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Environmental Toxicology: Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants PDF

373 Pages·2011·3.53 MB·English
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K11871_cover 10/18/11 4:27 PM Page 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY Yu • Tsunoda Third Edition • ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Tsunoda E Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants N V Human survival depends on the availability of clean air, water, and food and on the I welfare of plants and animals. However, anthropogenic and naturally occurring R chemicals can cause adverse effects on living organisms and ecological processes. O Environmental Toxicology: Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants, Third Edition presents fundamental information on the effects of environmental toxicants N on living systems. It focuses on the chemical and biological characteristics of major M pollutants found in the air, water, and soil and relates them to the health and well being of humans, animals, and plants. E N Surveying the environmental and health changes that have occurred in recent decades, T the book discusses the sources, metabolism, and damage process of toxicants, and A the environmental, biological, and nutritional factors that may influence toxicity. It L looks at natural defense systems, including the mechanisms for detoxification on a cellular level. The text examines the major toxicants—EPA criteria air pollutants, T environmental fluoride, volatile organic compounds, environmental metals and O metalloids involved in soil and water pollution, and pesticides—and addresses their X relationship with endocrine disruption and environmental cancer. This comprehensive I approach offers insight into the interaction of various chemical agents with DNA. The C book also introduces the process of ecological risk assessment. O Fully revised and expanded, the third edition of this popular book includes new and L O updated material as well as a new chapter on occupational toxicology. Based on research from more than 35 years of teaching environmental toxicology and related G courses, this textbook is a useful resource for students, professionals, and researchers Y interested in the effects of pollutants on living systems. Third Edition K11871 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue an informa business New York, NY 10017 www.crcpress.com 2 Park Square, Milton Park w w w. c r c p r e s s . c o m Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK Composite Third Edition ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants Third Edition ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants Ming-Ho Yu Humio Tsunoda Masashi Tsunoda Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2011 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20110617 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-4039-9 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, micro- filming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www. copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750- 8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identi- fication and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface to the Third Edition ..................................................................................xvii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................xix About the Authors ...................................................................................................xxi Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1 1.1 Study of Environmental Toxicology ..........................................1 1.2 Importance of Environmental Toxicology as an Area of Science ..................................................................................1 1.3 Introduction to This Book .........................................................1 Chapter 2 Environmental Changes and Health .....................................................7 2.1 Our Changing Environment ......................................................7 2.1.1 Introduction ..................................................................7 2.1.2 World Population ..........................................................7 2.1.3 Global Climate Changes: Global Warming .................8 2.1.3.1 Impact on Plants .........................................10 2.1.3.2 Impact on Birds and Animals .....................10 2.1.3.3 Impact on Tropical Species.........................12 2.1.3.4 Impact on Freshwater Fish ..........................12 2.1.4 Impact on Marine Oxygen .........................................12 2.1.5 Rising Acidity of Seawater .........................................13 2.1.6 Rise in Diseases .........................................................15 2.2 Air Pollution ............................................................................15 2.2.1 Introduction ................................................................15 2.2.2 Air Pollution and Developing Economies ..................16 2.3 Indoor Air Pollution ................................................................19 2.4 Water Pollution ........................................................................19 2.5 Soil Pollution ...........................................................................23 2.6 The Changing Diseases ...........................................................24 2.6.1 Cancer ........................................................................24 2.6.2 Birth Defects and Child Mortality .............................30 2.6.3 Reproductive Damages ...............................................30 2.6.4 Respiratory Diseases ..................................................31 2.6.5 Endocrine Disruption .................................................33 2.6.6 Diseases Induced by Metals .......................................33 2.6.7 Foodborne Illnesses ...................................................34 Review Questions ...............................................................................35 References ..........................................................................................36 v vi Contents Chapter 3 Occurrence of Toxicants.....................................................................39 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................39 3.2 Visible Smoke or Smog ...........................................................39 3.3 Offensive Odors .......................................................................40 3.4 Agricultural Damage ...............................................................40 3.5 Intoxication of Animals ...........................................................41 3.6 Injuries to Humans ..................................................................41 3.7 Chronic and Acute Effects ......................................................42 3.7.1 Chronic Effects...........................................................43 3.7.2 Acute Effects ..............................................................43 3.7.2.1 Donora, Pennsylvania, United States, 1948 .................................................44 3.7.2.2 Poza Rica, Mexico, 1950 ............................44 3.7.2.3 London, England, 1952 ...............................44 3.7.2.4 New York, United States, 1953 ...................45 3.7.2.5 Los Angeles, California, United States, 1954 .................................................45 3.7.2.6 New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, 1955 .................................................45 3.7.2.7 Worldwide Episode, 1962 ...........................45 3.7.2.8 Tokyo, Japan, 1970......................................45 3.7.2.9 Bhopal, India, 1984 .....................................45 3.7.2.10 Chernobyl, Soviet Union, 1986 ...................46 3.7.2.11 Gas Leak on the Platform in the North Sea, 1988 .....................................................47 3.7.2.12 Oil Spill in Alaska’s Prince William Sound, 1989 ................................................47 3.7.2.13 Coal Mine Explosion in Western Virginia, United States, 2010 ......................48 3.7.1.14 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill, United States, 2010 .................................................48 3.7.2.15 Raspadskaya Coal Mine Explosion in Russia, 2010 ................................................49 3.7.2.16 Gas Explosion and Chemical Leak in Nanjing, China, 2010 ..................................49 3.7.2.17 Toxic-Sludge Spill in Hungary, 2010 ..........49 3.7.2.18 Gas Explosion in Henan, China, 2010 ........50 3.7.2.19 Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant, Japan, 2011 ..................................................50 References ..........................................................................................52 Chapter 4 Toxic Action of Pollutants ..................................................................53 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................53 4.2 Effects on Plants ......................................................................53 4.2.1 Source of Pollutants ...................................................53 Contents vii 4.2.2 Uptake of Pollutants ...................................................53 4.2.3 Transport of Toxicant .................................................55 4.2.4 Plant Injury .................................................................55 4.3 Mammalian Organisms ...........................................................56 4.3.1 Exposure .....................................................................56 4.3.2 Uptake ........................................................................57 4.3.3 Transport ....................................................................58 4.3.4 Storage ........................................................................58 4.3.5 Metabolism .................................................................59 4.3.6 Excretion ....................................................................59 4.4 Mechanism of Toxic Action ....................................................59 4.4.1 Disruption or Destruction of Cellular Structure ........60 4.4.2 Direct Chemical Combination with a Cell Constituent ..........................................................60 4.4.3 Effect on Enzymes .....................................................61 4.4.3.1 Enzyme Inhibition by Inactivation of Cofactor ..................................................62 4.4.3.2 Enzyme Inhibition by Competition with the Cofactor ........................................62 4.4.3.3 Enzyme Inhibition by Binding to the Active Site ...................................................63 4.4.3.4 Inhibition of Enzyme Activity by Toxic Metabolite .........................................64 4.4.4 Secondary Action as a Result of the Presence of a Pollutant ...................................................................64 4.4.4.1 Allergic Response to Pollen ........................65 4.4.4.2 Carbon Tetrachloride ..................................65 4.4.4.3 Chelation .....................................................65 4.4.4.4 Metal Shift ..................................................66 4.4.5 Free-Radical-Mediated Reactions ..............................66 4.4.6 Endocrine Disruption .................................................68 Review Questions ...............................................................................69 References ..........................................................................................70 Chapter 5 Factors Affecting Xenobiotic Action .................................................73 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................73 5.2 Physiological Properties ..........................................................73 5.3 Dose or Concentration .............................................................73 5.4 Duration and Mode of Exposure .............................................74 5.5 Environmental Factors ............................................................75 5.5.1 Temperature ................................................................75 5.5.2 pH ...............................................................................76 5.5.3 Humidity ....................................................................76 5.6 Interaction ................................................................................76 5.6.1 Additive, Synergism, and Potentiation Effects ...........76 viii Contents 5.6.2 Antagonism ................................................................77 5.7 Biological Factors ....................................................................78 5.7.1 Plants ..........................................................................78 5.7.2 Animals and Humans .................................................78 5.7.2.1 Genetic Factors ...........................................78 5.7.2.2 Developmental Factors ...............................79 5.7.2.3 Diseases ......................................................79 5.7.2.4 Behavioral Factors ......................................79 5.7.2.5 Gender.........................................................80 5.8 Nutritional Factors ...................................................................80 5.8.1 Introduction ................................................................80 5.8.2 Fasting and Starvation ................................................80 5.8.3 Proteins .......................................................................81 5.8.4 Carbohydrates.............................................................81 5.8.5 Lipids ..........................................................................83 5.8.6 Vitamin A ...................................................................84 5.8.7 Vitamin D ...................................................................84 5.8.8 Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) ..........................................85 5.8.9 Vitamin C ...................................................................86 5.8.10 Minerals .....................................................................88 Review Questions ...............................................................................89 References ..........................................................................................90 Chapter 6 Biotransformation: Metabolism of Xenobiotics .................................93 6.1 Introduction .............................................................................93 6.2 Types of Biotransformation .....................................................93 6.3 Mechanism of Biotransformation ............................................94 6.4 Characteristics of Biotransformation ......................................94 6.5 Consequence of Biotransformation .........................................97 6.5.1 Biotransformation of Endogenous Substances ...........97 6.5.2 Activation of Xenobiotics ...........................................98 6.6 Factors Affecting Biotransformation .....................................100 6.7 Characteristics of the Cytochrome P450s .............................101 6.7.1 Induction ...................................................................102 6.7.2 Genetic Polymorphisms ...........................................103 Review Questions .............................................................................103 References ........................................................................................104 Chapter 7 Responses to Environmental Toxicants ............................................105 7.1 Introduction ...........................................................................105 7.2 Responses of Plants ...............................................................105 7.3 Responses of Humans and Animals ......................................106 7.3.1 The Respiratory Tract...............................................106 7.3.1.1 Nasopharynx .............................................106

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Human survival depends on the availability of clean air, water, and food and on the welfare of plants and animals. However, anthropogenic and naturally occurring chemicals can cause adverse effects on living organisms and ecological processes. Environmental Toxicology: Biological and Health Effects
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