Environmental Security of the European Cross-Border Energy Supply Infrastructure

255 Pages·2015·11.595 MB·English

by  M.G. Culshaw, V.I. Osipov, S.J. Booth, A.S. Victorov (eds.)

NATO Science for Peace and Security Series - C:
Environmental Security
Environmental Security of the
European Cross-Border Energy
Supply Infrastructure
Edited by
M.G. Culshaw
V.I. Osipov
S.J. Booth
A.S. Victorov
AB3
Environmental Security of the European
Cross- Border Energy Supply Infrastructure
NATO Science for Peace and Security Series
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Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but
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C. Environmental Security Springer
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http://www.nato.int/science
http://www.springer.com
http://www.iospress.nl
Series C: Environmental Security
Environmental Security
of the European
Cross-Border Energy
Supply Infrastructure
edited by
M.G. C ulshaw
S.J. B ooth
British Geological Survey
Nottingham , U K
V.I. O sipov
A.S. V ictorov
Sergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience
Moscow, R ussia
Published in Cooperation with NATO Emerging Security Challenges Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Environmental Security of the European Cross-Border
Energy Supply Infrastructure
Moscow, Russia
30–31 October 2012
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014957127
ISBN 978-94-017-9543-2 (PB)
ISBN 978-94-017-9537-1 (HB)
ISBN 978-94-017-9538-8 (e-Book)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9538-8
Published by Springer,
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Pref ace
The Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on “Environmental security of the
European cross-border energy supply infrastructure” was held in Moscow, Russia,
from 30 to 31 October 2012. It was organized by Academician Victor Osipov and
Professor Alexey Victorov (Sergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience,
Russian Academy of Sciences) and Professor Martin Culshaw (British Geological
Survey and University of Birmingham) in the framework of the NATO Science for
Peace and Security (SPS) Programme, under the patronage of the Russian Academy
of Sciences.
The workshop dealt with a wide spectrum of environmental security issues for
the European cross-border energy supply infrastructure, including:
– The impact of environmental hazards on the energy supply infrastructure
– Environmental problems for underwater oil and gas transportation systems
– The scientifi c grounds for the design of environmental monitoring systems for
the energy supply infrastructure
– Remote sensing control for environmental security of the energy supply
infrastructure
– GIS techniques for environmental monitoring
Besides these topics, attention was given to conceptual issues of environmen-
tal and energy security and the role of education, to help resolve environmental
problems for cooperation in the development of the European energy supply
infrastructure.
The Workshop participants regarded development of new approaches to environ-
mental and geohazard monitoring as one of the most important tools for environ-
mental security of the European cross-border energy supply infrastructure. Thus,
the main scientifi c result of the ARW was working out requirements and stating
conditions for the development of a new generation of environmental monitoring
systems for increasing environmental security of the infrastructure.
v
vi Preface
The most relevant reports presented at the ARW are published in this volume of
proceedings. In particular, the majority of environmental hazards to the European
cross-border energy supply infrastructure have been analyzed. New approaches
have been examined for monitoring of landslide hazardous processes, including
early warning systems, and near-real-time 3D data processing and visualization.
The scientifi c problems of environmental systems design have been revealed and
approaches to their implementation have been suggested, such as adaptive measure-
ment frequency and control point arrangements according to the detected migration
fl ows. New integrated remote sensing techniques consist mainly of hyperspectral
and radar imagery. Another topic relates to the processing of monitoring data using
GIS techniques and, in particular, dynamic visualization. Environmental monitoring
during construction of subaqueous cross-border pipelines was a further monitoring-
related topic in the ARW discussion.
I n the ARW proceedings, new elements for environmental monitoring of energy
supply infrastructure are suggested, such as:
– S afeguarding of units: realizing certain safety measures in case of alarm-trigger-
ing values of controlled parameters being reached
– Risk assessment
The book will be useful to those interested in problems associated with the envi-
ronmental security of energy supply infrastructure across borders and, indeed, the
whole European continent.
Nottingham , UK M. G. Culshaw
Moscow , Russia V. I. Osipov
Nottingham, UK S. J. Booth
Moscow, Russia A. S. Victorov
Contents
Environmental Security Issues Associated
with Submerged Cross-Border Pipelines
(A Case Study of the Blue Stream Gas Pipeline).......................................... 1
V. I. Osipov
Using Geological Data to Identify Some Environmental Problems
Associated with Existing Pipelines and Other Linear Structures .............. 13
M. G. Culshaw , S. J. Booth , A. D. Gibson , and R. Dearden
Modern Remote Sensing Techniques for Monitoring
Pipeline Displacements in Relation to Landslides
and Other Slope Mass Movements ................................................................ 31
M. Jemec Aufl ič , M. Komac , and J. Šinigoj
A Review of Central Asian Trans-border Issues Associated
with Environmental Problems and Hazard Mitigation ............................... 49
N. G. Mavlyanova , I. Denisov , and V. Lipatov
Cross-Boundary Oil and Gas Pipelines in Turkey:
Potential Risks from Geohazards .................................................................. 61
M. N. Yalçın
Infrastructure in Geohazard Contexts: The Importance
of Automatic and Near-Real- Time Monitoring ............................................ 73
G. Lollino , A. Manconi , D. Giordan ,
P. Allasia , and M. Baldo
General Problems of Environmental Monitoring System
Design for Environmental Security of European
Energy Supply Infrastructure ........................................................................ 91
A. S. Victorov
vii
viii Contents
Towards a New Generation of Techniques
for the Environmental Management of Maritime Activities ....................... 103
T. Soomere , N. C. Delpeche-Ellmann ,
T. Torsvik , and B. Viikmäe
Geo-environmental Aspects of European
Underground Infrastructure .......................................................................... 133
E. F. J. de Mulder , C. C. D. F. van Ree ,
and H. R. G. K. Hack
Environmental and Energy Security: Conceptual Evolution
and Potential Applications to European Cross-Border
Energy Supply Infrastructure ........................................................................ 155
H. G. Brauch
‘Synoriology’ – A Science for the Environment, Peace,
Infrastructures and Cross-Border Management ......................................... 187
F. Papadimitriou
Transborder Energy Supply Problems – Bulgaria Case Study .................. 193
P. S. Gramatikov
Glaciation and Thermokarst Phenomena and Natural
Disasters in the Mountains of North-West Inner Asia ................................. 207
K. V. Chistyakov and D. A. Ganiushkin
Assessment of Horizontal Displacements in a Large
Landslide in the Eastern Rhodope Mountains
(South Bulgaria) Using Remote Sensing ....................................................... 219
A. Gikov
Geodata for Seismic Hazard Assessments .................................................... 233
F. H. Karimov
Some Environmental Problems Between Albania
and Montenegro and the Effects on the Local Population .......................... 247
A. Axhemi and S. Axhemi
Environmental Security Issues Associated
with Submerged Cross-Border Pipelines
(A Case Study of the Blue Stream Gas
Pipeline)
V. I. Osipov
Abstract T his paper discusses the engineering and geological issues encountered
during the construction of the trans-Black Sea pipeline that carries natural gas from
Russia into Turkey (the Blue Stream). This project was carried out during 2001–
2002 by a consortium venture by the Gazprom Co. (Russia) and the Italian ENI
group; it is one of the most ambitious engineering projects undertaken in Russia in
recent decades. Many technical decisions implemented in this project have no
known analogues elsewhere in the world. The marine section of the route, sub-
merged to a depth for the most part in excess of 2,000 m, posed the greatest diffi -
culty for construction. Field studies were supplemented by a huge number of
laboratory tests of seabed sediments and water samples, which provided unique data
about the engineering geological conditions along the seabed route of pipeline.
Introduction
I n November 1996, RAO Gazprom company adopted a project of laying a subma-
rine gas pipeline from Russia to Turkey via the Black Sea. The construction started
in 2001 was fi nished in 2002. The total route length was 1,226.5 km, of which,
381.75 km is submerged beneath the Black Sea. The submerged sector runs from
the Beregovaya compressor near Dzhubga on the Caucasian coast to the Durusu
terminal 60 km from Samsun on the Turkish coast (Fig. 1 ) . Gas is transported by
two pipelines with an external diameter of 610 mm and wall thickness of 31.8 mm.
The two pipelines are laid in parallel at a nominal separation ranging from 5 to
150 m. About 215 km of the pipeline is submerged at depths exceeding 2,000 m
(some sectors at around 2,150 m depth); whilst 35 km of the route is laid at less than
50 m depth. The initial gas pressure is 25 MPa. The transported gas volume is equal
V. I. Osipov (*)
Sergeev Institute of Environmental Geoscience RAS , Ulanskii lane 13 , Moscow , Russia
e-mail: [email protected]
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 1
M.G. Culshaw et al. (eds.), Environmental Security of the European Cross-Border
Energy Supply Infrastructure, NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C:
Environmental Security, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9538-8_1