Envisioning a Sustainable Development Agenda for Trade and Environment

290 Pages·2007·1.17 MB·English

by  Adil Najam, Mark Halle, Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz (eds.)

Envisioning a Sustainable
Development Agenda for
Trade and Environment
Edited by Adil Najam, Mark Halle,
and Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz
ENVISIONINGASUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTAGENDAFOR
TRADEANDENVIRONMENT
Copyright © International Institute for Sustainable Develop ment (IISD),
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-1-4039-7572-0
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and
the Regional and International Networking Group (The Ring), 2007
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced
in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the
case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.
First published in 2007 by
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PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the
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ISBN 978-1-349-53639-9 ISBN 978-0-230-60570-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230605701
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Envisioning a sustainable development agenda for trade and environment /
edited by Adil Najam.
p. cm.
“A product of a three-year long project called ‘Southern Agenda for Trade
and Environment,’…jointly implemented by the International Institute for
Sustainable Development (IISD; www.iisd.org), the International Center for
Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD; www.ictsd.org), and The Ring
for Sustainable Development (www.ring-alliance.org)”––P.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Developing countries—Commercial policy––Environmental aspects.
2. Sustainable development––Developing countries. 3. Environmental
economics––Developing countries. 4. International trade––Environmental
aspects. I. Najam, Adil. II. Halle, Mark. III. Meléndez-Ortiz, Ricardo.
HF1413.E585 2007
338.9’27091724—dc22
2006052524
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Design by Macmillan India Ltd.
First edition: August 2007
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Figures and Tables v
Acknowledgments vi
Acronyms and Abbreviations viii
List of Contributors xi
Chapter 1:
Searching for Southern Agendas on Trade and Environment 1
Adil Najam, Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz, and Mark Halle
Chapter 2:
The Case for a Positive Southern Agenda on Trade and Environment 9
Mark Halle and Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz
Chapter 3:
Southern Priorities for Trade and Environment: Regional Comparisons 29
Hugo Cameron
Chapter 4:
Envisioning an Arab Agenda for Trade and Environment 49
Carol Chouchani Cherfane and Karim Makdisi
Chapter 5:
Promoting Trade for Sustainable Development in West Africa 77
Falou Samb
Chapter 6:
An Alternative Environment and Development Vision for
Southern and Eastern Africa 95
Yash Tandon
Chapter 7:
Trade and Environment Negotiations: A South American Perspective 117
Pedro da Motta Veiga
iv ● Contents
Chapter 8:
Redesigning the World Trading System for Sustainable
Development: A View from Central America 137
Alejandro Nadal
Chapter 9:
The Caribbean Community in Trade and Environment Negotiations 159
Taimoon Stewart
Chapter 10:
Trade and Environment in Asia: Snipping the
WTO’s Gordian Knot 179
Simon S. C. Tay
Chapter 11:
Advancing the Trade-and-Environment Agenda: Seeking Regional
Cooperation in Northeast Asia 205
Joy A. Kim
Chapter 12:
The Emerging Dimensions of a Southern Agenda for
Trade and Environment 225
Adil Najam
References 247
Index 263
List of Figures and Tables
Figures
8.1 Exports of Primary Products, Central America, 1980 –2002 143
8.2 Trade Balance for Central American Countries, 1995–2003 144
Tables
7.1 Environment-Related Issues in the Multilateral Trade Agenda 124
7.2 Issues and Positions of a Southern Agenda on Trade and
Environment 133
8.1 Growth Rates for Five Countries in Central America 147
8.2 Central American Fiscal Accounts, 1995–2003 150
Acknowledgments
Throughout the process of producing this book, we have been inspired by
the chapter authors who responded to our call for thought provoking and
thoughtful essays and supported a long and tedious review and editing pro-
cess with patience, grace, and goodwill.
In addition to the chapter authors, a large number of individuals and
institutions were involved in the intense process of consultation with literally
hundreds of practitioners, scholars, activists, and negotiators from all over
the developing world. In particular, we would like to thank the institutions
that assisted in organizing the various regional consultations: Environnement
et Développement du Tiers Monde (ENDA), Senegal; Recursos e Investigación
Para El Desarrollo Sustentable (RIDES), Chile; IUCN–The World Conser-
vation Union, Sri Lanka; Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI),
Pakistan; African Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS), Kenya; Trade Law
Centre for Southern Africa (TRALAC), South Africa; and the Chinese
Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation (CAITEC),
China.
Jointly implemented by the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable
Development (ICTSD), the International Institute for Sustainable Develop-
ment (IISD), and The Regional and International Networking Group (The
Ring), the “Southern Agenda on Trade and Environment Project” benefi ted
from the intellectual and managerial talents of these institutions. In this regard,
we are especially grateful to Heike Baumüller and Hugo Cameron (at ICTSD)
and David Boyer (at IISD), who have been critical to the intellectual substance
as well as the management of the process. Important input was also provided
by Sarah Mohan (at ICTSD) and Trineesh Biswas and Stuart Slayen (at IISD)
at various stages in the process. Hyun Jung Choi, of the Fletcher School of Law
and Diplomacy, Tufts University, provided invaluable editorial and research
assistance in pulling together the fi nal drafts of the various chapters.
Finally, and importantly, this book, and the larger research project that
this is a part of, would not have been possible without the generous fi nancial
support provided by the International Development Research Centre
(IDRC), Canada; the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
Acknowledgments ● vii
(SDC); the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (NMFA); and the
Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). We thank
these agencies for believing in and supporting the “Southern Agenda on
Trade and Environment Project.”
Although infl uenced and supported by so many, the views expressed in
this book are entirely those of the authors and do not imply offi cial endorse-
ment by any of the sponsor organizations or agencies.
A.N.,M.A.H,R.M-O
Acronyms and Abbreviations
AB Appellate Body
ABS access and benefi t sharing
ACP African, Caribbean and the Pacifi c
ACTS African Centre for Technology Studies
AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act
AoA Agreement on Agriculture
APEC Asia-Pacifi c Economic Cooperation
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
AU African Union
AZTREC Association of Zimbabwe Traditional Ecologists
CAFTA Central American Free Trade Agreement
CAITEC Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic
Cooperation
CAMRE Council of Arab Ministers Responsible for the Environment
CARICOM Caribbean Community
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CCICED China Council for International Cooperation on Environment
and Development
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
CRNM CARICOM Regional Negotiating Machinery
CROSQ CARICOM Regional Organization for Standards and Quality
CTD Committee on Trade and Development
CTE Committee on Trade and Environment
DPGs domestically prohibited goods
DSU Dispute Settlement Understanding
EAC East African Community
EGS environmental goods and services
ENDA Environnement et Développement du Tiers Monde
EPPs environmentally preferable products
Acronyms and Abbreviations ● ix
ESCWA (United Nations) Economic and Social Commission for
Western Asia
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FDI foreign direct investment
FTA free trade agreement
FTAA Free Trade Agreement of the Americas
GAFTA Greater Arab Free Trade Area
GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
GM genetically modifi ed
GMOs genetically modifi ed organisms
GSP Generalized Systems of Preference
ICAs international commodity agreements
ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
ICTSD International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development
IDRC International Development Research Centre
IISD International Institute for Sustainable Development
ILO International Labour Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
IPR intellectual property rights
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ITPGRFA International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food
and Agriculture
ITTA International Tropical Timber Agreement
IUCN The World Conservation Union
JCEDAR Joint Committee for Environment and Development in the
Arab Region
LAS League of Arab States
M&A mergers and acquisitions
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MEAs multilateral environmental agreements
MFN most favored nation
MRCE Multi-stakeholder Regional Centre of Expertise
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
NGOs nongovernmental organizations
NMFA Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
OAPI African Intellectual Property Organization
OAU Organization of African Unity
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States