ERIC ED331689: Hunting and Outdoor Education.

7 Pages·1991·0.54 MB·English

by  ERIC

DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 331 689
RC 018 157
Matthews, Bruce E.
AUTHOR
TITLE Hunting and Outdoor Ziucation.
INSTITUTION
Coalition for Education in the Outdoors, Cortland,
NY.
PUB DATE
91
NOTE
7p.
PUB TYPE
Journal Articles (080)
Coalition for Education in the Outdoors (CEO)
JOURNAL CIT
Newsletter; p1-3,18-20 Win/Spr 1991
MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS.
EDRS PRICE
DESCRIPTORS Classification; Conservation Education;
*Controversial Issues (Course Content); Elementary
Secondary Education; Environmental Education;
*Ethics; Moral Issues; *Outdoor Activities; *Outdoor
Education; *Wildlife
*Hunting
IDENTIFIERS
ABSTRACT
This article addresses the controversy over including
hunting as a part of outdoor education. Historically, figures such as
Julian Smith, of the Outdoor Education Project of the 1950's,
advocated hunting as a critical element of educating children and
youth about care and protection of natural resources. Henry David
Thoreau saw hunting experiences as a means of becoming acquainted
with nature. As with any human activity, hunting is engaged in by
individuals with varying degrees of interest, competence, and
responsibility. Because there are between 16 and 18 million licensed
hunters in the United States, there is an implied obligation for
outdoor educators to work toward educating hunters to live up to the
highest standards of ethical behavior. Animal rights activists and
anti-hunting groups have disseminated teaching materials to schools
which emphasize simplistic and moralistic approaches in dealing with
complex ecological, biological, social, and economic issues. Research
has found a definite relationship between hunting and rural tradition
and identified three types of hunters based on motivations for
hunting and attitudes toward wildlife: meat hunters, sports hunters,
and nature hunters. Nature hunters primarily hunt to be outdoors in
the natural environment, and have a strong concern about and
affection for the environment. All types of hunters scored higher
than those who oppose hunting in factual understanding of animals.
Decker found that hunters mature in their goal orientation from
achievement and affiliative toward appreciative orientations. This
paper contains 32 references. (KS)
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Reproductions s4plied by EDRS are the best that can be made
from the original document.
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Winter/Spring 1991
dedicated to communication for the enhancement of education in the outdoors.
.
. .
Hunting and Outdoor Education
By Bruce E. Matthews
"There can be no doubt that the
ed. note: The Coalition has a
Environmental
practice of hunting has
record of publishing controversial
Values Education
recently engendered
viewpoints, and believes that
encouraging the free achange of
much bitter debate."
views on issues relevant to
Spotlight:
outdoor and environmental
Lake Superior
educators is healthy for our field.
Center
The Coalition, as an organisation,
resource information in it with
takes no position on these issues.
done little to focus attention
The views expressed in this article
relevance to hunter safety and
where it could do the most
Resources
are solely those of the author.
good the enhancement,
hunter educators: "I am
Readers are encouraged to share
disgusted to see your
protection and preservation of
News
their feelings on this and other
organization supporting and
wildlife habitat. Voices calling
issues by writing to the Coalition.
condoning such horrific
for finding this common
practices as 'trophy' and 'big
pound are few. The debate
Reviews
game' hunting. There is no
has all the earmarks of
place for activities such as this
irreversibly polarizing those
Conference
(sic) i- education
You can,
who would advocate most for
Does hunting have a role in
Calendar
in no way, consider yourselves
the natural world.
outdoor education? Is
'educators.' It is obscene that
With the popularizing of
education for the consumptive
you encourage and support the
environmental education and
recreational uses of wildlife
Professional
destruction of our natural
the associated blurting of the
(hunting, fishing, trapping)
Opportunities
world and wildlife in a
lines between environmental
justifiable from a practical,
newsletter erroneously referred
education and environmental
ethical or philosophical
CEO & Affiliate
to as 'environmentar."
advocacy (Matthews 1990),
standpoint? Should the
News
Ouch! And the Coalition
hunting's place in outdoor
teaching of how to be good
thought it was providing an
education has become
environmental stewards
unbiased forum whereby
controversial, to put it mildly.
include a rational consideration
outdoor educators could
How should the issue of
of hunting?
network, sharing resources and
hunting be addressed, if indeed
There can be no doubt that
Naisito-tk
airing views! The Coalition
it should be considered at all?
the practice of hunting has
row-
for Education in the Outdoors
The following letter was
recently engendered much
takes no advocacy position on
received at the Coalition
bitter debate. Few
Bruce E. Matthews
these or any other issues
headquarters not long ago. The
controversies are as values-
editor
beyond supporting outdoor
writer, who signed herself "In
laden and divisive for those
education as a relevant and
Outrage" as an "outdoor
who love the outdoors. The
effective method of learning
education program specialist,"
acerbic comment and vitriolic
Howard C. Watts
and teaching. But the fact that
was apparently reacting to a
exchange on this issue has sent
assistant editor
recent issue of the Coalition
a brief paragraph announcing
emotions to stratospheric
for Education in the Outdoors
heights among hunters and
Tammy V anAllen
Newsletter that contained
opponents alike. But it has
see page 2
-- editorial asst.
BEST COPY AVAILABLE
Hunting
remembering that it was one of
the availability of a video on
embryo man passes through
the necessary balance in all
activities. It is important to
how to plan a hunting trip
the hunter stage of
the best parts of my education
development" Thoreau's own
could trigger such a hate-filled,
interest people in a wide
make them hunters, though
variety of activities that will
ambivalence, however, is
sportsmen only at first.... Such
hyperbolic response on the part
of at least one reader is
apparent as he argues with
is oftenest the young man's much care and protection of
indicative of the problem. himself on this and related
introduction to the forest, and
natural resources and bring
the most original part of
issues. (Thoreau 1854, pp.
h is not the purpose of this
man and his physical
212-222) Interestingly,
himself " Henry David
environment into harmony. "
article to attempt to resolve the
Thoreau's observation that a (Smith et al 1972, pp. 146-147)
Thoreau, a name not
debate between hunters and
progression/transition exists Julian Smith summarizes by
unfamiliar to most outdoor and
those who oppose them. I do
asking rhetorically, "Who,
with hunting is supported by
intend, as an individual
environmental educators,
research evidence from other than the outdoorsman
continues on hunting:
outdoor educator and ell
modem social scientists, which
who loves the outdoor?. finds
"Perhaps I have owed to
representing the Coalition, to
recreation and adventure in it,
(fishing) and to bunting, when
will be discussed latex.
suggest that outdoor educators
and thus has a stake in the
might want to take a second
natural resources that have
look at hunting and other
bettered his life, will fight to
consumptive uses of wildlife
restore our outdoor heritage?"
from an educational
when some of my friends have asked
(Smith et al 1972, p. 169)
perspective. There are a
.
.
One can certainly cite
number of values which are
me anxiously about their boys, whether
more recent evidence of
not being considered by those
they should let them hunt, I have
unilateral envimnmental
who issue blanket
."
support coming from all
answered, yes
condemnations. Hunting, in
. .
segments of the public, and not
the best sense of the activity.
H.D. Thoreau
just Smith's outdoorsperson.
may offer a number of
This in no way, however,
possibilities to outdoor
IMMEM
dilutes the impressive track
educators willing to consider
record of sportsmen and
all its values with an open
women in supporting
Dr. Julian Smith, who
quite young, my closest
mi: 4. And outdoor educators
with LB. Sharp are recognized
acquaintance with Nature. conservation
can play a eiucial role in
Initiatives both with political
as two of the most Influential
They early introduce us to and
developing hunters, in the
clout and with their wallets
figures in the development of
detain us in scenery with
highest and most ethical sense
a record that has continued
outdoor education, saw
which otherwise, at that age,
of the word, with those
for more than 50 years.
hunting and the shooting sports
we should have little
individuals inclined to
I referred earlier to the
as a critical element of
acquaintance. Fishermen,
PaniciPate.
'highest and most ethical
educating for the outdoors.
hunters, woodchoppers, and
Hunting has been a part of
sense" of the meaning of
(Carlson in Hammerman 1980)
others, spending their lives in
education since well before
"Shooting and hunting, casting
hunting and being a hunter.
the fields and woods, in a
anyone ever thought to call it
and angling....in addition to
Perhaps Barry Lopez'
peculiar sense a part of Nature
outdoor education. Julian
consideration of what it means
their potential for adventure,
themselves, are often in a more
Smith's Outdoor Education
to hunt will clarify this.
fun, and relaxation, are related
favorable mood for observing
Project in the 1950's, with its
Lopez, author of the highly
her.... She is not afraid to
to natural resources and are
emphasis on shooting sports
important for a bener
acclaimed Of Wolves and Men
exhibit herself to them."
and hunter safety, was only
and Arctic Dreams, has studied
understanding and use of the
(Thoreau 1854, pp.210-213)
popularizing what had always
and lived extensively with
outdoors. They are wholesome
To be fair to the context
been part of a young man's and
hunting cultures in northern
and desirable activities for
from which these passages
often a young woman's
North America, and views
children, youth and adults.
were taken it must be stated
education, at least until
of
hunting as "
. a state
....There are also those who
that Thoreau, ever the
.
families began to leave the
.
mind. All of one's faculties
decry sport that involves the
existentialist, sees mankind
land and lose contact with rural
killing of game or fish and
are brought to bear in an effort
passing beyond hunting. "He
tradition.
to become fully incorporated
want to substitute only the
goes thither at first as a hunter
For example: "...when
into the landscape. ....To hunt
appreciation arts. Both kinds
and fisher, until at last, .... (he)
some of my friends have asked
means to have the land around
of interests in the outdoors are
leaves the gun and fish-pole
me anxiously about their boys,
you like clothing. To engage in
necessary and important, and
behind. ....Thus, even in
whether they should let them
a wordless dialogue with it .
with education there will be
civilized communities, the
. .
hunt, I have answered. yes --
education at cross ptuposes?
Sasser says, like comparing
community, appear to be on
It means to release yourself
Many thoughtful outdoor and
the decline. Outdoor educators
from redcoat images of what
PomollraPhy with love.
environmental educators am
There am between 16 and
work to support these values,
something 'means' and to be
finding themselves being
18 million licensed bunters in
most significantly through
concerned only that it 'is'.
challenged to decide whether
resklential outdoor education the U.S., a number which,
And then to recognize that
htmting has a piace, from an
dependlngonthesource,Is
programs. Values such as
things exist only insofar as
educational perspective, in
either slightly declining or
respect, responsibility, ethical
they can be related to other
their pogroms. On the one
holding its own (USFWS
behavior, companionship,
things. These relationships ...
hand, animal rights activists
1988). This is not an
stewardship, reverence for life
become patterns. Suddenly the
and and-hunting group.. have
insignificant number, as some
and the land, obeying the law,
which includes
pattern
developed teaching resources
anti-hunting groups would
obligation to the community,
physical hunger, a memory of
and curriculum guides that
have the public believe.
handy and friends.., all are
your family, and memories of
promote their viewpoint, and
Hunters use the outdoors. Can
important values in the hunting
the valley you are walking
ate busy disseminating this
outdoor educators afford to
tradition as well, and are
through, these particular plants
information to schools and
ignore the opportunity to
If participating in
deeply felt.
takes in the
and smells
youth groups. Often this
caribou. There is a caribou
material reaches ill-informed
standing in front of you. The
teachers and youth leaders who
release of the arrow or bullet is
"Many thoughtful outdoor and
are quick to pick up on the
like a word spoken out loud..."
simplistic and moralistic
environmental educators are finding
(Lopez 1986, p.179)
approaches used in dealing
As with any human
themselves being challenged to decide whether
with extremely complex
activity, hunting is engaged in
ecological, biological, social
hunting has a place, from an education
by individuals with varying
and even economic issues.
degrees of interest,
perspective, in their programs."
On the other hand,
competence and responsibility.
sportsmen's groups me slowly
For some hunters, or perhaps
adopting the same tactic,
even many hunters, a
pressuring educators to present
significant gap exists between
pro-hundng perspectives.
educate this group of outdoor
hunting offers an opportunity
where they are as hunters and
While the ecological and
Is there an implied
users?
to learn and reinforce these
where they ought to be in
biological justifications for
obligation, because of
values, should we be so quick
relation to Lopez' description.
hunting may be able to be
traditional and modern
to condemn it? Hunting can be
Hunters have never been more
effectively presented, it is
interests in hunting, for
a way to reaffirm their
aware of the critical need to
extremely difficult to deal with
outdoor educators to work
importance, perhaps for those
educate or eliminate the less
the complex social and
toward educating hunters to
who may not be reached in any
responsible and competent
emotional issues in a way that
live up to the highest standards
other way.
among themselves, in itself a
children can understand them.
of ethical behavior? And
This is not to say that all
tremendous opportunity for
Hunten who try to explain
given the interest that hunters
hunters act in accordance with
outdoor education. The degree
why it is that they love
have in the outdoors, does it
these values. Law-breaking,
to which the hunting
something so much and yet
make sense to alienate this
irresponsibilty and excesses do
community can address the
have a desire to kill it have
large number of outdoor
occur, in hunting as well as
problems within its own ranks
some idea of this difficulty.
enthusiasts when they could be
any other activity. The nature
may determine the degree to
Many teachers are not
allies in so many areas of
of hunting and hunters is such
which hunting will survive
prepared to deal with this
mutual concern?
(Reiser 1991). Clearly there is
that it is easy to lampoon, a
issue, do not fully understand
The choice confronting
fact not lost on che media. But
an important role for outdoor
it themselves, and may fmd it
outdoor educators is clear. Do
the excessive violence and
educators to play in this effort.
convenient to stick with the
we work with hunters and
whack 'em and suck 'em
Certain core values, values
anthropomorphic view of
hunter education programs in
mentality deplorably
which are extremely important
wildlife that most children
an effort to move hunters in a
exemplified by a personality
to society in general, permeate
have. Unfortunately the lack
more ethical direction? Or do
such as rocker Ted Nugent,
the hunting tradition and are
of reality in this approach
we alienate 17 million outdoor
when compared with the deep
passed from one generation to
distotts the students'
enthusiasts because some
the next. Some of these experience of sharing a chill-
perceptions of the natural
among us personally do not
blue dawn on a deer stand
values, due to urbanization,
agree with hunting?
among family and friends is, as
mobility, fragmentation of the
Are hunting and outdoor
Dallas newspaper writer Ray
family and loss of a sense of
see page 18
1 8
Hunting
educating hunters in
(Rolston IE 1987, p.195)
living close to the land.
world, and like the Santa Claus
appropriate outdoor sldlls and
(Boggess and Henderson 1981)
myth, makes the truth more
As Thoreau noted, hunting
The growth in opposition to
in ethical behavior.
connects humankind with the
difficult to accept. Unlike with
hunting may be related to this An important contributor
wild in a way and with an
Santa Claus, however, many
lack of connection (Leonard
to our understanding of
intensity unduplicated by any
children grow up without ever
people's attitudes toward
1972; Shaw 1974; Applegate
other human activity. Aldo
finding out that the world of
1975) Not coincidentally, the
animals has been Dr. Stephen
Leopold, himself an avid
Bambi and Grizzly Adams is
Kellen of Yale University.
growth in the magnitude of our
hunter, asserted 'There is
pure fantasy.
environmental problems has Through his extensive surveys
value in any experience that
Because outdoor and
of American's attitudes toward
also occurred during this time.
reminds us of our dependency
environmental educators
all kinds of animals and
From the research examined
on the soil-plant-animal-man
should have an understanding
activity involving animals,
there appears to be a definite
food chain, and of the
of these issues, they are often
Kellen was able to develop a
relationship between a
fundamental organization of
turned to for advice, and
sometimes fmd themselves
'111111=1111111111111MIMI
caught squarely in the middle
of an emotional minefield.
Professional ethics dictate that
"Many researchers note that the increased urbanization that has
educators get the facts, present
occurred in the latter part of the century has resulted in a loss of
all sides of an issue and
empower the learners to decide
connection with the land and with the rural traditions
for themselves what is most
associated with living close to the land."
right. It may help, therefore, to
examine the practice of
hunting born the perspective
of its value to individual
-*
participants, and its potential
typology of attitudes to
connection with rural traditions
the biota. Civilization has so
as a means of reaching the
characterize people's
at some potat in life sad a
cluttered this elemental man-
environmentil awareness,
perceptions of animals and
predisposition to ;gutting.
earth relation with gadgets and
appreciation and stewardship
(Hendee and Potter :(76;
animal activities. His fmclings
middlemen that awareness of it
goals of outdoor and
about hunters are interesting.
Shaw 1977; Shaw iV)8;
is growing dim. " (Leopold
environmental education.
Kellen (1976) categorized
Applegate 1975; Kellett 1980)
1969, p. 212)
Studies do show the value
hunters into three types bued
By the same token disapproval
Hunting literature is rich
of an accurate view of wildlife
on their motivations for
of hunting is much more 18cely
with a consideration of the
in helping children to connect
hunting and their attitudes
to occur among city-dwellers
philosophical implications of
to the real world, and that these
toward wildlife. He identified
and those with non-rural
participating in the so-called
connections can lead to a
these as meat hunters, sport
backgrounds. (Shaw 1977;
'blood sports'. In considering
predisposition toward
hunters and nature hunters.
Shaw 1978)
the value of hunting to the
environmentalism. (Hair and
Nature hunters, those that
Research also consistently
participant this philosophical
Pomerantz 1987) Schoenfeld
hunted primarily to be
supports that the majority of
approach cannot be
(1978) stated "Wildlife is a key
outdoors in the natural
Americans do not oppose
overlooked. It may, hcwever,
element of environmental
environment, showed a great
hunting, if it is done humanely.
be more appropriate to look at
education, a valuable point of
deal of interest in wildlife,
(Ahlstrand 1990; Shaw 1978;
the research done by social
entry (my italics), a rich
Reiser 1978; Shaw and Gilbert
scientists. From the studies
source of illustration, a
1974; Boggess and Henderson
that have been done a pattern
stimulus to action and an
1981) It appears that the
begins to emerge about
aspect of the ultimate reason
"Research
.
. .
greater problem lies with
hunting and its value to the
for environmentalism." (p.
opposition to hunters, based on
consistently supports
participant.
472) Holmes Rolston III, one
a negative impression of their
Many researchers note that
of the foremost thinkers in
that the majority of
competence and behavior.
the increased urbanization that
environmental ethics today,
Americans do not
(Shaw and Gilbert 1974;
has occurred in the latter part
writes, "Wild lives give what
Reiger 1978; Boggess 1977).
of this century has resulted in a
our too readily mobile, rootless
oppose hunting if it
Again, this suggests an
loss of connection with the
culture especially needs, an
is done humanely."
important role that outdoor
land, and with the rural
attachment to landscape,
educators can play in
traditions associated with
locale, habitat, place."
19
MI
affection or aestbedc attraction
group; to enjoy their company
getting out into the natural
References
for particular species that can
and enhance their relationship
world, seeing wild areas left
result in inordinate concern for
both during the activity as well
Ahlstrand, S. 1990. ssz
unspoiled and unexploited.
baby seals or mute swans lvt
as in planning it and telling
Nature hunters showed a
PubliLfbiainaSingx.
little sympathy for the possible
Strong MEM about and
stories about it afterwards.
AusiLISSL Gallup
extinction of a Tecopa pupfish
Achievement: where
affection for the natural
Orgaidzation.
or Dismal Swamp shrew...
the motivation is primarily to
enviromnent, and scored
Lincoln, NE.
This process of concern,
meet a specific performance
higher than any other group in
Applegate, J.F 1975.
however, must move beyond
goal, such as harvesting a deer
their knowledge about animals.
"Attitudes Toward
feelings of compassion and
for meat, acquiring a trophy,
Applegate and Otto (1982) had
Deer Hunting in New
kindness for selected animals
spotting certain wildlife, etc.
similar findings, and theorized
Jersey: A Second Look."
Appreciative: where
to a conviction that the health
that hunters passed through a
Wildlife Society.
and well-being of wildlife and
the primary motivation is to
progession of experiences
Jullatin 3(1):3-6.
natural habitats are ultimately
seek a sense of peace,
culminating in becoming
Applegate, J.E. and R. Otto.
linked to human well-being
belonging, and familiarity with
nature hunters.
1982. "Characteristics of
and even survival." Kellett
nature, with the resultant
All types of hunters, and
First Year Hunters in
1987, p. 223 and 227) That's
New Jersey." la
stress reduction associated
particularly the nature hunter,
quite a charge for outdoor and
with the activity. The simple
scored significantly higher
killiaIRB.Saggft
environmental educators! And
recollection of the experience
Publication R. 1238141)-
than anti-hunters in the factual
I would submit that it is one
can be rewarding in itself.
U, 27 pp.
understanding of animals in
more liltely to be accomplished
(Decker et al 1987) This is not
Kellert's studies. In fact, the
Boggess, E. K. and F. R.
by recognizing the legitimacy
unlike Kellert's description of
highest scores Kellett obtained
Henderson. 1981.
and value of pardeipating in
a nature hunter.
in this category were members
"Trapper/Hunter
hunting, as a means of
Decker found that hunters
of the National Trappets
Education and
accomplishing stewardship
tended to shift or mature in
Association (68.3), bird
Implications for Furbeaser
objectives.
their goal orientations, albeit at
Managemenr. Egridaide
watchers (66) and nature
&dant-Qat=
Hunting belongs in
different rates, from
hunters (65.3). Anti-hunters
Erman= 1950-1970.
outdoor education, just like
achievement and affiliative
scored 53.9 and the general
outdoor education belongs in
toward appreciative
public score was 52.9. Both
Decker, D. J., T. L. Brown, B.
hunting. To the extent that
orientations. (Decker et al
trappers and nature hunters
L. Driver and P. J. Brown.
hunting in its best and most
1987) These fmdings suggest
scored at the top of Kellert's
1987. "Theoretical
ethical sense shares and
that something happens as a
attitude categories in the
Developments in
supports the goals of outdoor
result of participation in
naturalistic (interest in and
Assessing Social Values
education, it should be given
hunting that tends to develop a
affecton for wildlife and the
of Wildlife: Toward a
consideration by all
deeper connection with the
outdoors), and ecologisdc
Comprehensive
professional outdoor educators,
natural world; and perhaps a
(concern for the environment
Understanding of Wildlife
regardless of personal feelings
need to reaffirm that
as a system and for the
Recreation Involvement."
or participation. The shared
connection through the hunting
interrelationships of wildlife
jg Valuing Wildlife:
commitment to the wildlife
Economic and Socid
activity.
and its habitat) areas. (Kellett
resource and habitat offers
Kellert's studies have
Pusarabsu
1978; 1980; 1981; 1987)
unparalleled opportunities for
some other implications for
Researchers have looked
Decker and Goff, eds.
hunters as well as non-hunters
outdoor educators, particularly
hard at why people participate
Westview Press. Boulder,
to cooperate in support of
in light of the discussion of
in hunting. Based on previous
424 pp.
CO
.
wildlife habitat preservation
hunters. Dr. Kellett states that
studies plus in-depth inter-
Decker, D. J., R. W.
and enhancement. To the
the American public is
views, Cornell researcher Dr.
Provencher and T.
extent that hunter knowledge,
extremely limited in its
Dan Decker et al (1984)
L.Brown. 1984.
skills, attitudes and behavior
knowledge about animals, and
developed three categories of
"Antecedents to Hunting
fail to reach the highest
"is typically narrow in its
goal orientation that describe
Participation: An
expectations, an imperative
emotional and intellectual
hunter motivations for partici-
Exploratory Study of the
exists for hunters and an
focus and largely directed at a
pation. Briefly, these may be
Social-Psychological
opportunity exists for outdoor
small segment of the animal
Determinants of Initiation,
defined as follows:
educators to make the needed
community...We have all too
where the
Affiliative:
Continuation and
changes.
often witnessed the unfortunate
motivation is primarily to
consequences of undue public
accompany another person or
20
see page
62
-T..;
. : .
.
...
.
20
Desertion in Hunting."
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