Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste: Enzymatic Pretreatment of Waste for Development of Enzyme-based Biorefinery

259 Pages·2022·10.34 MB·English

by  Pradeep Verma

Enzymes in the
Valorization of Waste
Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste: Enzymatic Pretreatment of Waste for
Development of Enzyme-based Biorefinery focusses on the role of key delignify-
ing enzymes (laccase, MnP, LiP and LPMOs) involved in biomass pretreatment.
The role of enzymes such as hemicellulose, chitinases, and pectinases is discussed
exhaustively including enzyme-assisted recovery of high-value phenolic compounds
and value-added compounds generated during the pretreatment process. All chapters
cover broad topics and thematic areas associated with the pretreatment step of biore-
finery including enzyme-mediated water treatment and its associated applications in
biofuels, biorefineries, and bioconversion.
Features:
• Highlights a mechanistic approach where the enzyme is able to regulate the
delignification.
• Discusses advantages of enzymatic delignification over other physical and
chemical methods.
• Illustrates role of enzymes such as pectinase and chitinases, and breaking
down of biomass recalcitrance due to presence of pectin and chitin.
• Consolidates details on delignifying enzymes (laccase, MnP, and LiP) suit-
able for biomass pretreatment.
• Explores role of delignifying enzymes in recovery of high-value phenolic
compounds during enzymatic delignification.
This book is aimed at graduate students, researchers and related industry profession-
als in biochemical engineering, environmental science, wastewater treatment, bio-
technology, applied microbiology, biomass-based biorefinery, biochemistry, green
chemistry, sustainable development, waste treatment, enzymology, microbial bio-
technology, and waste valorization.
Novel Biotechnological Applications for Waste to Value
Conversion
Series Editors: Neha Srivastava, IIT BHU Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India and
Manish Srivastava, IIT BHU Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Solid waste and its sustainable management is considered as one of the major global
issue due to industrialization and economic growth. Effective solid waste manage-
ment (SWM) is a major challenge in the areas with high population density, and
despite significant development in social, economic and environmental areas, SWM
systems is still increasing the environmental pollution day by day. Thus, there is an
urgent need to attend to this issue for green and sustainable environment. Therefore,
the proposed book series is a sustainable attempt to cover waste management and
their conversion into value added products.
Utilization of Waste Biomass in Energy, Environment and Catalysis
Dan Bahadur Pal and Pardeep Singh
Nanobiotechnology for Safe Bioactive Nanobiomaterials
Poushpi Dwivedi, Shahid S. Narvi, Ravi Prakash Tewari and Dhanesh Tiwary
Sustainable Microbial Technologies for Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes
Jitendra Kumar Saini, Surender Singh and Lata Nain
Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste
Enzymatic Pretreatment of Waste for Development of Enzyme-based Biorefinery
(Vol I)
Pradeep Verma
Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste for Development of Value-added Products (Vol II)
Pradeep Verma
Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste
Next-Gen Technological Advances for Sustainable Development of Enzyme based
Biorefinery (Vol III)
Pradeep Verma
Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management
Rangabhashiyam S, Ponnusami V and Pardeep Singh
Agricultural and Kitchen Waste
Energy and Environmental Aspects
Dan Bahadur Pal and Amit Kumar Tiwari
For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Novel-
Biotechnological-Applications-for-Waste-to-Value-Conversion/book-series/NVAWVC
Enzymes in the
Valorization of Waste
Enzymatic Pretreatment of Waste
for Development of Enzyme-based
Biorefinery
Edited by
Pradeep Verma
First edition published 2023
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Pradeep Verma; individual chapters, the contributors
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors
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ISBN: 978-1-032-03515-4 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-03516-1 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-18771-4 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003187714
Typeset in Times
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................................vii
Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................ix
Editor .........................................................................................................................xi
Contributors ............................................................................................................xiii
Conflict of Interest .................................................................................................xvii
Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................xix
Chapter 1 Pretreatment Methods for Overcoming Biomass Recalcitrance ..........1
Premeshworii D. Maibam and Arun Goyal
Chapter 2 Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuels Production,
an Integrated Approach ......................................................................23
Cataldo De Blasio, Gabriel Salierno, and Karhan Özdenkci
Chapter 3 Laccase-mediated Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass:
Current Status and Future Prospects ..................................................51
Rokesh Radhakrishnan, Bhumika Shridhar, and Amit Ghosh
Chapter 4 Lignin Peroxidases and Their Relevance in Lignin-based
Circular Bioeconomy: A Microbial Treasure for Sustainable
Development .......................................................................................85
Jasneet Grewal, S. K. Khare, and Kumar Pranaw
Chapter 5 Structure, Properties and Functions of Manganese Peroxidase
for Enzymatic Pretreatment of Waste Biomass ................................113
Anna Jose, Liya Thurakkal, and Mintu Porel
Chapter 6 An Overview of Pretreatment Strategies for the Development
of Enzyme-based Biorefinery with Special Emphasis
on Pectinases ....................................................................................137
Dipanwita Deb, Aratrika Roychowdhury, Sumit H. Dhawane,
Biswajit Kamila, and Gopinath Halder
Chapter 7 Chitinases: Structure, Function, and Valorization of Marine
Shell Waste .......................................................................................157
D. Digvijay and A. Seenivasan
v
vi Contents
Chapter 8 Pretreatment and Valorization of Textile-Wastewaters
by Haloarchaea .................................................................................187
Alisha D. Malik and Irene J. Furtado
Chapter 9 Evolution of Biological Pretreatment Methods for Agricultural
Residues and Defatted Microalgae for Overcoming Biomass
Recalcitrance in Biofuel Generation ................................................209
Kuldeep Gupta, Pritam Bardhan, Divya Bhatt,
Muzamil Ahmad Rather, Parmanand Kumar,
Laldingngheti Bawitlung, Manabendra Mandal,
and Rupam Kataki
Index ......................................................................................................................235
Preface
The modern era can be called an era of waste. Rapid population growth has increased
the needs of people and accommodating these requirements of a modern fast-paced
life has led to the generation of huge amounts of waste. Different anthropogenic
activities result in generation of waste from non-biodegradable plastics to biodegrad-
able organic or biological products (for example from agriculture, animal product
processing, forest product processing, marine and municipal waste, and food, feed,
textile, pulp, leather processing industries etc.). Waste disposal has been considered
one of the most critical issues in current times. Nevertheless, humankind always
surprises with a great ability to turn a crisis into an opportunity.
With this aim in the past few decades, several processes have been developed to
convert these wastes into value-added compounds such as: biobutanol, bioethanol,
and other high-value essential compounds. Several physical and chemical methods
have been developed to facilitate these conversions and resource recoveries from
waste. But the cost involved, environmental concerns and the non-sustainable nature
of physical and chemical methods has led the focus to shift towards biological meth-
ods. Among several biological methods, the role of enzymes in these important steps
of bioconversion of waste to value has been critical.
Waste-based biorefineries focus on an integrated system for complete valorization
of wastes by generation of value-added compounds. The waste biomass consists of
lignin, hemicelluloses, cellulose, starch, pectin, lipids, and so on that can be used as
precursor compounds for generation of several building block chemicals as well as
fuels. The production of suitable liquid or gaseous fuel and value-added compounds
occur through a series of steps. The role of different enzymes is important to the
biorefinery concept with a critical role in the two most rate-limiting steps of biorefin-
ery: pretreatment and hydrolysis. These enzymes, by their action on different compo-
nents of the waste, can lead to generation of specific oligomers and monomers. These
oligomeric and monomeric compounds can be subsequently converted to biofuels or
can be used as the building block for commercially important chemicals. In order to
understand the role of enzymes in these two critical steps, their source, structural and
mechanistic properties, and technological advancements in the field of enzymology
for their application in waste-to-value generation need to be understood. Thus, this
book entitled Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste: Enzymatic Pretreatment of Waste
for Development of Enzyme based Biorefinery as a part of the book series Novel
Biotechnological Applications for Waste-to-Value Conversion consists of nine chap-
ters under the thematic areas associated with the pretreatment step of biorefinery.
This book provides an insight into waste biorefinery via presenting background
information on biomass recalcitrance, and updated information on mechanisms and
the role of enzymes such as laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidases, chi-
tinase and pectinases. Further, this book presents an insight into pretreatment and
valorization of waste using microbial and enzymatic systems. Additionally, a system-
atic study presenting the evolution of pretreatment for valorization of agricultural
and defatted microalgae systems is also incorporated. This book can provide one-
stop solutions to researchers, students, academicians, scientists, and professionals.
vii

Acknowledgments
First, I would like to convey my gratitude to the series editors, Dr. Neha Srivastava
and Dr. Manish Srivastava, for inviting us to submit this book entitled Enzymes in the
Valorization of Waste: Enzymatic Pretreatment of Waste for Development of Enzyme-
based Biorefinery under the book series Novel Biotechnological Applications for
Waste-to-Value Conversion. I am thankful to CRC Press for accepting my proposal
to act as editor for the current book volume. The current volume of the book series is
only possible because of the support from all the researchers and academicians who
contributed to the book, therefore I am thankful for their contributions. I would also
like to thank my PhD scholar, Dr. Bikash Kumar, currently working as Post Doctoral
Researcher at Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, for providing me with edito-
rial assistance and technical support during all stages of book development. I am also
thankful to the Central University of Rajasthan (CURAJ), Ajmer, India for providing
infrastructural support and a suitable teaching and research environment. The teach-
ing and research experience at CURAJ has provided the necessary understanding of
the needs of academicians, students, and researchers, that was greatly helpful during
the development of this book. I am also thankful to the Department of Biotechnology
for providing me with funds through sponsored projects (Grant No. BT/304/ NE/
TBP/2012 and BT/PR7333/PBD/26/373/2012), for setting up my laboratory the
Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory. I am always thankful to God and my parents
for their blessings. I also express my deep sense of gratitude to my wife and children
for their support both during the development of the book and in life.
ix