ENVY OF THE GODS ALEXANDER THE GREAT'S ILL-FATED JOURNEY ACROSS ASIA JOHN PREVAS $26.00 US / $36.95 CAN By the time Alexander the Great was twenty-six, he had conquered the world's mightiest empire, Persia. He possessed more wealth than any Greek had ever imagined existed. He was the envy of every man. Alexander, however, had an even higher aspiration—to be the envy of the gods. Like the legendary Heracles, he wanted to reach the ends of the earth; surpassing Heracles, he wanted to rule the world. Turning his ambition and army east, Alexander embarked on a long campaign of conquest across Asia. He and his army marched through the mountains of Afghanistan, then over the Hindu Kush and through the Khyber Pass to the Indian subcontinent. But as he pressed his men forward in the wild pursuit of glory and immortality, his empire, his army, and even his own life were unraveling. Alexander grew increasingly unpre- dictable, sporadically violent, megaloma- niacal, and suspicious of both friends and enemies. He had become a com- plicated mix of ruthless tyrant and incurable romantic, a danger to himself and those around him. In the end, only seven years after he had conquered Persia, Alexander the Great was de- feated not by any external enemy but by himself, unable to control his passions- he died after a night of heavy drinking. Writer and intrepid explorer John Prevas's narrative is informed by his personal retracing of much of Alexander's route through what is now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The author's research and travels brilliantly bring to life this rivet- ing story of Alexander's decline and fall—in the land where he sought his greatest glory. ENVY OF THE OOPS ENVY OF THE CODS Alexander the Great's Ill-Fated Journey across Asia JOHN PREVAS V4 Da Capo Press A Member of the Perseus Books Group Copyright© 2004byJohn Prevas Allrights reserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybe reproduced, storedin a retrievalsystem, ortransmitted, in anyform orbyanymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, orotherwise, without thepriorwritten permissionofthepublisher. Printedin the United States ofAmerica. DesignedbyDavidC. denBoer Set in 10/14pointTrumpMediaevalbyThe Perseus Books Group MapsbyAbdullahAyazi Cataloging-in-Publicationdataforthisbook is available from the Library ofCongress. FirstDa Capo Press edition 2004 ISBN0-306-81268-1 PublishedbyDa Capo Press AMemberofthe Perseus Books Group http://www.dacapopress.com Da Capo Pressbooks are available at special discounts forbulkpurchases in the United Statesby corporations, institutions, and otherorganizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 11 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA02142, orcall (800) 255-1514 or (617) 252-5298, oremail [email protected]. 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 08 07 06 05 04 CONTENTS Acknowledgments vii Chronology xi Introduction 1 CHAPTER I Through the Gate of All Nations 8 CHAPTER 2 Beyond the Caspian Gates 45 CHAPTER 3 From Parthia to Bactria 73 chapter 4 Over the Hindu Kush 111 chapter 5 Down the Indus River 153 CHAPTER 6 Return to Babylon 183 Epilogue 207 Who Was Who in the World of Alexander 211 Notes 217 Bibliography 231 Index 237 feie libenterhomines id quod volunt credum