ERIC ED369536: Violence and Hate in the Family and Neighborhood: New Perspectives, Policy and Programs.

422 Pages·1992·14.9 MB·English

by  ERIC

DOCUMENT RESUME
PS 022 288
ED 369 536
AUTHOR Johnston, Janet R., Ed.
Violence and Hate in the Family and Neighborhood: New
TITLE
Perspectives, Policy and Programs.
Center for the Family in Transition, Corte Madera
INSTITUTION
CA.
Zellerbach Family Fund, San Francisco, Calif.
SPONS AGENCY
PUB DATE
92
NOTE
422p.
Collected Works
General (020)
PUB TYPE
MF01/PC17 Plus Postage.
EDRS PRICE
Battered Women; Child Abuse; Cohabitation; *Family
DESCRIPTORS
(Sociological Unit); *Family Violence; Marital
Instability; *Neighborhoods; Rape; Sexual Abuse;
Victims of Crime; *Violence
Date Rape; Dating Violence; Gangs; Hate Crime;
IDENTIFIERS
Intergenerational Transmission; Marital Rape
ABSTRACT
There is accumulating research in diverse areas about
the social conditions that are likely to promote violent
environments, and the effects of these environments upon the
development of children and youth. This series of papers on violence
and hate traces abusive relationships through childhood and into
adulthood, suggesting how these relationships might be linked and
highlighting the intergenerational legacy of violence. Each paper
deals with definitional issues, incidence rates and the problems of
collecting valid estimates, research findings about associated
factors and effects on victims, and current theories that explain
each type of violence. Also discussed are overall approaches to
intervention and specific programs that can be implemented. The seven
(1) "Violence and Hate in the Family and Neighborhood: An
papers are:
(2) "The Physical and Sexual
Overview" (Kristan Glasgow and others);
(3) "Gangs and Their
Abuse of Children" (Jeanne Barr and others);
Violence" (Diana Chuang and others); (4) "Toward an Understanding of
(5) "Intimacy and Sexual
Hate Crimes" (Cory Booker and others);
(6) "Intimacy
Violence: Date Rape and Marital Rape" (Howard Chow);
and Violence: Abuse in Marriage, Dating, and Cohabitation" (Linh
Cao); and (7) "The Intergenerational Legacy of Family Violence: A
Critical Review and Reformulation." References are included with
chapters 2-7. (TJQ)
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DRAFT:
OOMMENTS WELCOME
VIOLENCE AND HATE IN IE FAMILY AND NEIGHBORHOOD:
NEW PERSPECTIVES, POLICY, AND PROGRAMS
Edited by
Janet R. JOhnston, Ph.D.
Copyright 0 1992
Center for the Family in Transition
5725 Paradise Drive, Bldg. B, Suite 300
Corte Madera, CA 94925
[phone]
Violence and Hate in the Family and Neighborhood:
New Perspectives, Policy, and Programs
Edited by Janet R. Johnston, Ph.D.
Table of Contents
Preface
An Overview
Violence and Hate in the Family and Neighborhood:
Clapter 1
Fristan Glasgow
:Kristin Hansen
Janet R. Johnston
The Physical and Sexual Abuse of Children
Chapter 2
Jeanne Barr
Kristan Glasgow
Kristin Hansen
Gangs and Their Violence
Chapter 3
Diana Chuang
Jorge Elizondo
Lawrence Hernandez
Erinn Lopez
Toward an Uhderstanding of Hate Crimes
Chapter 4
Cory A. Booker
John F. Damrose
Jim J. Hinckley
Date Rape and Marital Rape
Chapter 5
Intimacy and Sexual Violence:
Howard Chow
Fasi Allen Fuller
Rebekah Saul
Susan Slater
Abuse in Marriage, Dating, and
Chapter 6
Intimacy and Violence:
Cohabiting
Linh Cao
Julie FWon
Prudence Lam
A Critical
The Intergenerational Legacy of Family Violence:
Chapter 7
Review ard Reformulation
Janet R. Johnston
Preface
This work was inspired by a provocative invitation from
Ed Nathan,
Executive Director of the Zellerbach Family Fund.
For more than a decade, we
had received support from this foundation to develop clinical
programs for
high-conflict and violent divorcing families.
Now, Ed challenged us to think
beyond the confines of psychological interventions with individuals
and
families, and to look at "the big picture"
-- to try to understand modern
families in the context of other social institutions and
the community at
large.
He pointed out the growing concern with violence and hate in
our
society and wondered how its various manifestations
were related.
Was it
possible to take a larger perspective and develop
same guiding principles for
social policy and programs?
There is accumulating researdh in diverse areas (sociological,
psydhological, political, and economic) About what social conditions
are likely
to promote violent environments and their effects
upon the development of
Children and youths.
At the Department of Sociology, Stanford University,
Where I lead seminars that are a part of a N1MH training grant, 18 especially
selected, advanced undergraduate, masters, and doctoral students joined
me in
the guest to collect the fragments of the puzzle and try to
put together an
overall picture.
The students' diverse backgrounds in sociology, psydhology, political
science, education, and journalism matdhed their ethnic diversity:
African-
American, Vietnamese, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Hispanic, Filipino,
and
European-American.
Most ppoke at least two languages.
Altogether, they were a
spirited, serious-minded group of young men and
women, inspired by their own
personal experiences or their concern for others, and extremely
eager to
contribute in a meardngfUl way.
The catastrophic Los Angeles riots erupted
While we were in the midst of this project, whidh added
greatly to our sense of
urgency.
Among the Stanford community, as elseWhere, tremendous
concerns were
being raised about inner-city proiblems, race relations, disrupted
families, and
related violence.
The topic of violence and hate was divided into five parts, which
form
five chapters:
child abuse and sexual molestation; gang violence; hate crimes;
date and marital rape; and violence in dating, cohabiting, and marital
relationships.
They trace abusive relationships through childhood and into
adulthood, suggesting haw these might be linked and highlighting the
intergenerational legacy of violence (a sixth chapter).
Each paper deals with
definitional issues, incidence rates and the problems of collecting valid
estimates, research findings about associated factors and effects
on victims,
and current theories which explain each type of violence.
Each paper also
tries to address overall approaches to intervention and suggests specific
programs that can be implemented.
We recognize, however, that there is a great
deal more to be done in this regard.
The overall goal of this series of papers, collectively entitled Violence
and Hate in the Family and Neighborhood:
New Perspectives, Policy, and
Programs, was to form a social science basis for a position paper (the opening
chapter of this volume), which could be of use to social policy paanners,
lawmakers, mental health professionals, funding agencies, and the concerned
community.
Funding for the project was provided by a grant from the Zellerbach Family
In addition, the NIMH training grant entitled "Social Processes and
Fund.
Pathological Outcomes," awarded to the Department of Sociology at Stanford
University, provided the seminar forum in which these papers were developed.
We are heavily inddbted to the editorial assistance of Barbara Lehman in
preparing the final draft of this volume.
Janet R. Johnston, Ph.D.
Center for the Family in Transition, Corte Madera, and
Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
September, 1992
LEAFT VERSION ONLY:
chapter 1
VIOLENCE AND HATE IN THE FAMILY AND NEIGHBORHOOD:
AN OVERVIEW
Yristan Glasgow
Kristin Hansen
Janet R. Johnston, Ph.D.
7
The Prablem
The proliferation of failed personal relationships in our modern society
is causing a relentless flood of hate and violence which threatens to tear
Domestic violence is epidemic and includes
apart our families and communities.
Neighborhood
Child Abuse, spousal Abuse, incest, marital and date rape.
violence ranges from intimidation and physical force among young Children at
sdhool and at play to gang violence and randam spontaneous crimes among
At the societal level, hate crimes
disaffected adolescents and young adults.
are proliferating against those who are "outsiders" in terms of race,
ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation.
Although there has been increased attention given to these problems in
There is
recent years, our efforts to find solutions have remained fragmented.
a pressing need to draw together the findings of social scientists and the
experience of clinical practitioners, in order to fully understand the
fundamental social and psydhological processes that result in what is now
generally acknowledged to be an intolerable level of violence in American
We must develop an overardhing social policy to guide the development
society.
of programs and institutional practices aimed at the prevention and remediation
TO do this we must pinpoint the activating f6rces
of these pressing concerns.
and conditions that provoke and maintain interpersonal hatred and violence.
Incidence
It is estimated that at least one and a half million women are battered by
Between ten and fourteen percent of married
their domestic partners eadh year.
Almcst one in
wcmen adknawledge being sexually assaulted by their husbands.
five thildren (inore than four million) in the United States eadh year are
Overview
Page 2
exposed to the sight of their parents physically attacking
and injuring eadh
other.
Approximately one half of these Children will themselves
be physically
abused by the very people responsible for their
care.
One in six preteen
girls, and one in fifteen preteen boys
are sexually molested by family members
or friends.
One out of every five wcmen experience date rape,
or an attempted
rape, by the age of eighteen.
Cities sudh as Oakland, Los Angeles, Miami, and Chicago
have reported
alarming increases in gang-related violent felonies and homicides.
Over 90% of
the victims of gang violence are young African Americans and
Latinos, and
almost all are male.
Ten to twenty percent of these homicides
are witnessed by
neighborhood Children, most of Whom will have had
a first-hand experience with
a Shooting by the age of five.
An average of twenty percent of our nation's
youth, between th l. ages of twelve and nineteen, report
the presence of gang
activity in their sdhools.
Reports of violent hate crimes committed against
ethnic minorities, women, religious
groups, and homosexuals increase daily as
these crimes beccme more widely recognized and acknowledged.
Even these startling rates of violence are generally considered
to
underestimate the actual levels of hate and violence taking
place in our
communities.
The fact that muCh violence is perpetrated within everyday
contexts (homes, sChools, and neighborhood streets) often disguises
its
criminality and contributes to its underreporting.
When committed by family
members or acquaintances, incidents of physical, emotional, and
sexual abuse
are commonly discounted or mistakenly rationalized as somehow legitimate.
When
victims are repeatedly Abused, their feelings of fear,
helplessness, and
confusion reduce the likelihood that they will seek protection
and justice.
VEST CM MAINIE
5
Overview
Page 3
Most abusive acts take place in hidden settingsbehind closed doors or in
the Shadows of late night streets,Where they remain Shielded from pUblic
scrutiny and intervention.
Increasingly, however, in poor urban areas, blatant
acts of violence (drive-by Shootings and hate crimes) occur in broad daylight,
before witnesses Who are too afraid to intervene or report these crimes.
Family Disruption and Violence
The extent of violence and abuse that is perpetrated within families and
neighborhoods is multidetermined by a series of converging influences.
Unprecedented levels of family disruption have occurred within the past several
decades.
Our communities and social institutions have failed to adapt to the
dhanging needs of modern families.
Widespread sociocultural attitudes
legitimize and promote indifference towards the exercise of physical force,
exploitation, and abuse against those who are most vulnerable and powerless--
women, children, and cultural minorities.
Family life has been fundamentally and permanently transformed by growing
rates of immigration, urbanization, industrialization, and technological
advances.
Families today contend with constrained economic opportunities and
resources that often require both parents to work.
Many youngsters are "latdh
key" dhildren and, on the average, working parents spend just ten minutes of
uninterrupted, quality tine with their dhildren eadh day.
Newly immigrated
families find themselves isolated from extended kin, social supports, and their
cultural heritage.
Divorce rates in the United States lead the world in an alarming upward
trend, having doubled between 1960 and 1980 and remaining at this elevated
rate.
Currently, one half of all marriages in this nation are expected to
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