Environmental Transport Phenomena

241 Pages·2014·10.427 MB·\241

by  A. Eduardo Saez (Author), James C. Baygents (Author)

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING/ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING S GREEN CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
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Environmental Transport Phenomena B
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“This textbook, authored by accomplished professors, is a very comprehensive n
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resource for modeling and analyzing the environmental fate of chemicals s
and contaminants in the ecosystem using fundamental principles of
transport phenomena.” Transport
—Sunggyu Lee, Ohio University, Athens, USA E
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Environmental Transport Phenomena offers a detailed yet accessible v
introduction to transport phenomena. It begins by explaining the underlying ir
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principles and mechanisms that govern mass transport and continues by
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tackling practical problems spanning all subdisciplines of environmental
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science and chemical engineering.
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Assuming some knowledge of ordinary differential equations and a n
A. Eduardo Sáez
familiarity with basic applications of fluid mechanics, this classroom-tested t
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text:
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James C. Baygents
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· Addresses mass conservation and macroscopic mass balances, r
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placing a special emphasis on applications to environmental processes
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· Covers the fundamentals of diffusive transport, applications of the s
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diffusion equation, and diffusive transport in reactive systems
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· Discusses convective transport, hydrodynamic dispersion, r
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and transport in multiphase systems
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· Presents a mathematical framework for formulating and solving h
transport phenomena problems e
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Environmental Transport Phenomena makes an ideal textbook for a one- o
semester advanced undergraduate or graduate introductory course in m
transport phenomena. It provides a fundamental understanding of how to
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quantify the spread and distribution of contaminants in the environment
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as well as the basis for designing processes related to water purification,
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wastewater treatment, and solid waste disposal, among others.
Cover photograph courtesy of Janae Csavina K16730
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Environmental
Transport
Phenomena
GREEN CHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Series Editor: Sunggyu Lee
Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
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Environmental Transport Phenomena
A. Eduardo Sáez and James C. Baygents
Environmental
Transport
Phenomena
A. Eduardo Sáez
James C. Baygents
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
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Contents
Series Preface ............................................................................................................ix
Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
Authors ...................................................................................................................xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
1.1 Scope and Motivation ................................................................1
Chapter 2 Mass Conservation and Macroscopic Mass Balances ..........................5
2.1 The Principle of Conservation of Mass and the Total
Mass Balance .............................................................................5
2.2 Macroscopic Mass Balance for a Chemical Species
in a Mixture .............................................................................12
Chapter 3 Diffusive Transport: Introductory Concepts ......................................23
3.1 Diffusion Fundamentals ..........................................................23
3.2 Diffusion as a Mass Transfer Mechanism ...............................24
3.2.1 Binary Systems ...........................................................32
3.2.2 Pseudo-Binary Systems ..............................................35
3.2.3 Multicomponent Systems ...........................................36
3.3 One-Dimensional, Steady Diffusion .......................................37
3.3.1 Diffusion through a Solid Membrane ........................39
3.3.2 Analysis of a Pervaporation Process ..........................43
3.3.3 Evaporation of a Liquid into a Stagnant Gas
Layer: The Stefan Problem .........................................45
Chapter 4 Diffusive Transport: Applications of the Diffusion Equation ............55
4.1 Conservation of Mass of a Chemical Species in a Mixture ......55
4.2 One-Dimensional, Steady Diffusion .......................................59
4.2.1 Steady Diffusion through an Annular Membrane .....59
4.2.2 Diffusion from a Sphere Submerged in a
Stagnant Fluid: Dissolution of a Spherical
Solid Particle ..............................................................64
4.3 Transient Diffusion ..................................................................68
4.3.1 Transient Mass Transfer in a Flat Membrane .............68
4.3.2 Transient Mass Transfer in Long Cylinders
and Spheres ................................................................77
4.3.3 Transient Leaching from a Semi-Infinite Solid ..........83
v
vi Contents
Chapter 5 Diffusive Transport in Reactive Systems ...........................................95
5.1 Treatment of Reactive Systems ...............................................95
5.2 Transport and Homogeneous Reaction in a Biofilm ...............97
5.3 Diffusion with Heterogeneous Chemical Reaction ...............103
5.4 Enhanced (Facilitated) Diffusion ..........................................106
Chapter 6 Convective Transport .......................................................................117
6.1 The Role of Momentum Balances in Convective
Transport................................................................................117
6.2 Mass and Momentum Balances .............................................117
6.3 Velocity Distributions in One-Dimensional Flows ...............119
6.3.1 Velocity Distribution between Parallel Plates
When the Fluid Movement Is Induced by the
Motion of One of the Plates (Simple Shear Flow)......120
6.3.2 Velocity Distribution in a Liquid Film Flowing
Down on an Inclined Surface ...................................128
6.3.3 Velocity Distribution for Developed Flow
in a Pipe ....................................................................133
6.4 Convective Mass Transfer in the Entrance Region of a
Pipe in Laminar Flow ............................................................142
6.5 Convective Mass Transfer Correlations .................................152
Chapter 7 Hydrodynamic Dispersion ................................................................161
7.1 The Concept of Hydrodynamic Dispersion and Taylor–
Aris Theory ...........................................................................161
7.2 Generalization of the Dispersion Model ...............................168
7.3 Turbulent Dispersion .............................................................170
7.4 Solutions of the Convective–Dispersion Equation ................174
Chapter 8 Transport in Multiphase Systems .....................................................179
8.1 Multiphase Systems and Porous Media .................................179
8.2 Single-Phase Flow in Porous Media: Darcy’s Law ...............184
8.3 Diffusion in Porous Media and Multiphase Systems ............187
8.4 Dispersion in Porous Media ..................................................189
8.4.1 Experimental Determination of the Longitudinal
Dispersivity in 1-D Flows .........................................191
8.4.2 Experimental Determination of the Lateral
Dispersivity in 1-D Flows .........................................192
8.5 Transport in Porous Media: Fluid/Solid Interactions ............196
8.5.1 Equilibrium Adsorption in Porous Media:
Linear Equilibrium ...................................................198
8.5.2 Equilibrium Adsorption in Porous Media:
Nonlinear Equilibrium .............................................201
Contents vii
8.5.3 Transport in Porous Media with Rate-Limited
Adsorption and/or Chemical Reaction .....................202
8.5.4 Adsorption and Reaction in Porous Media with
Mass Transfer Limitations .......................................204
References .............................................................................................................209
Appendix A: Vectors and Vector Operations ....................................................211
Appendix B: The Continuity Equation ..............................................................215
Appendix C: Mass Transfer Point Equations ...................................................219
Appendix D: Bessel Functions ............................................................................223
Index ......................................................................................................................225