the Digest contains impor-
tant information on federal education funding, more
Percent of students in grades 4, 8, and 12 at var-
detailed information on federal activities is available
ious math and science proficiency levels in 1996,
from federal education program offices. For example,
tables 119 and 124;
the Office of Bilingual Education and Minority Lan-
Percent of public schools and school classrooms
guages Affairs supports the National Clearinghouse
with Internet access, table 415.
on Bilingual Education, which compiles information
on students and teachers involved in bilingual edu-
Martin E. Orland
cation.
Associate Commissioner,
The Digest is divided into seven chapters: "All Lev-
Data Development and Longitudinal Studies
els of Education," "Elementary and Secondary Edu-
Group
cation," "Postsecondary Education," "Federal Pro-
National Center for Education Statistics
grams for Education and Related Activities," "Out-
December 1997
iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many people have contributed in one way or an-
Information Services, Robert Le Grand provided edi-
other to the development of the Digest. Thomas D.
torial assistance and Phil Carr designed the cover.
Snyder was responsible for the overall development
Jerry Fairbanks of the U.S. Government Printing Of-
and preparation of this Digest which was prepared
fice managed the typesetting.
under the general direction of Mary Frase.
This year's edition of the Digest has received ex-
Charlene M. Hoffman provided technical assist-
tensive reviews by individuals within and outside the
ance in all phases of its preparation and was respon-
Department of Education. We wish to thank them for
sible for Chapter 4, "Federal Programs for Education
their time and expert advice. In the Office of Edu-
and Related Activities," and for tables on degrees
Research and Improvement (OERI), W.
cational
conferred. Claire Geddes developed the text for
Vance Grant and Duc-Le To reviewed the entire
chapter introductions and was responsible for mate-
manuscript. Rosemary Clark (U.S. Bureau of the
rials dealing with higher education enrollment,
fi-
Census) also reviewed the entire document. Ellen
nance,
and
faculty
characteristics.
William
Bradburn of the Education Statistics Services Insti-
Sonnenberg provided statistical computing consulta-
tute reviewed substantial portions of the document.
tion on all phases of the report. Celestine Davis pro-
OERI staff who reviewed portions of the manuscript
vided statistical assistance on materials dealing with
were: Sam Barbett, Jonaki Bose, Patricia Q. Brown,
attainment and
educational
student assessment.
Shelley Burns, Adrienne Chute, Mike Cohen, Mary
Debra Gerald and William Hussar prepared projec-
Frase, Debra Gerald, Steven Gorman, Kerry Gruber,
tions of school enrollment and finance statistics.
Frank Johnson, Andrew Malizio, Marilyn McMillen,
A number of individuals outside the Center also
Frank Morgan, Shi-Chang Wu, and Linda Zimbler.
expended large amounts of time and effort on the Di-
Agency reviews were conducted by the Office of Bi-
gest. Sherrie Aitken, Irma Alemar, Judy Blake, Ismail
Michael
fro,
Neimat,
lingual Education and Minority Languages Affairs, the
William
Scarbrough, Linda
Shafer, and Patricia Thomson of CSR, Inc., provided
Office of Vocational Adult Education, Planning and
research and statistical assistance. In the Office of
Evaluation Service, and Budget Service.
6
Contents
Page
Foreword
iii
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1
Chapter 1. All Levels of Education
5
Chapter 2. Elementary and Secondary Education
43
Chapter 3. Postsecondary Education
173
College and University Education
180
Vocational and Adult Education
369
Chapter 4. Federal Programs for Education and Related Activities
375
Chapter 5. Outcomes of Education
415
Chapter 6. International Comparisons of Education
433
Chapter 7. Learning Resources and Technology
457
Appendix
Guide to Tabular Presentation
469
Guide to Sources
471
Definitions
503
Index of Table Numbers
517
vii
CONTENTS
viii
Figures
7
The structure of education in the United States
1.
Enrollment and total expenditures in current and constant dollars, by level of
2.
8
education: 1960-61 to 1996-97
9
Years of school completed by persons 25 years old and over: 1940 to 1996
3.
Years of school completed by persons 25 to 29 years of age: 1940 to 1996
9
4.
10
Highest level of education attained by persons 25 years and older: March 1996
5.
Items most frequently cited by the public as a major problem facing the local public
6.
10
schools: 1980 to 1996
Preprimary enrollment of 3- to 5-year-olds, by attendance status:
7.
46
October 1970 to October 1996
Enrollment, number of teachers, pupil/teacher ratios, and expenditures in public
8.
47
schools: 1960-61 to 1996-97
Percentage change in public elementary and secondary enrollment, by state:
9.
48
Fall 1991 to fall 1996
Average annual salary for public elementary and secondary school teachers:
10.
48
1969-70 to 1996-97
Sources of revenue for public elementary and secondary schools:
11.
49
1970-71 to 1994-95
Current expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance in public elementary and
12.
49
secondary schools: 1970-71 to 1996-97
Enrollment, degrees conferred, and expenditures in institutions of higher education:
13.
176
1960-61 to 1996-97
Percentage change in total enrollment of institutions of higher education, by state:
14.
177
Fall 1990 to fall 1995
177
Enrollment in institutions of higher education, by age: Fall 1970 to fall 2007
15.
Full-time-equivalent students per staff member in public and private institutions of
16.
178
higher education: 1976 and 1993
Trends in bachelor's degrees conferred in selected fields of study:
17.
178
1984-85,1989-90, and 1994-95
179
Sources of current-fund revenue for public institutions of higher education: 1994-95
18.
Sources of current-fund revenue for private institutions of higher education:
19.
179
1994-95
385
Federal on-budget funds for education, by agency: Fiscal year 1997
20.
Federal on-budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose:
21.
386
1965 to 1997
386
Department of Education outlays, by type of recipient: Fiscal year 1997
22.
Labor force participation of persons 16 years old and over, by age and highest level
23.
416
of education: 1996
CONTENTS
ix
Unemployment rates of persons 25 years old and over, by highest degree attained:
24.
1996
417
Labor force status of 1995-96 high school dropouts and graduates not enrolled in
25.
college: October 1996
417
Median annual income of persons with income 25 years old and over, by highest
26.
degree attained and sex: 1995
418
Salaries of recent bachelor's degree recipients
year after graduation, by field:
27.
1
1987,1991, and 1994
418
Percentage change in enrollment, by area of the world and level of education:
28.
1980 to 1994
435
Public expenditures for education as a percentage of gross national
29.
product: Selected countries, 1993
436
Bachelor's degree recipients as a percent of population for selected countries, by
30.
sex: 1994
436
31.
Nations' average mathematics performance compared to the United States: 1995
437
32.
Nations' average science performance compared to the United States: 1995
437
Percent of all public schools having or expecting Internet access between fall 1994
33.
and 2000
458
Tables
1. All Levels of Education
Enrollment, Teachers, and Schools
Estimated number of participants in elementary and secondary education and in
1.
higher education: Fall 1997
11
Enrollment in educational institutions, by level and control of institution:
2.
Fall 1980 to fall 2005
11
Enrollment in educational institutions, by level and by control of institution:
3.
1869-70 to fall 2007
12
Teachers in elementary and secondary schools, and senior instructional staff in
4.
institutions of higher education, by control of institution: Fall 1970 to fall 2007
13
Educational institutions, by level and control of institution: 1978-79 to 1995-96
5.
14
Enrollment Rates
Percent of the population 3 to 34 years old enrolled in school, by age:
6.
April 1940 to October 1996
15
Percent of the population 3 to 34 years old enrolled in school, by race/ethnicity, sex,
7.
and age: October 1975 to October 1996
16
Educational Attainment
Years of school completed by persons age 25 and over and 25 to 29,
8.
by race/ethnicity and sex: 1910 to 1996
17
Highest level of education attained by persons age 18 and over,
9.
by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: March 1996
18
CONTENTS
x
Number of persons age 18 and over who hold a bachelor's or higher degree,
10.
by field of study, sex, race, and age: Spring 1993
19
20
Educational attainment of persons 25 years old and over, by state: April 1990
11.
Educational attainment of persons 25 years old and over, by state and race/ethnicity:
12.
April 1990
21
Educational attainment of persons 25 years old and over, for the 25 largest states:
13.
22
March 1995
Educational attainment of persons 25 years old and over, for the 15 largest
14.
22
metropolitan areas: March 1995
Population
Estimates of resident population, by age group: July 1, 1970 to July 1, 1996
23
15.
Estimates of school-age resident population, by race and sex:
16.
July 1, 1970 to July 1, 1996
23
24
Estimated total and school-age resident populations, by state: 1970 to 1996
17.
Characteristics of Families with Children
25
Families, by family status and presence of own children under 18: 1970 to 1995
18.
Characteristics of families with own children under 18, by family status and
19.
26
race/ethnicity: 1995
27
Household income and poverty rates, by state: 1990, 1994, and 1995
20.
Poverty status of persons, families, and children under 18, by race/ethnicity:
21.
28
1959 to 1995
Opinions on Education
Average grade that the public would give the schools in their community and in the
22.
nation at large: 1974 to 1995
29
Items most frequently cited by the general public as a major problem facing the local
23.
29
public schools: 1970 to 1996
Public opinion of public and private school choice: 1989 to 1996
30
24.
Parental involvement in 8th graders' school-related activities, by selected parental
25.
30
characteristics: 1988
Teachers' opinions about the most important goals for education, by type and control
26.
of school: 1990-91
31
Teachers' perceptions about serious problems in their schools, by type and control
27.
of school: 1990-91 and 1993-94
31
Teachers' perceptions about teaching and school conditions, by type and control of
28.
32
school: 1993-94
Public's level of confidence in various institutions: 1994 and 1996
33
29.
Charitable Contributions
Percentage of households contributing to education and other charitable
30.
organizations and average annual donation, by type of charity:
33
1989, 1991, 1993, and 1995
C