Epizoism: a new threat to coral healtb in Caribbean reefs

12 Pages·2010·2.61 MB·English

RevB.i oTlr.o 4p6.S ,u p5l:1. 4 5-115969,8
Epizoisnme:w t ah retaotc orahle alitnbC aribberaene fs
ArnfriAendt onaniduE sn1rB iael lesteros2
I
¡nsPta.l eontUonliVovi.ge yn,An la,t hans1t4r,as sAeV- iIe0n9An0ua s,t ria.
2 CentrEes tuAdviasn r;atCs-.SC aSnBItáCar, b saIrEna-, 1 7B3l0an0e Ssp,a in.
(Re2e5.- VIIR-e1v29.69 -7I.l IA-e1e95p9-.8V .- 1998)
Abstr:aC cotrraelea frso uCnadr BroiweC ay, BeliCzeen,trA amle rwiecraie n vestiin1g 9a7at2ne rdde seo ffthe
10hnP ennekCaomrRpae le fSPtaarotkffe K eLya rgFol,o riin1d 9a7B 3o.ts hi tweesrr ee surivn1e 9y9ean7dd nae w
thrtoe caotr haela wlatfshuo ndar: a tehpeirz oooctciucr orfeo nthceoerr ganoivsemrsg rloiwvicinongrg Oal n.t he
reefo-fttl ahBtea rrRieeenrfo rothfC arrBioew C ayt,h earrefie e lodfAs e ropeoerrav ianedoP rnoirsip toersi tes,
scattoevreserhd al lsoawn d-bAol tatrongmue.m boeftr h ecsoer sahlosew i t"hteurftso "fb lue-agrlegeoanrfie l,a ­
ment"otluagss B"o.thm ayc ovesru bstpaonrttioiafiol nn dsi vciodruathalelll iav;ti insgds iusea ppaettah orefce odn ­
taacrte Aan.o thtyepreo fo vergroownlt ihv cionrgial rsse presbeytn htreee addl gMae tapeysesoornane/lleipai da,
asw elalst hber oawlnLg ao bopvhaorriae Bgoathot vae.r gmraoiwnM liyl leepoomrpal aannMad t aal cicbournti s,
a1soot hceorr wailthss m oosthu rfsauceaseh P, o riptoersian tdP.e ass treoTihdisesys n.d roocmceau broseu qtu ally
abundaanrto uCnardrB ioew C ayB,e lianzdie nr, e seo fffKeLya rFglo,o rAis diam.ik lianordft igahtttalcyoh veedr ­
growitsrhe presbeythn ets epdo nCglei onae aribIbwtea afsuo. n rde guliantr hrleey e arfosu nCda rBroiweC aoyn
aw idvea rioefcty o rsaple cAinei sd.e ntytpieoc fae lp izoiirsse mp resbeyCn htoendd erfin lulcauw lhai,cs hof, ra ,
waso bserovnelidynB elizthee. sneAe lws! y ndromes togtoe atc hoenrs idamcoeourrnaatbl l-ed fecagtroard,i ng
whiwcahns o ftuo nidnth esree se2 f5y eaargso .
Key woRredsec:fo raslpsa,c e competicotroadrsle, a rteehpde,ief zgr oaidsamt,i on.
Corraelse ar founCdarn eB owC ayB,e l,i ze Whenb othr eef-wseirtreee ss urvem yed
CentrAamle rilcoac,aa tt1e 6d4° 8 N',8 80°5 ' earl1y9 9th7e,m ossttr ikdiineffgr enicne s
W (Fi)gw .elrien vestiin1g 9a7tan2ed,dr ese f comparitsotho eno lsdu rvewyesr thea t:1 )
ofth eJ oOOP ennekCamopr Raele Sft aPtarek muclhar gpeorrt ioofnr se ef-ancdr beasctk ­
offK eyL argoF,l orida,a t2l 5o0°c7 Na', t edr eareefa arse d eatdo danady2 ,)a q ualitatively
80°1 8W' (Figin. 129)7 (3A nto1n9i7u4s) .n ewth retaoct o rhaela hlathes m ergceodn,s ist­
Sin1c9e7 w2a sth ey eaorfd iscoovfte hrey ingo fa r atehpeirz oooctciucr roefc necrtea in
black-band( BdBiDos)fe r aesecefo ralsC yanophRhyotdao,p hyPthaa,e opahnydt a,
(Antonius 1973), speciinba olths uerm­pPhoarsiifse ra olvievrcigonrrgoaTh wluissns.,gu b­
veywsa psu otn c oral Thhuesaa,ll tho.n g cjeeroc­ftth ipsa piesarq ualidteastcirvoiepf t ion
tatrianns ecUtvsed,,i seaostheedr,wi imspea ctn­ewloyb serpvheedn omeneap iozfo ism
edan,d d eacdo rwaelrsre e corImdpeadco.t ns degracdoirhnaegla lth.
Uvceo raolthseth ran disewaasfseou sn tdo b e Thisd oensom te anth athte " olmda"l adies
mainfleye gd idnamagbeyt hefi rewormh avdei sappOenarth eedc .o ntraryB,B Dan d
Hermodice caru(nAcnutlao1tna9i 7u13s9, 7 5)w hite-dbiansde( aWBsDear) e s tciolmmlo an t
in thesoei sdurv eys. both loc(aAtnitoon1ns9i 18u)sc, o ral-tissue-
146 REVISDTEAB IOLOGTIRAO PICAL
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Fi1g.T.o th el e(=ft w estth)me a inloafBn edl jiuzsseot u otfth h teo wonfD angrwiigthta hm eo uoth ft hSei ttReiev Teor .
ther ig(= heta stthp)ea tch-reoefthfe l saygsoantodetn mh b ea rrrieeerf Twoibtahc eoi ntR hneeoe rtfCh u,r lBeanwki nt he
souatnhCd a rBroiweC aiynt hceen ter.
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Fi2g.T.o t hlee (ft= w esKte)Ly argwoi thL arSgoou (nLdS. . an)d S ouStohu Cnrde (eSkT) o.t hrei g(= hetas t)th eW hite
Banaksr weiath t hKee Lyar gDor Ryo cksG raencdRi oacnrk ese Tfhsse.h eeldfgm ea rthkes3 0m isobath.
bleac(hTiBnLgi) sr ampaenstp eciian lIy MATERIASLA ND METHODS
Beli(zAen tonini purse,pw .h)i,Fl leo riisd a
beinign vabdyane dar aryo pfreviousolry liUtntdleer waotne-rso,ib tsee rvawteiroen s
unknowsny ndromesa,sw hsiutceh-y peolx­,m adael oant go toaftl w elve tr3ann soerctht s:
low-blwohticthe,-( pGloargeeutaae lu 1. 9 98),an d3 s outh oBfoCwCa arryi,e Baeswl eilzle ,
white-typpleaII g (uRei charedtas lo1.n9 98),a s3 tr ansecotnKs e yL arDgroyR ockasn3 d
orr apid-wasting edtai ls1.e9 a9s7e) .o( nGC reervciRinoanoc kFsl,o rida.
Howevienor u,or p inthieoc no,m bipnheed­ TheB elMte thowda su sethdr oughionu t
nomeonfae pizodiessmc,ri inthb iepsda per,o rdteorr e giaslstlye nrd roonmc ,?osr ina thles
mayp osane e vemno rsee vethreratet o cortraanls easc tisn dicoafttohhreesa c lothn diotfi on
heaanldthw ellboefthin ege ntriereeecf o systh­er espercetsei( fvAent on1i9u9s5 Ita i)sa.
temo semi-quanttiimtea-tctioevucenh tn tihqaute
use3s0 -msicnan tso q uantifrfye queonfc y
occurrenccoer daiolsf e anadsoe thse cro ral-
ANTONIOS &BALLE�TEcAR nOew Sth:re taotc orhale alth 147
degradsyinndgromeosn� .scafrloem zetroQ ingdaotnat hechatln.glbeasa ty �tpl�aecinen
siHx(.} wevetrh,e pformpo ()fthsipeas p er,pert�h esree eofvsetrim ew,il lb efOtthcominga ta
centage.sof afllictsepde·ci meonfts h. e respfeuctu�rd eat e(A ntoniiusn,p rep.):
tivec orakspeciecsal·cwuelraetA endo.v er�n The second pinothinte IUsl1ttred0 duction,
accountocf or(aanlfu du srheeeatbl,f)d eal.ing. then ewpheno�nmao fothergrgatírosvmesr­
withatllh epresentIys.yknnodrwol'lm eosnreef growingl ivincgor ails·,t he�lÍbjectothfi s
coral(sA ntoniu1s9 95w1:»il,l p ubbel ishedp aperWoe wOlllikletd po oiónutt tthhaedt e s­
elsewh(ereA ntoin npiruesp,, ). ignation a"nse wL'phenrnoenas hanUot suggest
Sampltákeesnllithéfieldpwreesreervme d· thattheses ylldro1Ínaind�oestxis ted�in · the
4%form alin-seaw·ataeswr e,lla sin 70%d ena­pasbt,um te re]yth atfu ey hand obtee ant hreat
tured ethanoAl.H ·vo uchespre cime\Vnesr e toc oranald·t oco rraele f heafelwth d eac ades
depositedin theH erbarioC ednetrlde 'Estudiagso .
Avancats,C SICin, BlanSepsa,inTh e.r espec�
tivea ccess'ion-nuamrbeliers st edi nt he Blue-greeo algaeB:aThrriee rA tlaritic
"ResuIstes"c tion. .Reefimrnnoerthd9ifCaarrtiee.B lovvy C ay,
.
.··,Belize,co?nfsani astpsproxim5a0tm-ewli)id e
.r eefcrest,mParndaeinuloy fA croporapalma­
MSULTS ta··anMdil elpora cdmplanabyt aa, foUowed
Fotso�m.\Veliboo dha�hnaó!c1:>ketoe·n
TABL�J·
th�sreeeffso r y2ear5s fu,e · fsrrigs·hwt ta sa
f!�al·s·Eh�p()ecckial.tl hyr ee efsar ound CarneS um.mary ofpercentages ofcoral populations
BowC ay�,in B elizwe hichwe reteemwingi th óvergroeitwhnebrjJc )'a�odrp ftlhayctreosa,l ­
groupsenra,p ptrleggre,rfisho,t choelorrfu lreegfa eor, spongeins r eeftoBfowC Caray,r .i e
fishan,d with IobcsotenncmodhI dind�y ts,� eBe lainzKd eéy LaFrlgoor(,in =dq.n.r.o treg­
ister�d)
···�e now ghosttle mpTlity.eo nlylargerfish
· s:endllurolin��tho�nfewassourvnepaie�y
rotfisban'da.rb arnycOu das.popI:'ulia�tiho ns
in��d�thMaripeei SN�acthlaiíaI ori(ryeay I
LHoarwgeov,eaosFr,lnloenritdiaoo�naebpdeupp·inn·eo·<bdarineeoetrttdn •esfin.eroJi.t e a.h pe ·5500 . . .¡.fPcofr6ipqtteascpe'o11' iréiótfeniss
n,r. ..r. e p()rtoend
IntroductiIoarn,g epoofr·rte i.eo.f�a-sncd r est
Sclaecttiiaann ¡:."l
back;reweerfe;dowchuméinct�ehldi av·aBse4· GorgOrija
years awgeorf,eo und
d�taoddAnad.thYis;i s.trU·e forCarrie··B 0�.· cB%eli ié .M,grac6rwoainlggaoeri F'l.%o .r, i.d,a
RineegifnBo.e Hozea,�swcelalosf ó#rdGrieRcoticanki."§. o 1l25
andK eLyar gDryo . . �ino<cPksl Ino. riaUd, aoí;5 Millepti'dtomp�qnati!l
theseré ef�s,elexpansoefss titanlldisng,r el� 55. tPMi.qlrleíptore.asql\t;Clfictróetnoiis qes
.a tiveulny da..cm .oa.r.sagk le�Idet (j)mnasinly 10 . Porites por�tes
Acrópo.anr daM il1J.elapolrma� icoam jJl(l1'lata)
can befoj�mswd,eaHs otflha¡'easwhetbersee Sponges Florida
skel�e�wleoªnfudseortwnepsotum.p s,and growirJgon .,%
othearsg am\Vherfueel!s�aree e.ó nbliterated10 Dendrocygylifn/1dr us
andrdeuecdt m.obloeC. ar,ir�Blotewe fwas5 Acropóra pa/mata:
surv eyeÍI'ld .1972. (Antoniuslw25p ub.>l MM iiosnlthlaseetdpr)eoa,rq'anqnd n CiunlO.amr.r pils anata
tbeKey Lrargeoe.fin s197(An3 tonius1 974).2 Diploríastrigno,st,a
in 2 Di·P¡ oria tlha.biJmyis o r.ri ·· n··n;T;
comparisowni ththen ew·(1979)ones,contam.. 1 .Agartié.ci nau. ifo#na;r .
:Afi3ctilcglóoftlili6b1eds(e11J.72/73}tesults
148 REVISTDAE B IOLOGIA TROPICAL
Fi3g..T htyep ic"tuftsaJ" ofO scillastuobrmieam broanbn raancceohafeP so riptoersiO tneoesf t.hb er anhcashb eesec no m­
pletceolvyeb ryte hdce y anophyte.
roughl2y0 0m-wirdeeefl fa tth ati sa bou1tm swepitnfr omt hoe uterre egfe,tt icnagu gihnt
deebpe hithnedr eecfr eansdt 2 m deetpo ward theb rancheissn, o ktn owna tp resento
thel ago(oRnü tzanlde Mra cintyr1e9 82R)i.gh t FollowDrouíentg' s taxonomyw,e identi­
behithnedr eecfr esthteb, o ttom ism ostrluyb ­ fiedt he "tuaftssO "s cillatosruibam em­
blien betwneumeenr ouMso ntastarnenau laris branacaneda th e "flagsa"sSc hizothrix mexi­
and Porttaesstre oidehse adsT.o wardtsh e canaw,h ilaec cordtiocn lga stsaxiocn omthye
lagoothne, fl oobre comae ssan d-flats,t udded "tuftsa"l so matthcehc haracteroifs tics
withA cropora ceranvdi cPoornrisi tpeosr itesM icrocoIlyenugsb yacanedu thse," flagthso"s e
colonies. ofO silclatormiaar garitifSeiran.c e ttaxhoen ­
As mentioneeardl iecro,m paretdo 1 972, omyo fblue-griesne ontso rioudsilffiyc udletf,­
the1 99s7urv eys howeadm uchl argepre rcent­initied entificwaitliunlod no ubtedrleyq uire
ageo fs tisltlan dinbgu,td eacdo ralc oloniesfurth.e r investigation.
Thisw ast he coanths eer eecfr easstw elalso n Absolutely unehquoíwveovceararel, th, e
!he reeflfa tA. substantpiarta olf th isc oral effecotfsth isk inodf o vergrowtho nth el iving
mortalictyo ulbed t racteocd y anophyotviecr ­ coraThle.r es eemtso b ea positciovrreeiloant
growth.A bou5t0 %o fa lAl. c ervicoanrndi P.s betwetehnse i zoefth ear eao fc ontacbte tween
poritceosl on(iTeasb 1l)es catteorveedthr e alganad coraanld, th ed egreoef d egradatioofn
reeflfats howe ithe"rtu fts"o fblue-graelegna e cortails swuieth:i ncreassiizonefgth ear eath,e
(FigJ.) o rfi lamento"uflsa gs("F i4g.)w a ving resulotfths i sc ontabcetc ominec reasingly
inth ec urrentB.o thm ayc ovesru bstanptoira­l severTeh.e c oratli ssiuseu sualfloyu nd
tioonfsth esebran ching coraWhlesth.e rth ese bleacwhheedn th ear eao fc ontaicsast s malals
cyanophyhtaedsgr owno nth e coralb ranches af ews quare-milliwmheetnthe era sl;gc ao vers
from minutgee rms,o rw hethethre yw ere severaslq uare-centithmee ctoerratsli, s siuse
ANTONl&U BSA LLESTERnOeSwt:h rAte oca otr haelal th 149
Fi4g..W avi"nfgl aogfScs h»i zothrix omnbe rxainccahona-fA t cirpospc oerrav icCoornrtiaisls. is sbu eei knigl blyeth de
cyanopchoyvteirc.
mosteInyc ounitnet rhpeerd o coefsd sy ing;c orallepiidsua n dweary s,i nictie s a new
onccey anopohvyetrigcro ocwctuharp eiaeinss specBioetsah.l gae overgrMiolwl epmoarian ly
thoer doefrm agnitoufds eq uare-decicmoemtplearns(a,tFa i5 g)an. d M illepora alcicornis
thceo rtails hsauise,nm oscta sdeiseo,dff a nd fromt hbeo ttuopmw ardbsua,tl sooth ecro rals
icso mplegtoenley. witshm oostuhr fascuec,ash P orites porites
Thipsa rtipcruolbaloref cm y anophy(tFeis6g )an. d P oritasetsr eoidTheisss. yndrome
invadinpgo pcuolratawilao sinn, sF ebruaroyc cuarbso euqtu aabunldlanyt aroundC arne
199e7n,c ounotneltryoae m din imdaelg rine e BowC ay, Banedl iinzt eh,re e eofffsK ey
Florida. Howevaelrgc,aan eb bel u-e-LgarrgeoFe,ln o rwiidtaph e rcenotfaa gffleisc ted
anhda vbee e-nap robilneK me yL arrgeoe fsi ndiviodftu haeslspsee crianegsi frnogm 2 t o
(Tab1l)ae n wdi lbled eawlitta hg aiinnt he 10% (Tab1l)e.
"Discu.s sion" Both aMletgaapeey,ss onnceolriaal lepida
SampleosfO scillatosurbimae mbranaceaas w elalsL o bophovraar iegfaotarma t ightly
ared eposaisEt Be-dC BCan-d1E 2B -CBC-B,a ttac"hskeidon nt" h ceo rsaulr fwaictenh,o
whiSclhei zothmreixc icainsra epresbeyn tetrda coefl iving colrebaftel l thotweia slsguael
EB-CB1C4-. coveInr t.hfi ee ltdh,te w sop ecarieeh sa rtdo
distinsgíunbicosetareh h,v erdyark witrha zor­
MacroalgAaneo:th tyepre o fo vergrowtshh arepd geI.nc omaprishoonw,e vMe r,
onl ivcionragil srs e presbeytn htreee dad l ga coralleappidap eeavredsnar ketrh anL. v arie­
Metapeyssonnceolriaal leanpiddt ah,be r own gataw,i tha viohleutean d showirnagt her
alLgoab ophovarriae gatWah. ile sdpeetceire­sstr aightw heidLl.gve ea rsi,e giastti a ndarkt ed
minatoifL.o v nar iegdaitndao pto saneyp rob­oliwvietm ho rreo uneddegdBe ost.ah l gsateart
lems,y steemvaatliucoa fMte itoapney ssonneltiaog roawtt hbea soefc oral cwohlioacnrhie e s
150 REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA TROPICAL
Fi5g.T. h reh odoMpehytet apeyscsoornanlegllreiopawi oidavn eMgri llecpoomrpala nTahteead .go efth eal giar se latively
straightan di tsc olioasrd arpkurp le.
Fi6g.T. h peh aeopLhoybteo pvhaorriae ogvaetragr oswoirnnfiegn georfPs o rip/oersiT tehsee.d goefths e a lgaraeu suyal l
rounanddei dtc so lioasrd ardrkab, o live-green.
ANTONIU&S B ALLESRTOES:A nethwr etoa cto rhale alth 151
Fi7g.T. h hea drornseproinCdgl ei ocnaar igrbobweai onngal argeD iplolraibyrai nthifIoptrmr iosb.sab tlartye oduat t s orne
spootfd enucdoerdsa kle lbetupotrn o,c teoeod vse rgrolwi vcionrgsa urfarel.
"deavdo"io,df c ortails ansdut eh udse fense­Thisd oes mneoatn h,o wevtehra,t
lesFsr.o thme rthee yp rocuepewdar dnso,w Metapeyssonnceolriaal lepciodualn do bte
overgroawniddn egs tropyoilnygp s alnedt fhoaMrl complanaMtanay. casheasv e
coenosarc. beerne gisotfle arrgefedr rectoortaaoIlvsle yr ­
Lackoibnsge rvtaitmtieho,sen p eoefdt he grownb yfu er hodopThhuystth,ee .sc eo lonies
prociensso syt e knío wnb,u thte i mpaicestv i­stipHe rfecetxhliybt ihtse h aapne dgr owth­
dent. Althpooulgyhap pcspo eurarna dli sturbedf ormo fM complanatbau,tht e yar en owp ur­
irnmediatienlfr yo notf th ea dvancailngga ,p lish-ibnlsatocefthka edt ypiUcvaeyl e Uow.
theriesn otr acoefc oratli slseubftee ltohwe The samei stru ef oLr.v ariegoavtae rgrowing
tightalttya cahlegdca oIv eIrnf. a cetv,eth ne P. porit:ce so loonfith eiscs o rsahlo winfgm ­
surfasctruec tureo fth ec orsakle laeptpoenar sg ewrhs iarceho livei-nbsltaoecfthakend o rmal
tobe erodQeudi.it nec ontrtaoso tfu esryn ­ Uveb,r igrgehetn ishh-agrvbeeey e,kn i lanlde d
dromeMs ,c orallepaniddaL .v ariegoavtae r­overgrboywth nep haeophyte.
growianngtd h uksi lloiffln igv cionrgta ils sue,S ampleasrd ee posuintdetheder n umbers
don oatp petaroo peunpth ew ayf oorth ecro ralE B-CB7C an-d 1,1a sw elals E B-KLF-l
bioerossuicaohsbn o,r ionrggan isms. throu6gh.
Howeviensr o,rni en stanthceesosev ergrow­
inmga croalsgeaetemotr iggWBeDr ( AntoniusS pongAe ssi:m ikliarno dft ightaltyt ached
1995Thbi)sw. as d efiniotbesleyri vnce adso efs overgrtho,aw lssot arattith nebg a soeffu e
Lobophovraar iegaotvae rgroPworiitnegs coral icsro elporneysb eythn eth eaddr omerid
poriantedsi ssu spe-cbtucetod u nlodbt ev eri­ sponCglieo cnarai bbeItaw .a founsd regularly
fiedb eyonadr easodnoabu-lbietn c asoefs inr eearfosu nCdarn e BowC ayo nA cropora
Metapeyssoncnoerlaillae piodvae rgrowipan/gm at(aF i8g).,M illepocroam lpanata,
Millepocroam planata.
152 REVISDTAE B IOLOGTIRAO PICAL
Fi8g..C loseo-fIu haped vanfrcoinontfCg liocnaa riobnba enAa c roppoarlam aTthae. spnooontng lkeyi Uosfftit ec oral
polybpua1sts, po e netrtitaeut epsp ermloasyotef titr e s keleton.
Montastraenan ularDiisp,l orsitar igosa, Oft hseu bstAan.tp ailamla atna Md com­
Diplorilaa byrinthif(oFrim7ig)s.A , g arieiap lanaploap ulastoiuootfnCh sar rBioew C ay,
tenuifolaian,dr elatifvreelqyu eonnt lyan estim5a%to efad lc lo lomnaiybe esa fflict­
Dendrogyreay lindbruuostn, lvye rryar eolny edw,h inloemt o rteh an1 -2o%ft hoet hceorr al
Aeropopraa/ maantad M illepeoormap lanatas pecaireoesv ergrboyC.w cna ribb(eTaa ble
inF lor(iTdaab1 l)e. 1)T.h setr ikeixncge pitDsi. c oynl indwrhuisc h
HowevCelri,on eaa ribbceoav erUinvge isn oatfr equesnpte carioeusn Cdar ireB ow
cormaalybs e t hsee cosntdao gfthe e i nvasioCna.yb ,u untd ehre avayt tabcyC.k caribbea
The sponrgeea dgriolwyso nd eacdo rsaulr ­(Tab1l)Ie.n teretshtsiiysnn gdrloysm,ee e tmos
,facoeftsee,nn ouwghi fun ol ivcinogr anayl­ bem uclhe sosfa p roblienFm l orwihdear e
whenreear F.ro mfu esfeo ofuoilptdr so ceteod so nlvye rfye wc asweesr oeb serovneA .d
overgrHovwpe o rtoifthoenc so rcaoll o(nFyi g.p almaantdaM eomplan(aTtaa ble 1).
7)In. d oisnogC., c aribnbeoaot n leyl iminateAsn othsepro nCgheo,n dilrla ef nueula,
thceo rapoll'yspand sc oenobsuaratcl ,es roo desa ppariesbn ethlayv thiesn amge w ayIt. s tarts
thes kelseurfatcaesl tru crurean de vepne netratoeusat t s orndee asdp ootfa c orcaoll obnuyt,
thuep penn1o-cs2mt o ffu ec orsakle letopnr.o cefreodmts h etrooe v ergrow livcionrga l
Howevjeursa,tsw aso bserivnfue edc asoef surfaceA.t p resietdn ote nso ste etmob ea
overgromwaicnrgo aclograale ,p olyptso atphrpeetaarot r eehfe alththo ugshi,n ocnelth yr ee
beu ndístiummrebdeidain t freolnoytf th el ead­casweesr feo unidnC arireB owR eeanfd,
inegd goeffu es ponThgees .p eoefad d vaonfc e nonseofar,, inF lorOindeoa ft.h ehsoew,e ver,
C. earibibensao yte ktn owbnuth,te p osiotfi onh ada lmocsotm pleetnevleyl oap leadr ge
seveorffuaelsl ee adeidnghgea svb ee emnar ked coloonfDyi p losrtriiag o(sFa i9g)..
infu efi elanddw iylile rleds iulntt hse future.

154 REVISDTEAB IOLOGTIRAO PICAL
almoshta If-a-mienth eeri ghtan d coveringMil lep ora coloniienss icad efi eldo fl iving,
largpeat cheksi,l loinffngo to nlsyt onyc omIs, brigyhetU owo nes.
buta lsthoe veryfr equenste a-fa(n1Hsa las Whatboth algasee emt oh avien com m oni s
pers. comm.)th.e r Teheuifssl, o caklnloyw ans the faethta tth eyc an triggerWB D, a phenome­
th"ea lgraeee fs'in cthee nan,d thec yanophyten onp reviouosnlloyyb servedt obe linked with
was tentatiivdeelnyt ifiaesd L yngbysap . eyanophyt(eAsn ton1i9u8s71 ,9 88Th)r.o ughth is
Todamyo,s otf thes toncyo raalrsde e ada,n ds o mechanismL .var iegataasw elasl M corallepi­
ist hed enspeo pulatoifGo onr gonvíean talinada mayam ount toca f ormcuec hm ored estru.ctive
(Tab1l)e.T he lrages keletaroen sst itlhle re, than any ofth emw oulbed onth eiownr.
wavinignth e surwghei,la en ewg eneratoifo n Amongc oral-overgraonwdein ogr al-killing
nowh and-sifzaenhdsa sb egutnúg row. spongtehsm,eo snto toritoodu ast iesp robably
AtC arrieB owR eeifn B elizweh,i cihs f ar Terpisops.( Brya1n9 73P,l ucer-Ro1s9a8r7i o
away frosomur ceosfm an-madep ollutwieo n, and Antoni1u9s9 1bo)r,T apiahsa shinota
suspetchtat th per obliesmr elatteoad d ecline respeet(iAvnetloyn 1i9u9s3 R,ü tzl&e Mru zik
inC aribbweaatne qru aliitngy e nerWahle.r e 1993T) .h oshinwohtiac chan infehsutn dreds
shouclydan ophyte-prowmaotteirn-gc onditioofmn est erosfc orarle einf Microne(sBiryaa n
comefr om,i fn otfr om theo penC aribbean1 973h)a,sa lsboe erne porfrtoemdt hneo rthem
SeaA?ft era H,n ortheasttreardley- wpirned­s Pacífifrco,m S amotao Ta iwan (Plucer-Rosario
vaiinl B elidzuer i7n0g% o ft hey ea(rR ützler1 987fr)o,m s outheJma pa(nRü tzl&er M uzik
& Ferrari1s9 82). 1993)a,sw elal sfr om Mauritius (Antonius
Offu e arrayo fc oral-ovellrglrgo rgwoan­ 1993a)n dS ina(i.A nton1i9u9s6 )B.u íi tw as
theb rowanl gLao bophovraar iegiast a neveo!"b servienAd t lantwiact ers.
ouep reviouosblsye rvbeyd t he Howevetrh,e rsee emtso e xias ít ruCeO Ull­
authotrúsd amagceo mlsD.u ring terparti nt heC aribbeCalni.o ncaa ribbea
tionosfc orahle alitnhM auritimuesn,t ionedt umeodu tt úa mountto a majo!"c oral-killing
earliLe.vr a,r iegaíaw aso bservteood v ergrow agenitnr eefasr ounCdar ry Bow Cay,B eli,z e
siTIal! ofP oritseps.F ,a visat eilgl­ and alsooc curriinngF loriCdlaí.o nsape cies,
era.¡¡,u do ther(sA ntoni1u9s9 Ab1,9 95b, sucahs C. caribbC.e al,a mpaa,n dC. varians
Ballestienr os,H oweveerv,e inn t hpear ­ havbee eon bservaessd u ccescsotumlp etitors
ver)'s ic,cko raplo pulatoifoM l1asu ritiusf ols'p acbee fare 1978)H.o wever,
inp resst)h,e oue C.
"n,fU""O_,O'N,,,¡,.,,n.,(,",L,O B)w asn ote nCOUI1-
amongt hPeo rites
oft heb ack··rareeeaf,L OE
arhounttso a factor.
"lil1hHe LOE seemtso b el esso fa threiant ofd iffereenvtr ai
another the mtheirn dís:criminmaatnen e!".
rhodophMyettea peyssonnelia As mentioned the spongdeo esn ot
dcminantth erIen. thirse d pre0y11 ana probabclaynn ote vesne tde
m<tin!y Milleporcao mplaniant a OH healthcyo ratils sBuuet.i tfl omish.oens
crest aTTeoat sh.eb esotf o urk nowledMg e, denud,ceodr lailm estsourfancee s,an d fromt1¡ is
was an undescribed secufroeoth olhda sn o in" UL"",''¡u.<cu'­
Wime:s,ereots Úl i.t ,,,,,a.r1'0,,n;,r,rrt hel ivicnogr aaln imaJlu,sa ts
wasn eveorb servbeedf o0r.1'ei tw asm isidenti­
hed.J.u sats L .'!J ilj-jp·fYo.l'n ino verpowering
soc an M COl"aUem'aa. caribbheaar bors
tnt i.tnodt aHy l<lweh icíhm partth es amea dvantage.