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Ergonomics - A Systems Approach PDF

243 Pages·2012·6.455 MB·English
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ERGONOMICS      A SYSTEMS APPROACH  Edited by Isabel L. Nunes ERGONOMICS –   A SYSTEMS APPROACH    Edited by Isabel L. Nunes Ergonomics – A Systems Approach Edited by Isabel L. Nunes Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Martina Blecic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published April, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Ergonomics – A Systems Approach, Edited by Isabel L. Nunes p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0601-2 Contents   Preface IX Chapter 1 Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Assessment and Prevention 1 Isabel L. Nunes and Pamela McCauley Bush Chapter 2 Work-Related Musculoskeletal Discomfort in the Shoulder due to Computer Use 31 Orhan Korhan Chapter 3 Ergonomic Impact of Spinal Loading and Recovery Positions on Intervertebral Disc Health: Strategies for Prevention and Management of Low Back Pain 51 S. Christopher Owens, Dale A. Gerke and Jean-Michel Brismée Chapter 4 A Comparison of Software Tools for Occupational Biomechanics and Ergonomic Research 65 Pamela McCauley Bush, Susan Gaines, Fatina Gammoh and Shanon Wooden Chapter 5 Measurement Instruments for Ergonomics Surveys – Methodological Guidelines 119 Marina Zambon Orpinelli Coluci Chapter 6 Biomechanical Assessment of Lower Limbs Using Support Moment Measure at Walking Worker Assembly Lines 131 Atiya Al-Zuheri, Lee Luong and Ke Xing Chapter 7 Usability of Interfaces 155 Mário Simões-Marques and Isabel L. Nunes Chapter 8 User Experience Design: Beyond User Interface Design and Usability 171 Wei Xu VI Contents Chapter 9 Higher Efficiency in Operations Can Be Achieved with More Focus on the Operator 193 Per Lundmark Chapter 10 Critical Thinking Skills for Intelligence Analysis 209 Douglas H. Harris and V. Alan Spiker Preface   Ergonomics, also known as Human Factors, is a recent scientific discipline, curiously  with a well‐defined and official date and place of birth, July 12, 1949, in England.  However the term Ergonomics, was proposed in 1857, by the Polish philosopher and  naturalist Wojciech Jastrzebowski and fell into oblivion for nearly a century. The word  Ergonomics results from joining the Greek words ergon meaning ʺworkʺ and nomos  meaning ʺnatural lawsʺ, and conveys the concern of understanding the relationships  between humans and their work environment.  Ergonomics in spite of its short existence, gathers a broad body of knowledge from  different disciplines in order to fit the workplace conditions and job demands to the  capabilities of workers. Its main goal is to ensure humans well‐being, health, and  safety while maximizing the performance of production systems. Production systems,  however, are a complex combination of physical, organisational and psychosocial  dimensions. Therefore Ergonomics offers principles and methods to analyse and  improve this multitude of interactions. Despite production systems being the main  focus of Ergonomics, its intervention extends beyond work systems, to other aspects of  our daily lives, like product design, leisure or sport.  This book is the result of an InTech initiative to bring together reputable researchers  from different countries that could provide an interesting and up‐to‐date overview of  different  Ergonomic  research  applications,  practices  and  methodologies.  The  10  chapters present the research work of 19 authors from 6 different countries, and they  cover the following themes: work related musculoskeletal disorders; methods in  Ergonomics; usability and user‐experience design; efficiency in operations, and critical  thinking skills. A brief outline of the volume is presented hereafter.   Chapter 1 offers an overview on work‐related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD). The  recognition  that  the  work  may  adversely  affect  health  is  not  new,  since  musculoskeletal disorders have been diagnosed for many years in the medical field.  WMSD are related with repetitive and demanding working conditions and continue to  represent one of the biggest problems in industrialized countries. WMSD are a group  of inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the locomotion system, which result  from occupational risk factors such as repetition, force or awkward posture as well as  individual  and  psychosocial  risk  factors.  This  chapter  presents  WMSD  causes, X Preface pathophysiological  mechanisms,  characterization  of  the  principal  disorders  and  procedures for workplace analysis and design.  Chapter 2 presents the risk factors that contribute to musculoskeletal disorders in  shoulders  resulting  from  intensive  use  of  computers.  The  risk  factors  of  musculoskeletal  disorders  were  revealed  by  assessing  and  analyzing  workplace  ergonomics, worker attitudes and experiences on the use of the computer keyboard  and mouse. This was followed by an experimental data collection of muscle load,  muscle force and muscular fatigue from the shoulder by Surface electromyography to  validate and verify the proposed mathematical model.   Chapter 3 recognises that the management of low back pain, particularly work related  injuries, is very controversial and that many different treatment approaches have been  tried, ranging from osteopathic manipulations to work hardening programs. This  chapter  addresses  low  back  pain  reviewing  the  anatomical,  biomechanical,  and  physiological mechanisms that contribute to the health of the lumbar spine with  particular emphasis on the intervertebral disc (IVD); considering the mechanisms that  may cause pain and dysfunction in the lumbar spine; and presenting specific strategies  for  prevention  and  management  of  work  related  low  back  pain  based  on  the  biomechanical and physiological response of the lumbar IVD.   Chapter  4  is  devoted  to  the  comparison  of  software  tools  for  occupational  biomechanics and ergonomic research. It provides a survey on selected biomechanical  software tools and gives a detailed analysis and a comparison of two specialized  packages, 3DSSPP and JACK as well as examples of applications where one or the  other may be better suited.  Chapter 5 presents a description of methodological guidelines used to prepare a new  questionnaire or to adapt an existing one. Ergonomic surveys are very important tools  to evaluate and identify problems in workplaces (such as industries, hospitals, and  laboratories), since strategies to tackle the ergonomic issues can be derived from their  results. Therefore, the surveys should be carefully prepared to obtain information in a  clear  and  reliable  way.  Usually,  ergonomic  surveys  are  based  on  measurement  instruments (questionnaires) that are applied to workers on the workplace to collect  the necessary information.   Chapter 6 discusses the need for dynamic, flexible and reconfigurable assembly  systems, which are able to respond adequately to changes in the characteristics and  demands of the market. The chapter presents the Walking Worker Assembly Line, in  which  each  worker  utilizes  various  skills  and  functions  by  travelling  along  the  manufacturing line to carry out all the required tasks. The authors argue that this  flexible manpower line (or flexible assembly line) approach is one of the promising  techniques for configuring effective and productive assembly systems, responding  well to the challenges of the manufacturing industry. Preface XI Chapter 7 is dedicated to usability. In recent years the knowledge media support  migrated  from  “pen  and  paper”  to  computer‐based  Information  Systems.  This  evolution introduced some technological, organizational, and methodological changes  affecting the demand, workload and stress over the workers, many times in a negative  way.  Due  to this  fact  usability  assumed an  increasing importance.  This  chapter  presents an overview of the general principles to observe when a user‐centred design  is adopted, provides a summary of methods and tools that are available to support the  design  and  evaluation  of  products  with  good  usability,  and  offers  examples  of  guidelines and good practices that can be adopted.   Chapter 8 discusses major challenges faced by current user‐centred design practices,  proposes a user experience design (UXD) framework to address these challenges, and  analyses three case studies to illustrate the UXD approach and formalize the UXD  processes.   Chapter 9 discusses how human operators are an integral part of automated control  systems and using a systematic design approach presents a new control room that is  operator‐focused, in order to create a safer and securer environment, contributing to  efficiency in operations.  Chapter 10 is devoted to critical thinking skills for intelligence analysis, focusing on  that aspect of ergonomics research that seeks to understand how people engage in  cognitive work and how to develop systems and training that best support that work.  A definition and a model of critical thinking are presented.   I hope this book will encourage readers, namely academic researchers and company  managers interested in Ergonomics and its applications, to pursue the challenge of  transforming workplaces into safer and healthier places to work while optimizing the  work system performance.  I would like to thank InTech for the invitation to be an editor and to Martina Blecic,  Publishing Process Manager, for organizing this book. I would also like to thank the  authors and other persons who helped and encouraged me to make this book a reality.    Isabel L. Nunes, M.S., Ph.D.  Centre of Technologies and Systems,  Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia,  Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica,   Portugal

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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.