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DOCUMENT RESUME UD 031 025 ED 397 151 Lago, Colin; Thompson, Joyce AUTHOR Race, Culture and Counselling. TITLE REPORT NO ISBN-0-335-19294-7 PUB DATE 96 192p.; Foreword by Courtland Lee. Support received NOTE from the Alec Van Berchem Trust. Open University Press, 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101, AVAILABLE FROM Bristol, PA 19007 (paperback: ISBN-0-335-19294-7; clothbound: ISBN-0-335-19295-5); Open University Press, Celtic Court, 22 Ballmoor, Buckingham, England, United Kingdom MK18 1XW. Evaluative/Feasibility (142) PUB TYPE Books (010) Reports MF01/PC08 Plus Postage. EDRS PRICE *Counseling; Cross Cultural Studies; 'Tultural DESCRIPTORS Awareness; Cultural Differences; *Culture; Experience; Foreign Countries; Helping Relationship; Intervention; Minority Groups; *Power Structure; *Psychotherapy; Therapeutic Environment; Training United Kingdom IDENTIFIERS ABSTRACT Some of the major dimensions and subtleties underlying issues of race and culture and the impact these can have on counseling and psychotherapy relationships are explored. The context is British, but many of the issues and concerns are applicable to therapists in other societies. Chapter 1 describes the climate in which the discussion is set, a climate where counseling and psychotherapy are established as healing systems. Issues of race and power are ana4zed. The cultural backgrounds of the counselor and the client have important implications for the understanding they develop. Sensitivity, fostered by the counselor's training and theoretical background, is essential in order that the minority person finds in counseling the opportunity to express thoughts and acknowledge experiences. A conceptual model is presented to help the counselor understmnd a variety of culturally appropriate helping interventions. The text also offers transcripts from transcultural counseling sessions that may be used for training and discussion purposes. Very real challenges face the counselor in today's multiracial and multicultural world, and it is essential that counseling not become another oppressive or damaging instrument of society. (Contains 2 tables, 22 figures, and 227 references.) (SLD) * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. *A.********:.A*A:.:0%*.AA,%A********************************** 410 4 c1' , Pt PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL U S DEPARTMENT OR EDUCATION HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Ottic 04 EducabonI Rilmatco md Impeowtment AM 6-re zi EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION k j CENTER (ERIC) Thd 00cummrd has beri rsprodoced teccved from the petson or orgenuation floen UotUzis orionaung 0 Minor changes him:. Newt mod* to .motov nootoduction TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) thIsdocu- opo..zos tasted Pomtsot wow mnt do not hetetsanly *.hfossint Oficial OERI Dosdion of polity n") 2 Race, culture and counselling Race, Culture and Counselling Colin Lago in collaboration with Joyce Thompson Open University Press Philadelphia Buckingham 4 Open University Press Celtic Court 22 Ballmoor Buckingham MKI8 1XW and 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101 Bristol, PA 19007, USA First Published 1996 Copyright © Colin Lago and Joyce Thompson 1996 All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any .Form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited. Details of such licences (for reprographic reproduction) may be obtained from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, WI 119HE. A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 335 19294 7 (pb) 0 335 19295 5 (hb) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publkation Data Lago, Colin, 1944 Race, culture, and counselling / by Colin Lago in collaboration with Joyce Thompson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-335-19294-7 (pbk.), ISBN 0-335-19295-5 Cross-cultural counseling Great Britain. 2. Psychotherapy Great Britain. I. Thompson. Joyce, 1938 II. Title. . BF637.C6L33 1996 95-24920 CIP Typeset by Type Study, Scarborough Printed in Great Britain by Biddies Limited, Guildford and Kings l.ynn 5 In loving memory of Barry Troyna Contents xi Dedications xii List of tables and figures xiv Acknowledgements xv Foreword by Court land Lee xvii Introduction The climate, the context and the challenge 1 1 multiracial nature of society The climate: the multicultural and 1 today 3 A brief historical perspective 4 Disadvantage, discrimination and racism 5 Immigration 6 Unemployment and housing 6 The media 7 Other aspects 7 Summing up counselling and The context: the establishment of 8 today psychotherapy as healing systems in society 8 The development of counselling 9 Significant landmarks 12 Squaring the circle 1 4 The challenge 16 Issues of race and power 16 Introduction 17 the rise of racism The profound effects of history on and Towards a structural awareness: racism, pou,er 21 powerlessness (definitions and practices) counsellor/black client counselling The dynamics of the white partnership viii Race, culture and counselling 3 Towards understanding culture 28 Culture: a complex word 28 Culture: some further thoughts and working definitions 31 Responding to the inner or the outer? 32 Culture and the individual 33 Cultural understanding: the demands on the counsellor 34 4 Cultural barriers to comnvinication 38 Introduction 38 A training exercise 39 The work of Edward T. Hall 41 The work of Geert Hofstede 45 The iceberg conception of culture 51 Sumrning up 51 5 Communication, language and gestun: 53 Introduction 53 Language, thought and experience 54 Language, emotion and meaning 55 The limits of language 57 Language and power 58 Linguistic differences and translation 60 Paralinguistics 64 Non-verbal communication 65 'Syncing' T!' 66 6 Western theories of counselling and psychotherapy: intentions and limitations 68 Introduction 68 The historic and cultural origins of counselling and psychotherapy 69 Altered states of consciousness and hypnosis 7() Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis 71 Behaviourism and the development of cognitive-behavioural therapy 73 Humanistic psychology 74 An overview and critique emanating from the above models of therapy 77 Further frequent assumptions of cultural bias in counselling 79 Brief reflections on and of western therapists 82 7 Non-western approaches to helping 84 Introduction 84 Philosophic assumptions underlying world v,:.ws 86 ix Contents 87 An overvie,; of various treatment methods 88 Sufism 89 The iealing processes of the !Kung hunter-gatherers The therapeutic use of altered states of consciousness in 90 contemporary North American Indian dance ceremonials 93 Mediums in Brazil 94 Spiritual influences on healing among Afro-Caribbean groups 95 Chinese psychiatry 96 Summing up 99 Filmed cases: training aids to the therapeutic process 8 99 Introduction 'Issues of race and culture in counselling settings': a video 101 training programme 101 Interview .1: Josna and Terri 105 Interview 2: Belinda and Stan Interview 3: Stan and Julia 109 112 Interview 4: Rani and Josna 116 Appendix to Chapter 8 Addressing the context of the counselling organization 11 7 9 7 Introduction 11 118 Location of counselling agency 120 Publicity and oil) .r literature 120 Internal decor and style 122 People matters 124 Concluding thoughts Supervision and consultancy: supporting the needs of therapists 10 in multicultural and multiracial settings 125 125 Introduction 126 What is supervision? 128 The triangular supervisory relationship 130 The demands on supervisors, profcssionallv and educationally Training therapists to work with different client groups 13.3 11 133 Introduction 134 Students and trainees: selection and motivation 135 The training task: empowernwnt and enablement 117 Multicultural counselling comNtencies 138 BeliefS, attitudes and awareness 139 Knowledge 140 Skills 141 Skills for organizational and development work Race, culture and counselling Where, how and with what? 142 Summing up 143 Appendix to Chapter 11: a brief list of training resources 144 The challenge of research 12 146 Challenge and complexity 146 Hypotheses for research 148 Racial and ethnic identity development 151 Research, clinical effectiveness and training 153 Summing up 155 References 156 Index 166