ERIC ED391723: Indonesian "Adat" Customs as the Backbone of Effective Environmental Policies.

12 Pages·1995·0.49 MB·English

by  ERIC

DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 391 723
SO 025 802
AUTHOR
Matthews, Stephen F.
TITLE
Indonesian "Adat" Customs as the Backbone of
Effective Environmental Policies.
SPONS AGENCY
Center for International Education (ED), Washington,
DC.
PUB DATE
[95]
NOTE
13p.
PUB TYPE
Reports
Descriptive (141)
EDRS PRICE
MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.
DESCRIPTORS
Area Studies; *Cultural Influences; Culture;
*Environmental Standards; Foreign Countries; Global
Education; Higher Education; *Islamic Culture; Non
Western Civilization
JDENTIFIERS
*Adat; Environmental Protection; *Indonesia; Islam
ABSTRACT
"Adat" is a term in Indonesia that defines culture,
customs, and traditions to foreigners, but to the people of Indonesia
it means basically the rules of the village life. Villages are
predominant and overseen by chiefs. Adat's rules are the roots of
Islamic religion. Many of Indonesia's environmental policies stem
from the teachings of Adat. While the people live Adat's religious
philosophy, they naturally :bide by the rules in balancing their
environment and adhering to the government's policies. An important
factor for preserving the environment is involving village
communities at all local levels. A list of six related readings
concludes the paper. Five photo copies of articles associated with
Indonesia's environment are provided. (JAG)
**********************************************************************
Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made
*
from the original document.
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Indonesian "Adat" Customs
as the Backbone of Effective
Environmental Policies
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Office Or Covcationai Research and Improvement
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION
by
CENTER (ERIC)
<This document has been reproduced as
Stephen F. Matthews
received from the person or organization
originating it
Fulbright-Hays Seminars Abroad/Indonesia '94
0 Minor changes have been made to
improve reproduction quality
Professor of Agricultural & Environmental Law
Points of view or opinions stated in this
University of Missouri/U.S.A.
document do not necessarily represent
official OERI position or policy
Introduction
I joined sixteen other U.S. social science teachers during the month of July,
1994 in the country of Indonesia for a Fulbright-Hays Seminar Abroad
Program.
We listened to academics, governmental officials, and businesspersons explain
the
"Indonesian" way of life and doing things. We also could read The Indonesian
Times (English-language newspaper),
as well as interact (in English) with our
hosts and the variety of speakers.
We began our exposure to diverse Indonesia in Jakarta for
one week of
lectures, tours, and street-culture exposure. From there,
we spent a few days in
Bogor at the Agricultural Institute, with two overnights with
a host family. Mine
was with an economics professor's family (two daughters, spouse, cook,
one cat).
I began this trek to an unknown (r me) land hoping
to understand the
role of Islamic teachings on how the mostly-Muslim population
viewed their
natural resource environment and their practices of conservation and/or
exploitation.
As the month-long program opened
our eyes to Indonesia, my
focus shifted more to the interplay of traditional practices and national
policies to
regulate natural resources.
What is "Adat?"
"Adat" is the Indonesian word for indigenous
customs and traditions.
Some would say "adat" means culture.
In the context of village life, adat
are the
rules of village life. The village chiefs held the
power (not the king), women
were the owners of property, and men managed the property.
There are twelve adat chiefs in each village, each nominated
by a maternal
clan, and approved by the other eleven "clan families." Each
chief was highly
respected, and referred to as "dato." Anyone addressing
a "dato" with "you"
would be fined for the disrespect.
Clans allowed no intermarriage between clans (sukru).
"Horn-roofed"
houses had to be rebuilt exactly where its predeceasor stood.
Yet "adat" meant "culture," and tolerance for believers
of other rules.
There was no eagerness to forcefully
convert people to follow adat ways.
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2
First There Was Adat. Them Came Islam
There is a saying that "Adat existed before sky and earth came together."
This is interpreted as meaning adat was there before religion.
Yet adat is based
on religion, and religion is based on the book of Allah.
Is there a reconciling interpretation?
The village chiefs found one, saying
"Religion prescribes, Adat implements." This is interpreted
as meaning "You tell
us what to do, and we will carry it out in an adat way!"
"Trousers Are Not Polite Enough"
Another saying describes the interplay between adat and religion as "Adat
wears the sarong on top of trousers, while religion goes naked."
Our lecturer
interpreted this as meaning adat is civilized, while religion is tough.
Indonesian Government Employs Both Religion & Adat
For the sake of development, the Indonesian government relies
on both
adat and Islamic teachings. When the Dutch ruled Indonesia, they openly
encouraged adat more than Islam. Even today, many adat ceremonies
are not
really Islamic other than a few Islamic words and phrases.
An example of the different approaches of adat and Islam is the "death
penalty:" adat does not allow a death penalty, viewing exile
as the greatest
punishment; Islam allows the death penalty.
Adat Must Be Respected By Governmental Policies
There is a saying throughout Indonesia that reminds governmental officials
that their proclamations and rules can only
go so far at the village level:
"If you make a wall, don't make it too high;
If you dam a river, don't dam it completely,
but allow some water to pass to others."
An Example of Indonesian Environmental Policy Based Upon Adat
Indonesia is blessed with rich and abundant coastal and inshore
waters
where traditional fishing customs (adat) guide the harvesting and conserving
of
the shrimp and other marine resources. But industrial pollution and
commercial
fishing practices, along with coastal development,
are threatening the sustainable
shrimp/marine natural resources. Governmental policymakers
are explicitly
incorporating adat practices into the environmental rules in order
to keep these
resources from being severely diminished or even depleted.
For example, the Maluccas islands communities have long-standing
sophisticated methods of managing their coastal and marine
resources that achieve
sustainability.
Here is an illustration of proven traditional practices being the
"best management practices" to profitably benefit from the natural
resources.
When adat rules are employed as workable standards for environmental
policies, there is much less cause for emphasizing enforcement and compliance.
In essence, the villagers are in 100% compliance because these practices
are what
they would do anyway, since they are proven to lead to sustainable natural
resource use.
And violators are punished by the village chiefs, for breaking the
much-revered adat traditions.
Dire Warnings About Indonesia's Natural Resources
In the July 13,1994 Jakarta Post (page 2), the headline reads "Neglect in
Preserving Biodiversity Hurts Wealth."
Basically, the state minister of the
environment, Sarwono Kusumaatmadja, was saying that the Indonesian
government pays too much attention to productivity, and not enough to the
sustainability of nature's biodiviersity.
"We boasted that our fishery industry
grew wekk, that salt water fish
exports have increased 51%. At a glance the figure is impressive, but the
question is where the fish came from and how they
were caught. Bung Hatta
University in West Sumatra found out in
a recent study that 71% of the coral reef
in the province has been damaged. There is
no proper managemtn for sustaining
marine environmental functions."
He lamented that government officials had
so little awareness of the
importance of biodiversity, and that those who
were aware of the problems
seldom put their concerns into action. Too often project
managers knew how to
exploit but not how to manage in sustainable
ways.
Summit's Wisdom
Rio Earth
Listening to the
preserving biological
viewed as keys to
rights are
in
Indigenous people's
all countries
While almost
resources.
sustainable natural
diversity as well as
biodiversity
relating to
adequate legislation
region have
various laws on
the Asia-Pacific
scattered in
complicated and
conservation, it is very
Conflicts between
regulations.
and pollution
forestry, marine,
customs, have
laws, and local
environment,
and religious
provincial laws,
enforcement. Wildlife
national law, stay: or
is law
legal problem
The greatest
iitsion.
added to the con
everywhere everyday.
being broken
the need for
protection laws tire
Summit highlighted
the Earth
effective laws,
In order to nave
communities, local
be it local
key is "local,"
involvement. The
community
and the local economy.
indigenous groups,
people, and
aspirations of the
institutions,
demands and
listen to the
said it better,
Government must
couldn't have
around. Adat
the other way
accordingly. Not
act
Peace!
here in the present.
beginning of time or
whether in the
Reading
For Further
Management in the
Fisheries Resource
Nikijuluw, "Indigenous
Division o:
1) Victor P.H.
the Socio-Economic
Nikijuluw is with
(3 pp.) Dr.
Maluku Islands."
Indonesia. (attached)
Fisheries, Jakarta,
Institute for Marine
the Research
Rights in the
Territorial Use
Problems and the
Anwar, "Some
(42 pp.) Dr.
2) Affendi
in Indonesia."
Marine Resources
Coastal and
of Agricultu.
Management of
Bogor Institute
economy,
of natural resources
Anwar is professor
Bogor, Indonesia.
Post, July 13,
Wealth," Jakarta
Biodiversity Hurts
in Preserving
3) "Neglect
(attached)
1994, page 2.
of the Earth's
and Custodians
CommunitiesStakeholders
4) "Indigenous
2. (attached)
July 30,1994, page
Indonesia Times,
Biodiversity," The
Jul:
Indonesian Observer,
Deterioration,"
Undergoing Quality
5) "RI's Rivers
(attached)
1.
28, 1994, page
1994, page 1.
Post, July 30,
Forests," Jakarta
Damaging Rain
6) "Concessions
(attached)
Victor RH. Nikijulow
Indicrenous fisheries
resource management
in the Maluku Islands
rr he Indonesian government believes that its coastal fisheries are
presently being overexploited. and is striving to formulate
resource management approaches to cope with this problem. The
indigenous fisheries resource management of the Maluku Islands is
considered one of the best schemes. This article outlines this
management approach, the challenges it faces. and its future
prospects.
For this reason, the indigenous fisheries management
The main objective of fishenes resource management
practices are in the nature of a closed system. in
aimed at sustainable development is to optimize the
which people are largely unaware of the fisheries
current utilization of resources w ithout reducing the
resource management approaches being used outside
maximum benefit to future generations. To meet this
the village. However, it must be said that these
objective. various modern management approaches
indigenous approaches have proved successful in
have been implemented. The most common of these
maintaining the exploitation of resources at a
are closed season, restrictions on fishing gear. closed
sustainable level, promoting village growth. and
areas. the regulation of mesh size, a total bun on
guaranteeing equitable catch distribution among
certain equipment. licensing. and monetary measures
villagers. As a result, there is always enough fish to
such as fees and taxes iRettig. 1991: Copes. 1991:
meet the needs of everyone in the village.
Sardjono. 1980i.
Sasi
The abose management approaches are based on in-
The practice of sasi, as implemented in the Maltil-:u
depth studies of the existing biological. socio-
Islands. entails a closed season and a number of
political und economic conditions. They are formally
closed areas. At certain times villagers are not
enforced by local or national governments, and
allowed to fish in the watets bordering their village:
therefore both guidelines and sanctions are clearly
this is generally taken to mean the area which can be
laid down. Furthermore, all the schemes are
seen with the naked eye from land. The vasi. which
scientifically deseloped. implemented. monitored
usually lasts about two months, is enforced before
and updated.
festisals such as Christma.s Day. the New Year. and
investiture days for village leaders. This ensures that
In the Maluku Islands similar tishenes management
there will be plenty of fish available during the
measures have been employed for over a hundred
festivals.
years. Consisting of about 900 islands with more
than 1(U) coastal villages. the Maluku Islands make
Indigenous
In Haruku sillage. the scut is based on biological
up one of Indonesia's 27 pros inces. The two most
approaches to
considerations. Villagers have always known that a
common practices. sasi and prawnang. are based on
fisheries
certain estuary near their sillage is a spawning
indigenous environmental knowledge and awareness.
resource
ground for certain types of fish. The estuary is also a
For example. the people of the islands have a special
management
place where small fish hide from their predator..
type of fishing gear which they use in the buy. By
have been
They. in particular the ikon lompa Decapte ray p. i.
obsers ing changes in naturesuch as wind, waves
successful in
stay in the estuary during the day. go out to sea at
and temperaturethey can predict that oo the
maintaining the
night and return in the morning.
follow ing day there w ill be no fish in the bay. They
exploitation of
can then switch to equipment w hich is suitable for
resources at a
In Haruku s illage. the cosi is effective throughout the
fishing outside the bay. Both Sas, and pettrananc are
sustainable level,
whole year. except for one day. On that day. which is
linked to religious customs: for example. the pastor
thus promoting
determined by the village leaders on the basis of the
and other religious leaders take an active part in casi
village growth,
size of the fish. %Wagers are allowed to catch as
ceremonies. The islanders pass on their knowledge of
and guaranteeing
many fish as they want in the estuary. The village
these management measures from one generation to
equitable catch
leaders monitor fishing to see that everyone gets his
the next.
distribution.
share. and just before sunset they announce the
closure of fishing. This single day of fishing yields
Villagers are not interested in the government
enough to meet the needs of all the village
programmes for fisheries managementsuch as
households for seseral months. The fish are
licensesm m.hich they are expected to participate.
e
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processed in the traditional manner. hy drying or
system. and this task is considered part ot their sikial
smoking. The rest of the year. people survive on fish
obligations. The management of the system as a
taken from the sta.
whole is the responsibility of the formal leaders.
while decision-making and supervision are the
Petuanang
concern ot the informal leaders.'
Another tradnional approach to iishenes resource
management is pew/tone, which uoverns the nght
Each village on the Maluku Islands is a eollection iii
to fish in certain areas: it often cuter. hays. lagoons.
clans, and each clan has its own special task. In the
submerged atolls, and underwater reefs. As in the
enforcement of the sasi. tOr instance. WIC clan
case of wsr, the area IN considered to extend as far as
provides messengers rmarinvoi. who spread the news
permitting
one can %re from the land. As a nile. the
throughout the whole
illage. another tnnetions as an
may not be entered h people from other villages.
informal police force tiewarrei. while yet another is
However, if they are permitted entry. the gear they
responsible for the opening and closing rites of the
be
use must
of the same size and type as that
sasi.
Although everyone has her or his special task.
employed hy the local people. In addition, they are
control and surveillance are camed out hy all clans.
obliged to pay a monetary tee f ?Maces for a permit.
For instance, althoueh one particular clan functions
The ;tease is paid to tt!-i
illage leader. who uses it
kewmtg.
this does not mean that a member of
as
for village development. %Lich ZLN roads and schools.
another clan who discoters sotTle siolation is noi
responsible for Informing the sillaee leaders.
In the coastal villages of Maluku Islands. many
households engage in farming as well. These people
The system also goserns rewards and sanctions.
--known as subsistence tisherstish whenever they
Violators arc semenced h the t !nage leaders, and
can take time off from their farm activities. The
punishment may be anything from public shaming.
nguse
does not apply to them. but only to the
doing community work, denial of the right to fish, or
villagers who intend to sell their catch at the market.
a fine, to the most severe penalty: permanent
ttgase
On Sapurua Island. for instance, the
consists of
banishment from the village.
The government
ca. Itre of the catch which is given to village
is searching for
administrators, for the benefit of the village
Prospects and challenges
more precise and
development fund. In addition, people are obliged to
At present the government of Indonesia is giving
efficient
share their catch with the village leaders and with
more attention to the management of its fisheries
management
their neighbours: the rest of the catch can then be
resources, which have been so heavily exploited in
approaches.
marketed.
There are no exact rules governing how
some parts of the country (Bailey et ai. 1987:
much of the catch must be shared. This usually
Mattosubroto et al. 1989). This new interest is
depends on the size of the catch. but as a rule it
reflected in the government's sixth tive-year
consists of one day's consumption--two kilofor
development programme 11994-19981. in which the
each leader and each neighbour.
management of resources is one of the main
The indigenous
development objectives within the fisheries sector.
fisheries
The village leaders determine the kind of gear
resource
peruanang.
permitted in the
Blast fishing thorn
dam t
Amone the possible measures to achiete this
management of
and dynamite fishing are strictly prohibited as such
objective are formal management approaches. such
Maluku islands is
practices kill small fish and damage the structure of
as licensing, fishing belts, the regulation of mesh
considered one
the reef, and thus diminish fisheries resources. These
size, restrictions on fishing gear. and the abolition of
of the best
practices not only base a devastating effect on the
trawl fishery. The total bun on trawl fishery has been
approaches.
ecosystem. they also threaten the lives of fishermen.
realized (Sardjono. 1980). and represents a major
as the risk for mutilation is very high.
success in the field of fisheries resource management
in Indonesia. Thus far, the other formal management
ep until 1980. activity in the
peruanang
was
approaches hate proved ineffectite. The government
confined to hunting tinfish and collecting shellfish
of Indonesia is now searching for more precise and
(Andaman et al. 199h. As the trade in fisheries
efficient management approaches: it IN particularly
products developed. people were encouraged to catch
interested in the inshore waters, as these are more
as many fish as possible. leading to a depletion of
heavily exploited than the offshore waters.
resources. Shellfish and sedentary species such as
sea-cucumber and clams are now protected by
The indigenous tishenes resource management of
special pros isions. For instance, in
NalIoth
tillage on
Maluku Islands i considered one of the best
sass
Saparua Island. the
also cuters the trochus
approaches. Studies are presently being conducted--
(Trot:hut
/alone:Isl. and villager% hate been
for example. by the Research Institute for Marine
forbidden by their leaders to collect this shell inside
Fisheriesto gain a better understanding of this
pemmican
when the sasi is closed. Instead, they
the
management system. and to look into possibilities to
are encouraged to find young shells outside
the
apply similar systems in other parts of the country.
peruanang:
petuanang.
these can then be raised in the
and the shells harvested when the sasi is open.
Although the Maluku system is commonly siessed as
the best option. there are signs that it is gradually
Why the system works
dying out. For one thing. the migration of the
pentanang
sast
apparently work so well
and
'The
villagers is reducing the number of people who
because they are community-based and there is no
belong to the system. New clans come to lite in the
direct interference on the part of the gosernment. All
village who do not understand this inherited system
the villagers are responsible for maintaining the
Nor are the immigrants themseltes directly insolted
7
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it mu..t he kept in mind that there are about
in the system. as they are not name to the % illage. At
three million small-scale tishermen in Indonesia.
the same time, there is a tendency for young men in
They are now lacing serious problems of resource
the pnme of life to leave in search for a 'better' life.
management. and it Is important that due attention he
There are also signs that young people who have left
given to their indigenous systems.
to further their education have become accustomed
to modern ways and are reluctant to participate in
this indigenous resource management ...tem. (see
also Ulluwishewa 11943))
Dr.lr V.PH. Nikijuluv.
Socio-economic di. ision
Trade. together with government efforts to promote
Research Institute for Marine Fisheries
exports. has also had an impact. forcing % illages to
(BALIT1CAN1.1.7)
shorten the sasi period, to allow for more frequent
Muara Baru Ujung
fishing and harvesting. As a consequence. fisheries
Jakarta 1-1-444)
exploited. In
resources now appear to be heav
Indonesia
perimnane
some s illages. the rights to the
are rented
Tel: [phone]
out to on% ate entrepreneurs. which Means that the
Fax: [phone]
community has lost Its control over these resources.
Such decisions are generally taken by the formal
leaders. whom villager; are obliged to obey. The
References
formal leaders are the executives at village level. On
the one hand, they are of village origin and therefore
rmn inn
sesu
pledged to protect the system. while on the other
Andaman. R.. Suhagtvo anal S.H. Tal.rohu ii9v/11
;
ntlant.us in Nolksh village. Saparua island through VU3I sstenf .
hand, they are expected to implement development
Jamul Penelinttm Pertianntt Lauf t :VW I
programmes introduced by the central government.
Etatlal. C.. A. Dsoponggo and F. Marahudin i I4A71'Iniksnestan
In most cases they opt for the latter course.
marine capture tb.henes'. ICLINM Studer§ and :me.
'Fishenes Ntanagernem in Canada'. pp. 339-140 in
Copes. P.119ql
t Yamamoto and K. Short tests; htternannnul pervernte on
There is also competition from industrial fisheries.
fishrnes ntanueemenr. Proceedings of the mus-ttrt-r-Zenmoyen
Using advanced equipment. they often enter the
symposium on 'Fishenes management' held at tht National
Research Institute of Fishenes Sctence in Tokyo I Lipani.
petuanang and catch large quantities of fish within a
F4119'43) Expenences in :ommunity based management:
short time. The villagers tend to accept the situation.
Dheussoon guide'. Fut Fishenes Re-net 1t474r55.2-555.
as they are politically weak and unable to take
ICLALU I i4921 ICLUbes strategy for International research on l. inp
aglow MAURY management. Makati. Metro Mania: ta-asst.
countermeasures. tWahyono et aL 1993: Naamin and
Manosubemo. P. N. Naanun and 8.8. M:46.119591 Pafenev and
Badrudin. 1993).
&unbutton of munne fishenes resources in Indoneoan watery.
Jakarta: Directorat General of Fishenes.
Nanny& N. and M. Badrustint1991i 'The mle ot coastal sillage
In the light of all the above challenges, it is time for
commumnes and fishermen's organizations in the management of
the government to take action, if this system of
It is generally
enasul resources in tndonesia'. MU Fishenes Ripon 21471o.
indigenous resource management system is to be
agreed that
490-497
maintained. It is generally agreed that indigenous
Rettig. R.B. i i$(li Recent changes in fishenes management iii
indigenous
developed countnes.. pp. 359.395 in T. Yamamoto and K. Shon
knowledge. technology, and heritage cannot survive
knowledge,
iCsi Infenfanonal percpetitte on nthenef manaerment
in this changing environment unless the government
technology, and
4
Proceedings ot the iinic.itsEr.Zengroven sarnposium on 'Fisheries
has the political will to protect them.
management held at the National Research Institute tit Fishenes
heritage cannot
Science in 111)01, i Japan
survive in this
Sanhono. 1.1198411Traulers harmed hi Indonesia'. :colt, csi i/errer
A comprehensive study should be carried out to
changing
establish the similanties betv.een the systems
1:Iluwishesi.a. R..19431 Indigenous knoss ledge. national lk resource
environment
centres and sustainable development'. Indteennws Knoniedee and
employed in the vanous villages. On the basis of
unless the
Development ifnnuar
these similarities. it should be possible to devise a
government has
WaMono. L. K.C. Chong. Suwon anil R. Pahlasi i 1995i Traditional
broader scheme of indigenous fisheries resource
the political will
t:ommumty based lishenes management practices in Indonesia'.
Fishenes Repot 114741:243.63.
management.. one that will enable villagers engaged
to protect them.
in small-scale fishery to move freely from one
petuattang to another, while at the same time
discouraging encroachment by industrial fishermen.
Endnotes
The possibility of combining this indigenous
i sIgnIllo..011
In the sillages there are three sind 1,1 leaders nho
resource management system with so-called modern
tole in the decision making process The formal leaders are the head
of the sillage and his shin: the iniormal authonties Jre die traditional
management approaches should be carefully
leaders Mid rengtous leaders.
examined iF.Ao. 1993: ictALsi. 1992i. It may prose
hich is
possible to find some intermediate form
more appropriate to today's changing ens ironment.4
Perhaps the inter-clan relationships on which the
indigenous system is based can be replaced by a
scheme similar to these found in rural organizations
such as cooperatives.
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Neglect in preserving
biodiversity hurts wealth
'1-/13 /47y Pit
Poi;+
JAKARTA (JP): Indonesia
Sarwono cited an example.
Even locar people, who for
is losing much of its natural
"At a glance (the figure) is
generations have lived near
wealth because the govern-
impressive but the question
the mangroves, could not
ment has paid more attention
is where the fish came from
name more than two or three
tirproductivity than to the
and how they were caught."
species of the trees, Sarwono
nattnt's
suatainability " of
He said Bung Hatta Univer-
said. They are interested only
iifirdiversity,
State
. .says.
sity in West Sumatra. found
in using them as fire wood..
Minister of Environment Sar-
out in a recent study that 71
Sarwono calls on all parties
wono Kusurnaatmadja.
percent of the coral reef in the
to think of the fixture and not
'"Monocultural
activities,
province has been damaged.
be satisfied with the current
which conceal various inhe-
Of its western islands, only
success, which may prove to
rent problems, are at present
be only temporary.
one has been spared from the
regarded as the key to the
damage and that is because
He urged economists to pay
successes of our develop-
there is no landing site there.
more attention to the preser-
ment," Sarwono said yester-
of the
"There is no proper man-
vation
natural
re-
. day in a seminar on biodiver-
agement
for
sustaining
sources. As an example of the
sity held by the National Con-
lack of foresight. Sarwono
marine environmental fimc-
sortium for Nature and For-
dons." he said.
sited several pulp and paper
est Conservation in Indonesia
There has also been consid-
factories who used bamboo
(IConphalindo).
erable damage of the ocean
as raw material and used up
That
attitude,
he
by bombing.
said,
environment
bamboo reserves in only a
makes the difficult struggle
poisoning, waste dumping,
few years. This was because
to
protect
Indonesia's
and sand excavation, he said,
they knew how to exploit but
which some
biodiversity
but there are no quantifiable
not how to manage sustain-
would like
call
mega-
reports, only laments.
to .
able way, he said.
biodiversity
even harder.
Citing other examples the
The seminar was held to
The minister said there was
minister said that, of tir orig-
launch Indonesian
transla-
gwisr.little awareness of the
13 million hettares of
inal
tions of two new books: In-
of biodiversity
i-iortance
mangroves in the country, all
donesian Country Study on
among government officials
that's left is a mere two mil-
Biological
Diversity
and, thus, little effort to pro-
lion hectares.
(Keanekaragaman Hayati di
'Crii:t it. Moreover, those who
Sarwono said that only in
Indonesia), a report prepared
are aware of the problems
recent years have policy mak-
by Indonesia with the help of
,
sikrom put their concerns
to realize that
ers
started
Norwegian government for I
Edo action.
mangroves are
rich
the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio
zones.
Taking concrete action is
For years mangrove forests
de Janeiro. Brazil, and The
difficult, he said, because it is
were cut down to make way
Earth Summit's Agenda for
at odds with those in the
for
monocultural
develop-
Change (Bumi Lestari Menu-
mainstream who still think
ment of paddy and shrimp
ju Abad 21) by Michael Keat-
they can succeed without
fams.
ing, a popular version of the
1
paying attention to biodiver-
There is an island resort in
Agenda 21, the blueprint on
sity and only to productivity.
Islands where the
Seribu
how to manage a socially.
that
boasted
our
"We
management cut down all the
economically, and environ-
... . . .
fishery industry grew well.
mangrove trees so that tour-
mentally
sustainable
de-
that salt water fish exports
ists could have a place to
velopment as adopted by the
have increased 51 percent."
wim, he said.
Earth Summit. (smb)
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