Environmental Technology and Sustainability: Physical, Chemical and Biological Technologies for Clean Environmental Management

216 Pages·2020·17.518 MB·English

by  Basanta Kumara Behera, Ram Prasad

Environmental
Technology and
Sustainability
Physical, Chemical, and
Biological Technologies
for Clean Environmental
Management
Environmental
Technology and
Sustainability
Physical, Chemical, and
Biological Technologies
for Clean Environmental
Management
Basanta Kumara Behera
Advanced Center for Biotechnology;
Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India,
Sanmar Speciality Chemical Ltd, India
Ram Prasad
Department of Botany Mahatma Gandhi Central University,
Motihari, Bihar, India
Elsevier
Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands
TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
Copyright©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic
ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,
withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further
informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuch
astheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe
Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience
broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical
treatmentmaybecomenecessary.
Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating
andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch
informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including
partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume
anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,
negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas
containedinthematerialherein.
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ISBN:978-0-12-819103-3
ForInformationonallElsevierpublications
visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:SusanDennis
AcquisitionsEditor:KostasKIMarinakis
EditorialProjectManager:SaraValentino
ProductionProjectManager:BharatwajVaratharajan
CoverDesigner:VictoriaPearson
TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India
Contents
CHAPTER 1 Conceptual development for a clean environment......1
Abbreviation..................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction....................................................................................2
1.1.1 From the RioEarthSummit toEarth Day.......................3
1.1.2 Earth Day..........................................................................5
1.1.3 Data generation, compiling, and application for
environmental studies.......................................................6
1.1.4 Developing abinding framework ofenvironmental
principles.........................................................................11
1.1.5 Global climatechange regime........................................14
1.1.6 Imposing liability for environmental damage................15
1.1.7 Thelaws ofenvironmental liability...............................18
1.1.8 Environmental restoration and remediation...................20
1.1.9 Environmental remediation.............................................23
1.1.10 Environmental management and green economy..........35
References....................................................................................37
CHAPTER 2 Greenhouse gas capture and conversion..................41
2.1 Greenhouse gases andglobalwarming.......................................41
2.1.1 History...............................................................................41
2.1.2 Sources ofgreenhouse gases............................................43
2.1.3 Carboncapture, utilization,and storage...........................44
2.1.4 Commercialization of carbon capturingprocess..............52
2.1.5 Greenhousegas separation................................................55
2.1.6 Different cycle for CO adsorption..................................62
2
References....................................................................................65
CHAPTER 3 Aqueous-phase conservation and management........73
3.1 Water coverage Earth’s surface...................................................73
3.1.1 Rivers, lakes, and brackish systems.................................73
3.1.2 Marine systems.................................................................74
3.1.3 Water quality control........................................................79
3.1.4 Water pollutioncontrol regulation...................................96
3.1.5 Sustainable energy management fromwaterbodies.........96
3.1.6 Applications ofmicrobialfuel cell technology..............119
3.1.7 Hydrogenproduction......................................................123
v
vi Contents
3.1.8 Marine microalgae for carbon sequestration orsink......123
3.2 Conclusion..................................................................................127
References..................................................................................130
CHAPTER 4 Strategies for soil management...............................143
4.1 Major soil pollutants..................................................................146
4.1.1 Manmade.........................................................................146
4.1.2 Natural causes ofsoil pollutants.....................................151
4.2 Soil qualitymanagement............................................................152
4.2.1 Moisture..........................................................................152
4.2.2 Enhance organic matter..................................................153
4.2.3 Avoid excessivetillage...................................................153
4.2.4 Manage pests and nutrients efficiency...........................153
4.2.5 Prevent soilcompaction..................................................154
4.2.6 Coverageof ground........................................................154
4.2.7 Diversity management by multiple cropping.................155
4.3 Controlof soilpollution.............................................................156
4.3.1 Nanoremediationfor contaminated soil.........................158
4.3.2 Immobilization techniques..............................................158
4.3.3 Soil washing....................................................................161
4.4 Regulatory aspects of soil pollution control..............................162
4.4.1 International lawfor soil protection...............................162
4.4.2 Europeanlaw...................................................................163
4.4.3 National law....................................................................164
4.4.4 Building lawand regional planning law........................164
4.4.5 Close Cycle Management Act........................................164
4.4.6 Nature conservation law.................................................164
References..................................................................................165
CHAPTER 5 Air pollution and controlling measures...................169
5.1 Atmosphere asa primarysink of airpollutants........................170
5.1.1 The troposphere...............................................................170
5.1.2 The stratosphere..............................................................170
5.1.3 Mesosphere......................................................................172
5.1.4 The thermosphere............................................................172
5.2 Air pollutants..............................................................................172
5.2.1 Types of air pollutants....................................................172
5.2.2 Suspendedparticulate matter..........................................172
5.2.3 Gaseous pollutants..........................................................173
5.2.4 Secondarypollutants.......................................................177
5.2.5 Odors...............................................................................177
Contents vii
5.3 Clean air implementation...........................................................180
5.3.1 Particulate matter............................................................181
5.4 Regulationof air pollution.........................................................183
5.4.1 European Union............................................................183
5.4.2 Australia........................................................................185
5.4.3 Brazil.............................................................................185
5.4.4 Canada...........................................................................186
5.4.5 China.............................................................................187
5.4.6 India...............................................................................188
5.4.7 France............................................................................189
5.4.8 United States.................................................................189
5.4.9 Israel..............................................................................190
5.4.10 Japan..............................................................................190
5.4.11 SouthAfrica..................................................................191
5.4.12 Switzerland....................................................................191
5.4.13 TheUnited Kingdom....................................................192
5.5 Air pollutioncontrol measures..................................................192
5.5.1 Controlof particulates....................................................192
5.5.2 Biological treatment ofair pollution..............................195
References..................................................................................198
Index......................................................................................................................201
CHAPTER
1
Conceptual development for
a clean environment
Chapter Outline
Abbreviation...............................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................2
1.1.1 FromtheRioEarthSummittoEarthDay............................................3
1.1.2 EarthDay........................................................................................5
1.1.3 Datageneration,compiling,andapplicationforenvironmental
studies............................................................................................6
1.1.4 Developingabindingframeworkofenvironmentalprinciples..............11
1.1.5 Globalclimatechangeregime..........................................................14
1.1.6 Imposingliabilityforenvironmentaldamage.....................................15
1.1.7 Thelawsofenvironmentalliability...................................................18
1.1.8 Environmentalrestorationandremediation.......................................20
1.1.9 Environmentalremediation..............................................................23
1.1.10 Environmentalmanagementandgreeneconomy...............................35
References...............................................................................................................37
Abbreviation
ABS AccessandBenefit-sharing
BIEN BotanicalInformationNetworkandEcologyNetwork
GBIF GlobalBiodiversityInformationFaculty
CBD ConventiononBiologicalDiversity
COP ConferenceoftheParties
EI environmentinformation
EPA EnvironmentalProtectionAgency
EQI EnvironmentalQualityIndex
EEZ exclusiveeconomiczone
EU EuropeanUnion
FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganization
GBIF GlobalBiodiversityInformationFaculty
GGEI GlobalGreenEconomyIndex
IT informationtechnology
IOOS IntegratedOceanObservingSystem
IEL InternationalEnvironmentalLaw
ILC InternationalLawCommission
EnvironmentalTechnologyandSustainability.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819103-3.00001-9 1
©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
2 CHAPTER 1 Conceptual development for a clean environment
IAEA InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency
IMO InternationalMaritimeOrganization
ILO InternationalLaborOrganization
ISB insitubioremediation
ICC InternationalChamberofCommerce
LMO livingmodifiedorganism
LDN landdegradationneutrality
LIDAR lightdetectionandranging
LMIC lowandmiddleincome
MBI market-basedinstruments
NCDS NationalConsortiumforDataScience
NOAA NationalOceanicAtmosphericAdministration
NOS NationalOceanService
OSRTI OfficeofSuperfundRemediationandTechnologyInnovation
SDG SustainableDevelopmentGoal
SER SocietyforEcologicalRestoration
UNCED UnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment
UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgram
UNCCD UnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertification
UNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram
UNFCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange
UNESCO UnitedNationsEducation,ScientificandCultureOrganization
WCED WorldCommissiononEnvironmentalandDevelopment
WHO WorldHealthOrganization
1.1 Introduction
Over the past few decades, protecting the global environment has emerged as one
of the major challenges in international relations. Global environmental treaties
have been putting great effort into promoting cooperation by means of systematic
observations, research, and information exchange on the effects of human activi-
ties on the ozone layer and to adopt legislative or administrative measures against
activities likely to have adverse effects on the ozone layer. In-spite of hundred of
regional and bilateral agreement still there is no substantial change in the declina-
tion global environmental problem. Virtually every major environmental indicator
is worse today than it was at the time of the 1992 United Nations Conference on
Environment and Development (UNCED or the Earth Summit) held in Rio de
Janeiro. Climate change has caused the warmest decade in recorded history, the
ozone layer continues to deteriorate, species extinction is at its highest since the
end of the dinosaur era, fish populations are crashing, and toxic chemicals are
accumulating in every part of the planet as well as in every living organism
including humans. So, it is necessary to give liberty to international institutions
andnon-governmentorganisations toexpress citizen’srighttoinformation,partic-
ipation and independent review on alarming condition of environment around the
1.1 Introduction 3
world. Unfortunately, no protocol and standard procedures are available to use at
government level to implement resolutions for international bodies for the protec-
tion of Earth from notorious greenhouse gases responsible for the depletion of the
ozone layer,andprotectivemajorsformonitoringtheglobalclimaticchanges sce-
nario. In addition, special emphasis should be placed on short-term energy secu-
rity and long-term energy conservation processes in a sustainable pattern. It is
also necessary that each and every nation should honor the decisions of interna-
tional bodies,aiming for acleanenvironment for a better life.
1.1.1 From the Rio Earth Summit to Earth Day
In June 1992, for the first time in world history, 500 heads of state met in Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil for an international Earth summit, the “United Nations Conference
on Environment and Development (UNCED).” It also carries the informal name,
“Earth Summit.” The conference took place from June 3 to June 14. The main
motivation of the summit was to protect the environment and the relationship
between economics, science, and the environment based on the prevailing politi-
cal scenario at the global level on apriority basis.
1.1.1.1 Conceptual development of summit
In 1968, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly called for an international
conference to understand “problem of the human environment and also toidentify
those aspects of it that can only, or best be solved through international coopera-
tion and agreement.” The original proposal was initiated by Sweden [1]. In
between 1970 to 1972, the Canadian foreign aid agency had organized four inter-
national conferences to focus various issues on environmental problems in collab-
oration with developing countries.
The first initiation in developing awareness about environmental deterioration
was held in 1972, Stockholm, Sweden. This first initiation, the United Nations
Conference on the Human Environment, was organized to raise awareness and
also to take necessary steps for monitoring the environment changes caused due
to unusual human activities. This summit was attended by 114 delegates and 2
heads of state (Olaf Palme of Sweden and Indira Gandhi of India). The
Stockholm conference secured a permanent place for the environment on the
world’s agenda and led to the establishment of the United Nations Environment
Program (UNEP). This world conference was followed by many international
meetings which include the 1978 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, the
1979 Geneva Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, the 1985
Helsinki Agreement, and the 1988 Montreal Protocol on Transboundary
Movement of Hazardous Wastes. Being inspired by these international confer-
ences, in 1992, the Rio Conference was initiated on a global level with a wider
range of nations.
In 1983, under the leadership of Norwegian Prime Minister from Harlem, the
UN General Assembly set up the World Commission on Environment