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DOCUMENT RESUME SO 024 893 ED 381 472 Botsch, Carol Sears; And Others AUTHOR African-Americans and the Palmetto State. TITLE South Carolina State Dept. of Education, Columbia. INSTITUTION 94 PUB DATE 246p. NOTE Non-Classroom Use (055) Guides PUB TYPE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. EDRS PRICE Area Studies; *Black Culture; *Black History; Blacks; DESCRIPTORS *Mack Studies; Cultural Context; Ethnic Studies; Grade 8; Junior High Schools; Local History; Resource Materials; Social Environment' *Social History; Social Studies; State Curriculum Guides; State Government; *State History *African Americans; South Carolina IDENTIFIERS ABSTRACT This book is part of a series of materials and aids for instruction in black history produced by the State Department of Education in compliance with the Education Improvement Act of 1984. It is designed for use by eighth grade teachers of South Carolina history as a supplement to aid in the instruction of cultural, political, and economic contributions of African-Americans to South Carolina History. Teachers and students studying the history of the state are provided information about a part of the citizenry that has been excluded historically. The book can also be used as a resource for Social Studies, English and Elementary Education. The volume's (2) "The Creation of Early South (1) "Passage"; contents include: (4) "Free Carolina"; (3) "Resistance to Enslavement"; (5) "Early African-Americans in Early South Carolina"; (7) "Reconstruction"; (6) "The Civil War"; African-American Arts"; (9) "Religion"; (10) "Literature"; (8) "Life After Reconstruction"; (12) "Visual Arts and (11) "Music, Dance and the Performing Arts"; (14) "Civil Rights"; (13) "Military Service"; (15) Crafts"; "African-Americans and South Carolina Today"; and (16) "Conclusion: What is South Carolina?" Appendices contain lists of African-American state senators and congressmen. An index is included. Contains 371 references. (EH) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document, * *******************ua************************************************** ear. eiltio, S '1 U DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Off oce ot EcluCalKonsl ftetearch awl ImpAOrrnen1 EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER tERICI *his document has been reproduced as rocented from the person or Organaah0n Ongnhlitong it Minor changes have been made to improve tprOduction Quality Points of sew or oponsons stated In th6110Cu went 60 not INCOSSnly represent officup OE RI position or policy "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS S BEEN GRANTED BY MA ERIAL .41111111110, - 4 N. Acrempww TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERICI rosrss4 I -4111T, n.' *Rs s erh t us, b._ 1 African-Americans and the Palmetto State Special thanks to Southern Bell for giving the South Carolina State Department of Education permission to use artwork from the South Carolina African-American History Calendar on the cover of this book. All portraits were created by Southern Bell Graphic Artist Jeffery R. Strange. 4 African-Americans and the Palmetto State Authors: Dr. Carol Sears Botsch Public Administration Consultants Dr. Robert E. Botsch Professor of Political Science University of South CarolinaAiken Dr. James 0. Farmer Professor of History University of South CarolinaAiken Dr. W. Calvin Smith Professor of History University of South CarolinaAiken the The Project was developed under the auspice of State Department of Education Dr. Barbara S. Nielsen, Superintendent State Department of Education Assistant Dr. Luther W. Seabrook, Senior Executive Curriculum and Instruction Division Dr. William Chaiken Director, Technical Assistance Edna Crews Director, Office of Education Design Willie L. Harriford Jr. Education Associate, African-American History Margaret Walden Education Associate, Social Studies (0 Copyright 1994 by South Carolina State Department of Education. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Manufactured in the United States of America. Soul!: Carolina Stale Department of Education Columbia SC 29219 Acknowledgements guide us in our Many people gave generously of their time and expertise to artwork with us. preparation of this book. Many others shared pictures and only allows us to We would like to thank all of those who helped. Space thank Dr. acknowledge a few individually. We would particularly like to Harriet Green of the Constance Shulz of the University of South Carolina, the University of South Carolina Arts Commission, Dr. Howard Woody of the Columbia South Carolina, Lynn Nelson-Mason and Kevin Tucker of Library, Museum of Art, Dr. Thomas Johnson of the South Caroliniana Parks, Recreation and Rowena Nylund of the South Carolina Department of CarolinaAiken, and Tourism, Dr. Girma Negash of the University of South would also like to thank Rosie Berry of Schofield Middle School in Aiken. We student who just David Botsch for giving us insights from his perspective as a contributed enthu- finished middle school. All of these people and may more siastically. the Legislative Black The State Department of Education would like to thank revising, and Caucus for their help and support in the creation, reviewing, have occurred publication of this book. Publication of this book could not also like to thank the without their generous support. The department would individuals that contributed to the publication numerous organizations and their comments and of this book by reviewing the draft copy and returning suggestions for changes and additions. February 15,1994 To the Students, Teachers and Administrators of the Schools of South Carolina: I am pleased to send you a copy of the book, African-Americans and the Palmetto State. This book is the product of the research and writing of several South Carolina historians and political scientists, and a critical review of their work by numerous members of the South Carolina Community. The cover design uses persons from the African-American History Calendars produced by Southern Bell. This book is part of a series of materials and aids for instruction in Black History produced by the State Department of Education in compliance with the Education Improvement Act of 1984. It is designed for use by eighth grade teachers of South Carolina History as a supplement to aid in the instruction of cultural; politica4 and economic contributions of African-Americans to South Carolina History. It will aid teachers and students studying the history of our state by providing information about a part of our citizenry that in the past had been excluded. The use of this book is not limited just to eighth grade teachers of South Carolina History, but can be utilized as a resource by all teachers of Social Studies, English, and Elementary Education. This book will give children a better understanding of the history and culture of South Carolina's African-American citizens, and this understanding will create a better educational environment for all children. Sincerely, Barbara Stock Nielsen, Ed. State Superintendent of Edu ation VVV Contents Preface To the Teacher To the Students 1 1. Passage 1 A Day in the Life of Baroka 2 African Roots 5 Cultural Transmissions 10 Passage to South Carolina 13 Carolina 2. The Creation of Early South 13 The Rice Culture 15 Gullah 16 The First Cowboys 18 Jockeys 18 Skills and Crafts 21 The Value of Enslaved Labor 22 Material and Cultural Heritage 23 3. Resistance to Enslavement 23 Conditions 24 Enduring Enslavement 24 Resisting Enslavement 24 Different Forms of Resistance 27 The Stono Rebellion 28 Revolution Resistance in the Era of the American 29 Resists -ice in the 1800s 30 Escape to the North 30 The Abolitionist Movement 31 Ways to Survive Daily Life 32 When All Africans Could Fly 33 Early South Carolina 4. Free African-Americans in How They Became Free 35 Tom Molyneux: Boxing to Freedom vii Restrictions on Freedom 35 Ways of Making a Living 37 Organizations 40 Future Leaders 42 5. Early African-American Arts 43 Literature 43 Music 43 Musical Instruments 46 Handicrafts 47 Food and Its Preparation 52 Architecture 55 Survival of Cultural Traditions 57 6. The Civil War 59 Learning About the War 59 Work Slowdowns and Stoppages 60 Fleeing Enslavement 61 Providing Information to Union Troops 62 Fighting For the Union 62 Robert Smalls 64 Susie King Taylor 65 African-Americans in the Confederacy 66 Revenge 67 Looking Toward Rebuilding 67 7. Reconstruction 69 The 1868 Constitution 69 Leaders 71 Policies of the Reconstructionist State Government 73 Public Education 73 Higher Education 74 Land Distribution 76 Life on the LandEnduring Against the Odds 76 The Penn Center and St. Helena Island 76 Promised Land 78 Rebuilding Families 79 The 1876 Election 81 Losing Political Rights 82 The Convention of 1895Six Lonely Voices 82 Reconsidering History 83 8. Life After Reconstruction 85 Coping with Discrimination 85 Educational Self-Help 86 Viii AFRICAN - AMERICANS AND THE PALMETTO STATE 10