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Environmental Security of the European Cross-Border Energy Supply Infrastructure PDF

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NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - C: Environmental Security Environmental Security of the European Cross-Border Energy Supply Infrastructure Edited by M.G. Culshaw V.I. Osipov S.J. Booth A.S. Victorov AB3 Environmental Security of the European Cross- Border Energy Supply Infrastructure NATO Science for Peace and Security Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS). The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3) NATO, Partner and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported are generally “Advanced Study Institutes” and “ Advanced Research Workshops” . The NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO’s “Partner” or “Mediterranean Dialogue” countries. The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of participants and contributors only; they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses intended to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division. Sub-Series A. Chemistry and Biology Springer B. Physics and Biophysics Springer C. Environmental Security Springer D. Information and Communication Security IOS Press E. Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl Series C: Environmental Security Environmental Security of the European Cross-Border Energy Supply Infrastructure edited by M.G. C ulshaw S.J. B ooth British Geological Survey Nottingham , U K V.I. O sipov A.S. V ictorov Sergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience Moscow, R ussia Published in Cooperation with NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Environmental Security of the European Cross-Border Energy Supply Infrastructure Moscow, Russia 30–31 October 2012 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014957127 ISBN 978-94-017-9543-2 (PB) ISBN 978-94-017-9537-1 (HB) ISBN 978-94-017-9538-8 (e-Book) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9538-8 Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2 015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Pref ace The Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on “Environmental security of the European cross-border energy supply infrastructure” was held in Moscow, Russia, from 30 to 31 October 2012. It was organized by Academician Victor Osipov and Professor Alexey Victorov (Sergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience, Russian Academy of Sciences) and Professor Martin Culshaw (British Geological Survey and University of Birmingham) in the framework of the NATO Science for Peace and Security (SPS) Programme, under the patronage of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The workshop dealt with a wide spectrum of environmental security issues for the European cross-border energy supply infrastructure, including: – The impact of environmental hazards on the energy supply infrastructure – Environmental problems for underwater oil and gas transportation systems – The scientifi c grounds for the design of environmental monitoring systems for the energy supply infrastructure – Remote sensing control for environmental security of the energy supply infrastructure – GIS techniques for environmental monitoring Besides these topics, attention was given to conceptual issues of environmen- tal and energy security and the role of education, to help resolve environmental problems for cooperation in the development of the European energy supply infrastructure. The Workshop participants regarded development of new approaches to environ- mental and geohazard monitoring as one of the most important tools for environ- mental security of the European cross-border energy supply infrastructure. Thus, the main scientifi c result of the ARW was working out requirements and stating conditions for the development of a new generation of environmental monitoring systems for increasing environmental security of the infrastructure. v vi Preface The most relevant reports presented at the ARW are published in this volume of proceedings. In particular, the majority of environmental hazards to the European cross-border energy supply infrastructure have been analyzed. New approaches have been examined for monitoring of landslide hazardous processes, including early warning systems, and near-real-time 3D data processing and visualization. The scientifi c problems of environmental systems design have been revealed and approaches to their implementation have been suggested, such as adaptive measure- ment frequency and control point arrangements according to the detected migration fl ows. New integrated remote sensing techniques consist mainly of hyperspectral and radar imagery. Another topic relates to the processing of monitoring data using GIS techniques and, in particular, dynamic visualization. Environmental monitoring during construction of subaqueous cross-border pipelines was a further monitoring- related topic in the ARW discussion. I n the ARW proceedings, new elements for environmental monitoring of energy supply infrastructure are suggested, such as: – S afeguarding of units: realizing certain safety measures in case of alarm-trigger- ing values of controlled parameters being reached – Risk assessment The book will be useful to those interested in problems associated with the envi- ronmental security of energy supply infrastructure across borders and, indeed, the whole European continent. Nottingham , UK M. G. Culshaw Moscow , Russia V. I. Osipov Nottingham, UK S. J. Booth Moscow, Russia A. S. Victorov Contents Environmental Security Issues Associated with Submerged Cross-Border Pipelines (A Case Study of the Blue Stream Gas Pipeline).......................................... 1 V. I. Osipov Using Geological Data to Identify Some Environmental Problems Associated with Existing Pipelines and Other Linear Structures .............. 13 M. G. Culshaw , S. J. Booth , A. D. Gibson , and R. Dearden Modern Remote Sensing Techniques for Monitoring Pipeline Displacements in Relation to Landslides and Other Slope Mass Movements ................................................................ 31 M. Jemec Aufl ič , M. Komac , and J. Šinigoj A Review of Central Asian Trans-border Issues Associated with Environmental Problems and Hazard Mitigation ............................... 49 N. G. Mavlyanova , I. Denisov , and V. Lipatov Cross-Boundary Oil and Gas Pipelines in Turkey: Potential Risks from Geohazards .................................................................. 61 M. N. Yalçın Infrastructure in Geohazard Contexts: The Importance of Automatic and Near-Real- Time Monitoring ............................................ 73 G. Lollino , A. Manconi , D. Giordan , P. Allasia , and M. Baldo General Problems of Environmental Monitoring System Design for Environmental Security of European Energy Supply Infrastructure ........................................................................ 91 A. S. Victorov vii viii Contents Towards a New Generation of Techniques for the Environmental Management of Maritime Activities ....................... 103 T. Soomere , N. C. Delpeche-Ellmann , T. Torsvik , and B. Viikmäe Geo-environmental Aspects of European Underground Infrastructure .......................................................................... 133 E. F. J. de Mulder , C. C. D. F. van Ree , and H. R. G. K. Hack Environmental and Energy Security: Conceptual Evolution and Potential Applications to European Cross-Border Energy Supply Infrastructure ........................................................................ 155 H. G. Brauch ‘Synoriology’ – A Science for the Environment, Peace, Infrastructures and Cross-Border Management ......................................... 187 F. Papadimitriou Transborder Energy Supply Problems – Bulgaria Case Study .................. 193 P. S. Gramatikov Glaciation and Thermokarst Phenomena and Natural Disasters in the Mountains of North-West Inner Asia ................................. 207 K. V. Chistyakov and D. A. Ganiushkin Assessment of Horizontal Displacements in a Large Landslide in the Eastern Rhodope Mountains (South Bulgaria) Using Remote Sensing ....................................................... 219 A. Gikov Geodata for Seismic Hazard Assessments .................................................... 233 F. H. Karimov Some Environmental Problems Between Albania and Montenegro and the Effects on the Local Population .......................... 247 A. Axhemi and S. Axhemi Environmental Security Issues Associated with Submerged Cross-Border Pipelines (A Case Study of the Blue Stream Gas Pipeline) V. I. Osipov Abstract T his paper discusses the engineering and geological issues encountered during the construction of the trans-Black Sea pipeline that carries natural gas from Russia into Turkey (the Blue Stream). This project was carried out during 2001– 2002 by a consortium venture by the Gazprom Co. (Russia) and the Italian ENI group; it is one of the most ambitious engineering projects undertaken in Russia in recent decades. Many technical decisions implemented in this project have no known analogues elsewhere in the world. The marine section of the route, sub- merged to a depth for the most part in excess of 2,000 m, posed the greatest diffi - culty for construction. Field studies were supplemented by a huge number of laboratory tests of seabed sediments and water samples, which provided unique data about the engineering geological conditions along the seabed route of pipeline. Introduction I n November 1996, RAO Gazprom company adopted a project of laying a subma- rine gas pipeline from Russia to Turkey via the Black Sea. The construction started in 2001 was fi nished in 2002. The total route length was 1,226.5 km, of which, 381.75 km is submerged beneath the Black Sea. The submerged sector runs from the Beregovaya compressor near Dzhubga on the Caucasian coast to the Durusu terminal 60 km from Samsun on the Turkish coast (Fig. 1 ) . Gas is transported by two pipelines with an external diameter of 610 mm and wall thickness of 31.8 mm. The two pipelines are laid in parallel at a nominal separation ranging from 5 to 150 m. About 215 km of the pipeline is submerged at depths exceeding 2,000 m (some sectors at around 2,150 m depth); whilst 35 km of the route is laid at less than 50 m depth. The initial gas pressure is 25 MPa. The transported gas volume is equal V. I. Osipov (*) Sergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience RAS , Ulanskii lane 13 , Moscow , Russia e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 1 M.G. Culshaw et al. (eds.), Environmental Security of the European Cross-Border Energy Supply Infrastructure, NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9538-8_1

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