Epoxy Resins and Composites III

169 Pages·1986·3.093 MB·English

by  Karel Dušek (auth.), K. Dušek (eds.)

78
Advances in Polymer Science
Epoxy Resins dna
Composites III
Editor: .K Du~ek
With Contributions by
M. .T Aronhime, .K Du~ek, .J .K Gillham,
E Kelley, N. .J .D E LeMay, Lohse,
Zweifel H.
With 77 Figures and 9 Tables
galreV-regnirpS Berlin Heidelberg New kroY
London Paris Tokyo
ISBN-3-540-15936-3 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN-0-387-15936-3 Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin
Library of Congress Cat,dog Card Number 61-642
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically thoseo f translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations,
broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in
data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other
than private use, a fee is payable to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort'. Munich.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1986
Printed in GDR
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even
in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are ex¢mpt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Typesettinagn d Offsetprinting: Th. Miintzer, GDR:
Bookbinding: Liideritz & Bauer, Berlin
2152/3020-543210
Editors
Prof. Henri CNRS, Benoit, Centre de sur Recherches sel Macromolecules, ,6
rue Boussingault, 38076 Strasbourg Cedex, France
Prof. Hans-Joachim Cantow, Institut Makromolekulare f/Jr der Chemic Uni-
,ti~tisrev Stefan-Meier-Str. ,13 Freiburg 7800 .i Br., FRG
Prof. Gino DalrAsta, aiV Pusiano ,03 73102 Milano, Italy
Prof. Karel Dugek, Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences, 60261 Prague 616, RSS~(
Prof. John D. Ferry, Department of The Chemistry, University of Wisconsin,
Madison, Wisconsin ,60735 U.S.A.
Prof. Hiroshi Fujita, Department of Osaka Univer- Macromolecular Science,
Toyonaka, sity, Osaka, Japan
Prof. Manfred Gordon, Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical
University Statistics, of Cambridge 2BC ISB, England
Prof. Gisela Chemical Department, Henrici-Oliv~, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, CA ,73029 U.S.A.
Friedrich-Schiller-Universi- Chemic, Sektion G/inter Dr. Heublein, Prof. habil.
,ti~t HumboldtstraBe ,01 96 Jena, DDR
Prof. Dr. Hartwig H6cker, Deutsches Wollforschungs-Institut e.V. an der
Hochschule Technischen Aachen Veltmanplatz ,8 Aachen D-5100
Prof. Hans-Henning Kausch, Laboratoire Polytechnique Ecole de Polym6res,
de F6d6rale Lausanne, ,23 .hc de Bellerive, 7001 Lausanne, Switzerland
Prof. Joseph .P Kennedy, Institute of Polymer The Science, University of
Akron, Akron, Ohio U.S.A. 44325,
Prof. Anthony Ledwith, Department of Inorganic, Physical and Industrial
University Chemistry, of Liverpool, Liverpool 96L England 3BX,
Prof. Seizo Okamura, No. ,42 Minamigoshi-Machi Okazaki, Sakyo-Ku.
Kyoto 606, Japan
Professor Salvador Oliv6, Chemical Department, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, CA U.S.A. 92037,
Prof. Charles G. Overberger, Department of Chemistry. The University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 84 U.S.A. 104,
Ringsdorf, Helmut Prof. Institut ri~f Johannes-Gutenberg- Chemic, Organische
,ti~tisrevinU J.-J.-Becher geW Mainz, 6500 18-20, FRG
Prof. Takeo Saegusa, Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Faculty of
Kyoto Kyoto, University, Japan Engineering,
Prof. John .L Schrag, University of Wisconsin, Department of Chemistry,
1011 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin ,60735 U.S.A.
Prof. Giinter Victor Schulz, Institut f~ir Physikalische Chemie der Universit~it,
6500 Mainz, FRG
Prof. William P. Slichter, Chemical Physics Research Department, Bell Tele-
phone Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07971, U.S.A.
Prof. John K. Stille, Department of Chemistry. Colorado StateU niversity, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, U.S.A.
Editorial
With the publication of Vol. 15 the editors and the publisher
would like to take this opportunity to thank authors and readers
for their collaboration and their efforts to meet the scientific
requirements of this series. We appreciate the concern of our
authors for the progress of "Advances in Polymer Science" and
we also welcome the advice and critical comments of our readers.
With the publication of Vol. 15 we would also like to refer to a
editorial policy: this series publishes invited, criticalr evieawr ticles
of new developments ni all areas of polymer science ni English
(authors may naturally also include workes of their own). The
responsible editor, that means the editor who has invited the
author, discusses the scope of the review with the author on the
basis of a tentative outline which the author is asked to provide.
The author and editor are responsible for the scientific quality of
the contribution.
Manuscripts must be submitted in content, language and form
satisfactory to Springer-Verlag. Figures and formulas should be
reproducible. To meet the convenience of our readers, the
publisher will include a "volume index" which characterizes the
content of the volume.
The editors and the publisher will make all efforts to publish
the manuscripts as rapidly as possible. Contributions from diverse
areas of polymer science must occasionally be united in one volume.
In such cases a "volume index" cannot meet all expectations, but
will nevertheless provide more information than a mere volume
number.
Starting with Vol. ,15 each volume will contain a subject index.
Editors Publisher
Preface
This volume 80 of ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE
contains the fourth part of a series of critical reviews on selected
topics concerning epoxy resins and composites. The last decade
has been marked by an intense development of applications of
epoxy resins in traditional and newly developing areas such as
coatings, adhesives, civil engineering or electronics and high-
performance composites. The growing interest in applications
and requirements of high quality and performance has provoked
a new wave in fundamental research in the area of resin synthesis,
curing systems, properties of cured products and methods of
their characterization.
The collection of reviews to be published in ADVANCES IN
POLYMER SCIENCE is devoted just to these fundamental
problems. The epoxy resin-curing agent formulations are typical
thermosetting systems of a rather high degree of complexity.
Therefore, some of the formation-structure-properties relationships
are still of empirical or semiempirical nature. The main objective
of this series of articles is to demonstrate the progress in research
towards the understanding of these relationships in terms of
current theories of macromolecular systems.
Because of the complexity of the problems discussed, the
theoretical approaches and interpretation of results presented by
various authors and schools may be somewhat different. It may
be hoped, however, that a confrontation of ideas may positively
contribute to the knowledge about this important class of poly-
meric materials.
In view of the wide range of this volume, it was not possible to
publish all contributions in successive volumes of ADVANCES
IN POLYMER SCIENCE. Part I of the articles is published in
Vol. 72; Part II appeared in Vol. 75 and Part III in Vol. 78.
The reader may appreciate receiving a list of all contributions
to EPOXY RESINS AND COMPOSITES I-IV appearing in
ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE:
M. T. Aronhime and J. K. Gillham:
The Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) Cure Diagram of
Thermosetting Polymeric Systems.
A. Apicella and L. Nicolais (University of Naples, Naples, Italy)
Effect of Water on the Properties of Epoxy Matrix and Composites
(Part I, Vol, 72).
J. M. Barton (Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, UK):
The Application of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to
the Study of Epoxy Resins Curing Reactions (Part I, Vol. 72).
L. T. Drzal (Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA)
The Interphase in Epoxy Composites (Part II, Vol. 75).
K. Dugek (Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechoslovakia).
Network Formation in Curing of Epoxy Resins (Part III, Vol. 78).
T. Kamon and H. Furukawa (The Kyoto Municipal Research
Institute of Industry, Kyoto, Japan).
Curing Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Cured Epoxy
Resins (Part IV, Vol. 80).
J. L. Kardos and M. P. Dudukovie (Washington University,
St. Louis. MO, USA).
Void Growth and Transport During Processing of Thermosetting
Matrix Composites (Part IV, Vol. 80).
A. J. Kinloch (Imperial College, London, UK).
Mechanics and Mechanisms of Fracture of Thermosetting Epoxy
Polymers (Part I, Vol. 72).
.E .S W. Kong (Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA,
USA).
Physical Aging in Epoxy Matrices and Composites (Part IV,
Vol. 80).
J. D. LeMay and F. N. Kelley (University of Akron, Akron, OH,
USA).
Structure and Ultimate Properties of Epoxy Resins (Part III,
Vol. 78).
F. Lohse, and H. Zweifel (Ciba-Geigy, Basle, Switzerland).
Photocrosstinking of Epoxy Resins (Part III, Vol. 78).
E. Mertzel and J. L. Koenig (Case Western Reserve University,
Cleveland, OH, USA).
Application of FT-IR and NMR to Epoxy Resins (Part II, Vol. 75).
R. J. Morgan (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Liver-
more, CA, USA).
Structure-Properties Relations of Epoxies Used as Composite
Matrices (Part I, Vol. 72).
.E F. Oleinik (Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of Sciences
of USSR, Moscow, USSR).
Structure and Properties of Epoxy-Aromatic Amine Networks in
the Glassy State (Part IV, Vol. 80).
B. A. Rozenberg (Institute of Chemical Physics, Academy of
Sciences of USSR, Moscow, USSR).
Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Mechanism of Reactions of Epoxy
Oligomers with Amines (Part II, Vol. 75).
S. D. Senturia and N. F. Sheppard (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA).
Dielectric Analysis of Epoxy Cure (Part IV, Vol. 80).
R. G. Schmidt and J. P. Bell (Universi'ty of Connecticut, Storrs,
CT, USA).
Epoxy Adhesion to Metals (Part .1I Vol. 75).
E. M. Yorkgitis, N. S. Eiss, Jr., C. Tran, G. L. Wilkes and J. E.
Me Grath (Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA, USA).
Siloxane Modified Epoxy Resins (Part I, Vol. 72).
The editor wishes to express his gratitude to all contributors for
their cooperation.
Prague, January 1986 Karel Du~ek
Editor
Table of Contents
Network Formation in Curing of Epoxy Resins
K. Du~ek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Photocrosslinking of Epoxy Resins
F. Lohse, H. Zweifel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Time-Temperature Transformation (TTr)
Cure Diagram of Thermosetting Polymeric Systems
M. T. Aronhime, J. K. Gillham . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Structure and Ultimate Properties of Epoxy Resins
J. D. LeMay, F. N. Kelley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Author Index Volumes 1-78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161