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Equine Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction PDF

1056 Pages·2011·77.813 MB·English
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Chapter_00_FM.qxd 11/23/10 2:32 PM Page 1 Equine Clinical Medicine , Surgery , and Reproduction Graham A Munroe BVSc (Hons), PhD, DipECVS, CertEO, DESM, FRCVS Cowrig Cottage Greenlaw, Duns Berwickshire Scotland, UK J Scott Weese DVM, DVSc, DipACVIM Associate Profesor Department of Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary College University of Guelph Guelph Ontario, Canada MANSON PUBLISHING/THE VETERINARYPRESS Chapter_00_FM.qxd 11/23/10 2:32 PM Page 2 Copyright © 2011 Manson Publishing Ltd ISBN: 978-1-84076-119-1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright holder or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended), or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33–34 Alfred Place, London WC1E 7DP, UK. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. For full details of all Manson Publishing Ltd titles please write to: Manson Publishing Ltd, 73 Corringham Road, London NW11 7DL, UK. Tel: +44(0)20 8905 5150 Fax: +44(0)20 8201 9233 Email: [email protected] Website: www.mansonpublishing.com Commissioning editor:Jill Northcott Project manager and book design:Ayala Kingsley Copy editor:Peter Beynon Layout:Diacritech, Chennai, India Illustration:Cactus Design Index:Jill Dormon Proofreader:John Forder Colour reproduction:Tenon & Polert Colour Scanning, Ltd, Hong Kong Printed by:Grafos Sa, Barcelona, Spain Chapter_00_FM.qxd 11/23/10 2:32 PM Page 3 Contents Contributors 5 Preface 7 Abbreviations 8 1 Musculoskeletal system _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 1.1 Approach to the lame horse 12 Cedric Chan and Graham Munroe 1.2 The foal and developing animal 40 Cedric Chan and Graham Munroe 1.3 The foot 62 Andrew Parks 1.4 The forelimb 102 Peter Milner 1.5 The hindlimb 136 Ehud Eliashar 1.6 The head 166 Martin Weaver 1.7 The axial skeleton 174 Martin Weaver 1.8 Soft-tissue injuries 186 Eddy Cauvin 2 Reproductive system _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 241 2.1 Female reproductive tract 242 Graham Munroe, Madeleine Campbell, Zoë Munroe, and Matthew Hanks 2.2 Male reproductive tract 326 Theresa Burns, Tracey Chenier, and Graham Munroe 2.3 Equine castration 374 Luis Lamas and Graham Munroe 3 Respiratory system _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 381 3.1 Introduction 382 Josh Slater 3.2 Surgical conditions of the upper respiratory tract 392 Bruce Bladon and Graham Munroe 3.3 Medical conditions of the upper respiratory tract 450 Josh Slater 3.4 Medical conditions of the lower respiratory tract 458 Joanne Hewson, Luis Arroyo, and Josh Slater Chapter_00_FM.qxd 11/23/10 2:32 PM Page 4 4 Gastrointestinal system _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 481 4.1 Upper gastrointestinal tract 482 Henry Tremaine 4.2 Lower gastrointestinal tract 516 Scott Weese, Ludovic Boure, Simon Pearce, and Nathalie Cote 5 Liver _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 598 Thomas Koch, Anthony Knight, and Scott Weese 6 Endocrine system _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 620 Babetta Breuhaus 7 Urinary system _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 637 Modest Vengust 8 Cardiovascular system _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 671 Kim McGurrin 9 Hemolymphatic system _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 709 Darren Wood and Sonya Keller 10 Nervous system _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 745 Siobhan McAuliffe and Nathan Slovis 11 Eyes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 809 Heather Gray 12 Skin _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 873 Reginald Pascoe 13 Wound management and infections of synovial structures _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 939 Antonio Cruz and Graham Munroe 14 The foal _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 966 Sarah Stoneham and Graham Munroe 15 Behavioral problems _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 995 Katherine Houpt Further reading 1012 Index 1020 Chapter_00_FM.qxd 11/23/10 2:32 PM Page 5 Contributors Luis G Arroyo DVM, DVSc Nathalie Cote DVM, DVSc, DipACVS Department of Clinical Studies Milton Equine Hospital Ontario Veterinary College Milton, Ontario, Canada University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario, Canada Antonio CruzDVM, MVM, MSc, DrMedVet, DipACVS, DipECVS Bruce BladonBVM&S, CertEP, DESTS, DipECVS, MRCVS Hospital Director, Donnington Grove Veterinary Surgery Paton and Martin Veterinary Services, Newbury, Berkshire, UK Aldergrove, British Columbia, Canada Ludovic BoureDVM, MSc, DipACVS, Dip ECVS Ehud EliasharDVM, DipECVS, MRCVS Head of Experimental Surgery Lecturer in Equine Surgery, AO Research Institute Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences Davos, Switzerland Royal Veterinary College North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK Babetta Breuhaus DVM, PhD, DACVIM Department of Clinical Sciences Heather E GrayDVM, DipACVO North Carolina State University Oak Ridges Veterinary Professional Corporation Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Claremont, Ontario, Canada Theresa BurnsDVM, MSc, DipACT Matthew L HanksBVSc, MRCVS Yarrow Station Lecturer in Reproduction Chilliwack, British Columbia, Canada Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Madeleine L H CampbellBVetMed(Hons), MA(Oxon), Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, UK PhD, DipECAR, MRCVS Hobgoblins Stud and Equine Reproduction Centre Joanne HewsonDVM, PhD, DipACVIM Duddleswell, Ashdown Forest, East Sussex, UK Department of Clinical Studies Ontario Veterinary College Eddy R J CauvinDrVétérinaire, MVM, PhD, HDR, CertVR, University of Guelph CertES(Ortho), DipECVS Guelph, Ontario, Canada Azurvet Hippodrome de la Côte d’Azur, Katherine A HouptVMD, PhD, DACVB Cagnes sur Mer, France James Law Professor of Animal Behavior Department of Clinical Sciences Cedric C-H ChanBVSc, DipECVS, CertES(Orth), MRCVS College of Veterinary Medicine Northwest Equine Referrals Cornell University Putney, London, UK Ithaca, New York, USA Tracey ChenierDVM, DVSc DipACT Sonya KellerDVM, DVSc, DipACVP Assistant Professor, Large Animal Theriogenology Clinical Pathologist Ontario Veterinary College IDEXX Reference Laboratories University of Guelph Markham, Ontario, Canada Guelph, Ontario, Canada Anthony P KnightBVSc, MS, MRCVS, DACVIM Professor, Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado, USA 5 Chapter_00_FM.qxd 11/23/10 2:32 PM Page 6 Thomas G KochDVM, PhD Candidate Josh D SlaterBVM&S, PhD, DipECEVIM, MRCVS Department of Clinical Studies Professor of Equine Clinical Studies Ontario Veterinary College Royal Veterinary College University of Guelph North Mimms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK Guelph, Ontario, Canada Nathan Slovis DVM, DipACVIM, CHT (Certified Hyper- Luis RGP LamasDVM, CertES(Orth), MRCVS baric Technologist) Rua de Junqueira 148, Hagyard Equine Medical Insititute 1300–1345 Lisbon, Portugal Director McGee Critical Care and Medical Center Lexington, Kentucky, USA Siobhan McAuliffeMVB, MRCVS, DipACVIM Dreamland Farm Rehabilitation Center Sarah J StonehamBVSc, CertESM, MRCVS Lexington, Kentucky, USA Lone Oak Stud Hilborough, Norfolk, UK M Kim J McGurrinDVM, DVSc, DipACVIM Department of Clinical Studies W Henry TremaineBVet Med, MPhil, Cert ES, DipECVS, Ontario Veterinary College MRCVS University of Guelph Department of Clinical Veterinary Science Guelph, Ontario, Canada School of Veterinary Science University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, UK Peter I MilnerBVetMed, BSc, PhD, CertES(Orth), MRCVS Lecturer, Equine Division Modest VengustDVM, DVSc, DipACVIM Department of Veterinary Clinical Science Assistant Professor Faculty of Veterinary Science Veterinary Faculty University of Liverpool University of Ljubljana, Neston, Wirral, UK Ljubljana, Slovenia Graham Munroe BVSc (Hons), PhD, DipECVS, CertEO, Martin P Weaver BVMS, DrMedVet, PhD, DVR, MRCVS DESM, FRCVS Senior Lecturer Flanders Veterinary Services Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies Greenlaw, Duns. Berwickshire, Scotland, UK Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh Zoë J MunroeBVSc, MRCVS Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, UK Flanders Veterinary Services Greenlaw, Duns, Berwickshire, Scotland, UK J Scott WeeseDVM, DVSc, DipACVIM Associate Professor, Department of Pathobiology Andrew H ParksMA, Vet MB, MRCVS, CertVR, DipACVS Ontario Veterinary College Professor, Large Animal Surgery University of Guelph Department of Large Animal Medicine Guelph, Ontario, Canada College of Veterinary Medicine University of Georgia Darren WoodDVM, DVSc, DipACVP Athens, Georgia, USA Associate Professor, Department of Pathobiology Ontario Veterinary College Reginald R PascoeAM, BVSc, DVSc, FRCVS, FACVSc University of Guelph Adjunct Professor, Veterinary School Queensland Guelph, Ontario, Canada Consultant, Oakey Veterinary Hospital Oakey, Queensland, Australia Simon PearceBVSc, PhD, DipACVS Bio Innovation SA Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 6 Preface THE FIELDS of equine medicine, surgery, and repro- The scope of equine veterinary medicine makes it duction have developed massively over the last 25–30 impossible for any one book to act as the sole resource for years and new knowledge and techniques for the diag- all areas. With this in mind and considering the target read- nosis and treatment of all sorts of conditions and diseases ership of this book, complicated or advanced diagnostic continues to be added. This new knowledge is presented and treatment techniques are mentioned, but not covered initially in scientific papers and congresses around the in detail; however, further reading lists are provided to world and gradually is distilled down to appear in new guide the reader to additional information. These include editions of textbooks. There continues to be published an material such as reviews deemed to be of particularly high increasing number of equine-based textbooks, often quality by chapter authors, as well as selected primary sci- concentrating on one body system and written from a entific reports and websites. specialist point of view. Very few have been produced in Patterns of disease can be highly variable between dif- the last 10 years that specifically address the needs of the ferent geographic regions, and while no book can provide clinician who is not a full-time equine specialist or the a comprehensive overview of all geographical differences, equine-interested undergraduate or postgraduate vet- the editors and authors have endeavored to make the erinary student. This textbook is designed and written chapters in this book useful and relevant to a broad inter- with these colleagues very much in mind. national audience. It is hoped that in the future this aim The breadth of content in this book is large, covering a will be enhanced by the translation of the text into several comprehensive range of topics in equine medicine, of the major languages of the world. surgery, and reproduction, and it is organized into A unique feature of this book is the inclusion of a large chapters using a systems-based approach. Each individual number of images, including color photographs, radio- system is introduced with precise information on the rele- graphic and ultrasound images, and diagrams. Images are vant basic anatomy and physiology, standard clinical provided for the majority of topics and are intended to examination techniques, and useful differential diagnostic complement the text on the basis that a ‘picture speaks a aids. The remainder of the chapter is split up into thousand words’. The inclusion of clinical images can be diseases and disorders that are pertinent to that system. useful in further understanding the pathogenesis and The diseases and disorders are grouped together, either pathophysiology of certain conditions, helping the pattern anatomically or based on presenting clinical signs, into recognition of some diseases and disorders, and visualiz- sections where specific problems or diseases are presented ing the surgical pathology or procedures that general clini- in a strict format that is common to the whole book. Thus cians and students rarely see. It is also anticipated that the each disorder is presented under the individual headings number and quality of images will be a valuable educa- of definition/overview, etiology/pathophysiology, clinical tional tool for horse owners, enabling veterinarians to presentation, differential diagnosis, diagnosis, manage- explain more easily certain aspects of disease pathogene- ment, and prognosis. These systems-based chapters are sis, diagnosis, and management. complemented by additional chapters on specific areas Finally, it is intended that this textbook, although it such as behaviorial problems and wounds. The focus is on is large and, hopefully, comprehensive, will not stay gath- providing clinically relevant information that is required ering dust on a shelf in a practice library or student’s study, for good case management, but with enough concise infor- but will be in a vehicle with a busy practitioner or on the mation about etiology and pathophysiology to enable desk of a student, well thumbed and constantly open, readers to understand the conditions and the rationale for helping educate and assist each individual in his or her diagnostic and treatment options. Some conditions that daily life. If it does this some of the time, it will have produce multisystem manifestations may be discussed in achieved its goal. more than one chapter, with each chapter providing a dif- ferent emphasis, thereby ensuring a complete overall Graham Munroe content, but with less duplication. Scott Weese 7 Chapter_00_FM.qxd 11/23/10 2:32 PM Page 8 Abbreviations AA aplastic anemia CL corpus luteum/corpora lutea ACB accessory carpal bone CLE cutaneous lupus erythematosus ACE angiotensin converting enzyme CMA cranial mesenteric artery ACS autologous conditioned serum CN cranial nerve ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone CNS central nervous system ADAF axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds COMP cartilage oligomeric protein ADH antidiuretic hormone COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease AF atrial fibrillation CPII carboxypropeptides of type II collagen AHF anovulatory hemorrhagic follicle CPE C. perfringensenterotoxin AHS African horse sickness CPG conjunctival pedicle graft AI artificial insemination CPK creatinine phosphokinase AID anemia of inflammatory disease CRF chronic renal failure ALD angular limb deformitiy CRT capillary refill time ALDDFT accessory ligament of the deep digital CsA cyclosporine A flexor tendon CSF cerebrospinal fluid ALP alkaline phosphatase CSNB congenital stationary night blindness ALSDFT accessory ligament of the superficial digital CT computed tomography flexor tendon CTUP combined thickness of uterus and placenta AM atypical myopathy cTnT/I cardiac troponin T and I ANA antinuclear antibody CTXs type I collagen C telopeptides AP alkaline phosphatase CUI chronic uterine infection APC atrial premature contraction ARAS ascending reticular activating system D diopter(s) ARF acute renal failure DCP dynamic compression plate ASD atrial septal defect DCS dynamic condylar screw (plate) ASIT allergen-specific immunotherapy DDFT deep digital flexor tendon AST aspartate aminotransferase DDSL short (deep) distal sesamoidean ligament AV atrioventricular DDSP dorsal displacement of the soft palate DHS dynamic hip screw (plate) BAB blood–aqueous barrier DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation 4-BAD fourth branchial arch defect DIP distal interphalangeal (joint) BAL bronchoalveolar lavage DIT distal intertarsal (centrodistal) (joint) BAP bone-specific alklaline phosphatase DJD degenerative joint disease BCG Bacillus Calmette–Guérin DMSO dimethyl sufoxide BOB blood–ocular barrier DOD developmental orthopedic disease bpm beats per minute DP dorsopalmar/plantar BPV bovine papillomavirus DPJ duodenitis/proximal jejunitis BSE breeding soundness examination DSP dorsal spinous process BSP bromsulphalein DSS dioctyl sodium succinate DV dorsoventral C1/C2/C3 first/second/third carpal (bone) CARS compensatory anti-inflammatory response ECE equine coital exanthema syndrome eCG equine chorionic gonadotropin CASA computer-assisted sperm motion analysis ECG electrocardiogram/electrocardiography CBC complete blood count ECR extensor carpi radialis (tendon) CDI C. difficileinfection EDM equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy CDE common digital extensor (tendon) EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid CEM contagious equine metritis EE eosinophilic enterocolitis CFT complement fixation test EED early embryonic death 8 CFU colony forming unit EEE Eastern equine encephalitis CK creatine kinase EGE equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis Chapter_00_FM.qxd 11/23/10 2:32 PM Page 9 EGS equine grass sickness KCS keratoconjunctivitis sicca EHM equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy EHV-1 equine herpesvirus-1 L1/2/3/4/5 first/second/third/fourth/fifth stage (larvae) EIA equine infectious anemia LCP locking compression plate EIAV equine infectious anemia virus LDE lateral digital extensor (tendon) EIPH exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage LDF lateral digital flexor (tendon) ELEM equine leukoencephalomalacia LDH lactate dehydrogenase ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay LE lupus erythematosus EMG electromyogram/electromyography LH luteinizing hormone EMND equine motor neuron disease LMN lower motor neuron EPF early pregnancy factor LPL long plantar ligament (of the tarsus) epg eggs per gram LRT lower respiratory tract EPH equine purpura hemorrhagica LSA lymphosarcoma EPM equine protozoal myeloencephalitis ERG electroretinogram/electroretinography MC/MT metacarpal/metatarsal ERU equine recurrent uveitis MCH mean corpuscular hemoglobin ESFD external skeletal fixation device MCHC mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration ETRs excessive transverse ridges MCP metacarpophalangeal EVA equine viral arteritis MCV mean corpuscular volume MDF medial digital flexor (tendon) FDPs fibrin(ogen) degradation products MDP methyl diphosphonate FFAs free fatty acids MEED multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic FFD film focal distance disease FNA fine-needle aspirate MIA monoiodoacetic acid FPT failure of passive transfer MMP matrix metalloproteinase FSH follicle-stimulating hormone MPD myeloproliferative disorder MPICL medial palmar intercarpal ligament GABA gamma aminobutyric acid MPV mean platelet volume GCT granulosa (thecal) cell tumor MRI magnetic resonance imaging GFR glomerular filtration rate MRLS mare reproductive loss syndrome GGT gamma-glutamyltransferase α-MSH α-melanophore-stimulating hormone GI gastrointestinal MTP metatarsophalangeal (joint) GLDH glutamate dehydrogenase GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone NI neonatal isoerythrolysis NLS nasolacrimal system H2 histamine NMD nutritional myodegeneration hCG human chorionic gonadotropin NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug HYPP hyperkalemic periodic paralysis OA osteoarthritis IAD inflammatory airway disease OAMM occipitoatlantoaxial malformation ICA iridocorneal angle OC osteocalcin ICP intracranial pressure OCD osteochondrosis ICS intercostal space OCLL osseous cyst-like lesions ICSI intracytoplasmic sperm injection ODSL oblique distal sesamoidean ligament IFA immunofluorescent antibody (test) OIE World Organization for Animal Health Ig immunoglobulin OMO open-mouthed oblique IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1 ONH optic nerve head IL-1 interleukin-1 i/m intramuscular, intramuscularly p/o per os, orally IMHA immune-mediated hemolytic anemia P1/P2 first/second phalanx IRAP interleukin receptor antagonist protein PA pyrrolizidine alkaloid ITP immune-mediated thrombocytopenia PaO2 arterial partial pressure of oxygen i/v intravenous, intravenously PAL palmar/plantar annular ligament 9 PAS periodic acid–Schiff (stain)

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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.