Environmental Toxicology Assessment

473 Pages·1995·5.991 MB·English

by  Mervyn Richardson

Environmental Toxicology Assessment

Environmental Toxicology Assessment
Edited by
Mervyn Richardson
BASIC, Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire, UK
UK Taylor & Francis Ltd, 4 John St, London WC1N 2ET
USA Taylor & Francis Inc., 1900 Frost Road, Suite101, Bristol, PA 19007

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.

Copyright © Taylor & Francis Ltd 1995
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 0-203-48253-0 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-79077-4 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0 7484 0305 1 (cased)

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data are available

Cover design by Hybert Design & Type, Maidenhead, Berkshire.
Front cover illustration: An explosion following the intentional ignition
of an ammunition stockpile at Oštarije, Croatia, 1992.
Table of Contents
Preface
Mervyn Richardson xv
Inaugural address by Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Laghari, President of Islamic
Republic of Pakistan xvii
Address by Nawab Muhammad Yousaf Talpur, Federal Minister of Food,
Agriculture and Livestock, Islamabad, Pakistan xix
Welcome address by Dr. Zafar Altaf, Chairman, Pakistan Agricultural Research
Council and Secretary, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Cooperatives,
Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan xxi
Statement from the UNIDO Representative, Dr. Balasubramanyan Sugavanam,
Workshop on Ecotoxicology, Islamabad, Pakistan xxiii
List of contributors xxvii
Abbreviations xxxi
SECTION 1 PROLOG 1
Chapter 1 Prolog
Mervyn Richardson 3
1.1 The principles 3
1.2 Measurement 5
1.3 Toxic insult 6
1.4 Cradle to grave approach 6
1.5 The future 7
1.6 Conclusions 9
1.7 Acknowledgements 9
1.8 References 9
Contents
vi
SECTION 2 NEW MEASURING TECHNIQUES 11
Chapter 2 The Potential and Limitations of New Technical Approaches to
Ecotoxicology Monitoring
Peter-Diedrich Hansen 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Ecological requirements 14
2.3 Biomarkers 16
2.4 Ecological relevance of biological responses 20
2.5 Derivation of quality objectives for the protection
of aquatic ecosystems 22
2.6 Recommendations 26
2.7 References 27
Chapter 3 Environmental Toxicity Assessment Using Luminescent Bacteria
Antony Bulich and Gerald Bailey 29
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Basic characteristics of Vibrio fischeri 30
3.3 Development of the chronic test procedure 30
3.4 Genotoxicity measurement in environmental samples 36
3.5 Conclusions 38
3.6 Acknowledgements 39
3.7 References 39
Chapter 4 Fluorescence in situ Hybridization en Suspension (FISHES)
Using Biotin-labeled DNA Probes for Measuring Genetic
Expression of Metallothionein and Cytochrome P-450 1A1
(CYP1A1) in Rainbow Trout Hepatocytes Exposed to Wastewaters
François Gagné and Christian Blaise 41
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Materials and methods 42
4.3 Results and discussion 46
4.4 Conclusions 53
4.5 Acknowledgements 53
4.6 References 53
Chapter 5 Ecotoxicology Testing—Effective Use in Field
Monitoring John G.McHenery 55
Contents
vii
5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 Molecule to community 56
5.3 Community analysis 57
5.4 Ecotoxicity/organism tests 58
5.5 Biochemical, physiological and cellular methods 58
5.6 Biosensors and on-line biological monitors 59
5.7 Monitoring and assessment programs 59
5.8 Current and future monitoring 61
5.9 References 62
Chapter 6 Solid Phase Testing of Aquatic Sediments Using Vibrio fischeri:
Test Design and Data Interpretation
Philippe Ross and Paige A.Leitman 65
6.1 Introduction 65
6.2 Solid-phase test development and applications 65
6.3 Conclusion 74
6.4 References 75
Chapter 7 Use of Radiolabeled Chemicals in Agricultural and Environmental
Studies: Transport and Degradation of Pesticides in Lower Sand
Layers
Lajos Vollner and Dietmar Klotz 77
7.1 Introduction 77
7.2 Materials and methods 78
7.3 Hydraulic parameters 81
7.4 Results 83
7.5 Conclusions 93
7.6 Acknowledgements 94
7.7 References 94
SECTION 3 TESTS USING PLANTS, ALGAE, ETC. 95
Chapter 8 Use of Aquatic Plants in Ecotoxicology Monitoring of Organic
Pollutants: Bioconcentration and Biochemical Responses
Sashwati Roy and Osmo Hänninen 97
8.1 Introduction 97
8.2 Aquatic plants in experimental toxicology evaluations
and biomonitoring 98
8.3 Free radicals and antioxidant defence systems 104
Contents
viii
8.4 Aquatic mosses and ‘moss bag’ installations 105
8.5 Concluding remarks 105
8.6 References 106
Chapter 9 QSAR Studies of Algal Toxicity
Mark T.D.Cronin and John C.Dearden 111
9.1 Introduction 111
9.2 Quantitative structure-activity relationships 111
9.3 Interspecies relationships of toxicity 118
9.4 Conclusions 120
9.5 References 121
Chapter 10 Acute Exposure Phytotoxicity Assay Based on Motility
Inhibition of Chlamydomonas variabilis
Takashi Kusui and Christian Blaise 125
10.1 Introduction 125
10.2 Principals of immobilization test 125
10.3 Selection of a test algal species 128
10.4 Algal concentration method 129
10.5 Settling behavior of algae in microplate wells 130
10.6 Metal toxicity testing and sensitivity comparisons 132
10.7 Conclusions 133
10.8 Acknowledgements 134
10.9 References 134
Chapter 11 Validation of a Microplate-Based Algal Lethality Test Developed
with the Help of Flow Cytometry
Donald St-Laurent and Christian R.Blaise 137
11.1 Introduction 137
11.2 Materials and methods 138
11.3 Results and discussion 142
11.4 Summary and conclusion 152
11.5 Acknowledgements 153
11.6 References 154
SECTION 4 APPLICATION OF MONITORING ECHNIQUES 157
Contents
ix
Chapter 12 The Role of UNIDO on Ecotoxicology Monitoring in Developing
Countries
Balasubramanyan Sugavanam 159
12.1 Introduction 159
12.2 Mandate of UNIDO 159
12.3 Concept of ecotoxicology in developing countries 161
12.4 UNIDO activities 163
12.5 Earth summit at Rio and UNIDO 168
12.6 References 169
Chapter 13 Agroecotoxicology in the Developing Asian Region—Pakistan
Umar Khan Baloch and Muhammad Haseeb 171
13.1 Asia and the environment 171
13.2 Agrochemicals in Asian agriculture 172
13.3 Fertilizers 172
13.4 Pesticides 174
13.5 Pesticide toxicity 179
13.6 Ecotoxicity risk assessment 180
13.7 Concluding comments 183
13.8 References 185
Chapter 14 Ecotoxicology Monitoring of Industrial Effluents
Thomas Stuhlfauth 187
14.1 Introduction 187
14.2 Advantages of biotesting complex ndustrial
wastewater 187
14.3 Requirements for the biotesting of effluents 188
14.4 Common principles for biotesting of effluents 190
14.5 A comparison of the biotest standards 191
14.6 Emission limit values, process control and
environmental quality objectives 193
14.7 Concluding remarks 197
14.8 Acknowledgements 197
14.9 References 197
Chapter 15 Biodegradation Testing in the Regulatory Environment
Brian Alexander 199
15.1 Introduction 199