Environmentally friendly polymer nanocomposites: Types, processing and properties

501 Pages·2013·14.612 MB·English

by  Suprakas Sinha Ray

Environmentally friendly polymer nanocomposites
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering:
Number 44
Environmentally
friendly polymer
nanocomposites
Types, processing and properties
Suprakas Sinha Ray
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
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ISSN 2052-529X Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering (online)

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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents
About the author xi
Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science
and Engineering xiii
Preface xvii
Part I Types, processing and characterization 1
1 Introduction to environmentally friendly polymer
nanocomposites 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Defi ning environmentally friendly polymer nanocomposites 4
1.3 Environmentally friendly polymer matrices 5
1.4 Environmentally friendly nanofi llers/reinforcements 6
1.5 Processing of environmentally friendly polymer
nanocomposites 7
1.6 Solution- blending and i n- situ polymerization 9
1.7 Melt-blending 10
1.8 Performance and potential of environmentally friendly
polymer nanocomposites 20
1.9 References 21
2 Environmentally friendly polymer matrices for
composites 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Mechanisms of biodegradation and classifi cation of
biodegradable polymers 25
2.3 Biodegradable polymers derived from renewable sources 26
2.4 Biodegradable polymers derived from fossil- fuel
resources 35
2.5 Summary: using biodegradable polymers as matrices 39
2.6 References 39
v
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
vi Contents
3 Environmentally friendly nanofi llers as
reinforcements for composites 41
3.1 Introduction 41
3.2 Nanoclays as reinforcements 42
3.3 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as reinforcements 55
3.4 References 67
4 Techniques for characterizing the structure and
properties of polymer nanocomposites 74
4.1 Introduction 74
4.2 X-ray diffraction (XRD) and small- angle X-ray
scattering (SAXS) 74
4.3 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron
tomography 76
4.4 Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) 79
4.5 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and focused- ion
beam SEM (FIB-SEM) 82
4.6 Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 84
4.7 Optical microscopy (OM) and polarized optical
microscopy (POM) 85
4.8 Infrared (IR) spectroscopy 86
4.9 Other techniques 87
4.10 References 87
5 Environmentally friendly polymer nanocomposites
using polymer matrices from renewable
sources 89
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based polymer nanocomposites 89
5.3 Polyalkanoate (PHA)-based polymer nanocomposites 103
5.4 Starch- based polymer nanocomposites 108
5.5 Cellulose- based polymer nanocomposites 124
5.6 Chitosan- based polymer nanocomposites 127
5.7 Protein- based polymer nanocomposites 132
5.8 References 139
6 Environmentally friendly polymer
nanocomposites using polymer matrices from
fossil fuel sources 157
6.1 Introduction 157
6.2 Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)-based polymer
nanocomposites 157
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents vii
6.3 Poly[(butylene succinate)-co- adipate] (PBSA)-
based polymer nanocomposites 170
6.4 Poly(ε -caproloctone) (PCL)-based polymer
nanocomposites 177
6.5 Poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate) nanocomposites 194
6.6 Nanocomposites of other biodegradable polyesters 198
6.7 References 198
7 Processing of environmentally friendly polymer
nanocomposite foams for packaging and other
applications 208
7.1 Introduction 208
7.2 Preparation, characterization and properties of
environmentally friendly polymer nanocomposite
(EFPN) foams 209
7.3 References 219
Part II Properties 223
8 Tensile properties of environmentally friendly
polymer nanocomposites using biodegradable
polymer matrices and clay/carbon nanotube
(CNT) reinforcements 225
8.1 Introduction 225
8.2 Tensile properties of environmentally friendly polymer
nanocomposites (EFPNCs) using clay reinforcements 226
8.3 Tensile properties of EFPNCs using carbon nanotube
(CNT) reinforcements 253
8.4 References 263
9 Dynamic mechanical properties of environmentally
friendly polymer nanocomposites using
biodegradable polymer matrices and clay/carbon
nanotube (CNT) reinforcements 269
9.1 Introduction 269
9.2 Dynamic mechanical properties of environmentally
friendly polymer nanocomposites using clay
reinforcements 270
9.3 Dynamic mechanical properties of environmentally
friendly polymer nanocomposites using carbon
nanotube (CNT) reinforcements 286
9.4 References 292
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
viii Contents
10 Thermal stability and fl ammability of environmentally
friendly polymer nanocomposites using biodegradable
polymer matrices and clay/carbon nanotube (CNT)
reinforcements 295
10.1 Introduction 295
10.2 Thermal stability of environmentally friendly
polymer nanocomposites using clay reinforcements 296
10.3 Thermal stability of environmentally friendly
polymer nanocomposites using carbon nanotube
(CNT) reinforcements 316
10.4 Fire resistant properties of environmentally friendly polymer
nanocomposites using biodegradable polymer matrices and
clay/carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforcements 319
10.5 References 323
11 Barrier properties of environmentally friendly
polymer nanocomposites using biodegradable
polymer matrices and clay/carbon nanotube (CNT)
reinforcements 328
11.1 Introduction 328
11.2 Gas barrier properties 329
11.3 Water vapor permeability and water swelling behavior 340
11.4 References 343
12 Crystallization behavior, kinetics and morphology
of environmentally friendly polymer nanocomposites
using biodegradable polymer matrices and clay/
carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforcements 346
12.1 Introduction 346
12.2 Isothermal and non- isothermal crystallization kinetics 347
12.3 Crystallization of clay- reinforced polymer
nanocomposites 351
12.4 Crystallization of carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced
polymer nanocomposites 375
12.5 References 380
13 Biodegradation behavior of environmentally friendly
polymer nanocomposites using biodegradable
polymer matrices and clay/carbon nanotube
(CNT) reinforcements 385
13.1 Introduction 385
13.2 Biodegradation behavior of environmentally friendly
polymer nanocomposites using clay reinforcements 386
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents ix
13.3 Biodegradable behavior of environmentally friendly
polymer nanocomposites using carbon nanotube
(CNT) reinforcements 409
13.4 References 412
14 Rheological properties of environmentally friendly
polymer nanocomposites (EFPNCs) using biodegradable
polymer matrices and clay/carbon nanotube (CNT)
reinforcements 415
14.1 Introduction 415
14.2 Dynamic oscillatory shear measurements 416
14.3 Steady shear measurements 437
14.4 Elongation fl ow rheology 445
14.5 References 447
15 Electrical and thermal conductivity of environmentally
friendly polymer nanocomposites (EFPNCs) using
biodegradable polymer matrices and clay/
carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforcements 450
15.1 Introduction 450
15.2 Electrical conductivity 451
15.3 Thermal conductivity 461
15.4 References 462
Part III Summary 465
16 Applications, environmental impact and future
development of environmentally friendly polymer
nanocomposites (EFPNCs) 467
16.1 Introduction 467
16.2 Applications of environmentally friendly polymer
nanocomposites 467
16.3 Assessing the environmental impact of environmentally
friendly polymer nanocomposites 471
16.4 Current challenges facing environmentally friendly
polymer nanocomposites 472
16.5 Future trends 475
16.6 References 476
Index 479
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013