Environmental Science in Building PDF
Preview Environmental Science in Building
Environmental Science in Building MacmillanBuildingandSurveyingSeries ComputersinQuantitySurveying R.J.Alvey UrbanLandEconomics P.N. Balchin and J.L.Kieve TheBritishConstructionIndustry: AnIntroduction Dennis F.Dolan EnvironmentalScienceinBuilding R.McMullan Nationaland LocalTaxation Michael Rayner IntroductiontoValuation D.Richmond Advanced BuildingMeasurement Ivor H.Seeley BuildingEconomics Ivor H.Seeley BuildingMaintenance Ivor H.Seeley BuildingTechnology Ivor H.Seeley BuildingQuantitiesExplained Ivor H.Seeley ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE IN BUILDING R.McMULLAN M.Sc.,M.Inst.P. SeniorLecturer, WillesdenCollegeofTechnology, London ©R.McMullan1983 Allrightsreserved.Nopart ofthis publicationmaybereproducedor transmitted,inanyform orby any means,without permission. Firstpublished1983by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD LondonandBasingstoke Companiesandrepresentatives throughoutthe world ISBN978-0-333-32755-5 ISBN 978-1-349-06279-9(eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-06279-9 TypesetinPressRomanby STYLESETLIMITED Salisbury, Wiltshire The paperbackeditionofthis book issoldsubject to the condition that itshallnot,by wayoftrade orotherwise,belent,resold, hired out,orotherwisecirculated withoutthe publisher'sprior consent inany form ofbindingor coverother thanthatinwhichit ispublishedand withoutasimilarconditionincludingthis condition beingimposedonthe subsequent purchaser. Contents Preface ix Acknowledgements x Introduction 1 1 Principles of Heat 5 Nature ofheat 5 Heat transfer 15 Gases andvapours 18 Exercises 22 2 ThermalInsulation 23 Insulating materials 23 U-values 27 Structuraltemperatures 38 Exercises 40 3 ThermalEnvironment 43 Thermalcomfort 43 Heat losses 48 Heat gains 53 Energyconsumption 57 Exercises 64 4 Humidity,Condensation,Refrigeration 66 Humidity 66 Condensation inbuildings 75 Condensationconditions 79 Refrigerators and heat pumps 86 Exercises 90 5 Principles of Light 92 Electromagneticradiation 92 Natureofvision 94 Measurementof lighting 97 Colour 107 Exercises 111 vi CONTENTS 6 ArtificialLighting 112 Lamps 112 Luminaires 117 Lightingdesign 121 Exercises 127 7 NaturalLighting 128 Naturallight sources 128 Daylight factors 131 Combined lighting 138 Exercises 140 8 Principles ofSound 141 Nature ofsound 141 Soundlevels 146 Attenuationofsound 153 Natureofhearing 157 Exercises 160 9 Noise 162 Measurementofnoise 162 Noisecontrol 168 Soundinsulation 170 Exercises 181 10 RoomAcoustics 183 General principles 183 Reflection 184 Absorption 187 Reverberation 192 Exercises 198 11 Electricity 200 Currentelectricity 200 Magnetism 213 Induction 218 Power supplies 227 Exercises 233 12 WaterSupplies 235 Fluids at rest 235 Fluid flow 239 Naturalwaters 248 Watertreatment 255 Exercises 261 CONTENTS vii Conclusion 263 UsefulReferences 265 Index 266 Preface Thisbook studies the scienceof those servicesthat contribute to the environment whichexistsinand aroundbuildings.Themaintopics areheating,lightingand sound inbuildings;and the supply ofelectricityand water to buildings. Although somesubjectshaveto beintroducedseparately the text emphasisesthe necessity ofanintegratedapproachto the studyand designof environmentalservices. The book isintended for studentsof building, civilengineeringandsurveying whoarestudyingenvironmentalscience.Therequirementsofcoursesfor degrees,for examinationsof professional institutions,and for Technician Education Councilawardsshould be satisfiedby the contentsofthe book.Itwill alsoserveasauseful reference book for those inprofessionalpractice and for anyone interested inaknowledge ofenvironmentalscience. Themotivationfor the book stems from continuingteaching experience with manystudentsand informationispresented inamanner that hasbeen found popular andsuccessful.Topicsare developed from basicprinciplesand assume the minimum priorknowledge ofscienceand mathematics. Important factsand formulae arehighlighted inthe text asanaidto reference and to memory. Definitions and units areintroducedinaconsistent form usingrecommended units and,where anumerical approachisrelevant, worked examplesaredisplayed step-by-step and supported by exercisesfor practice. Thestyle of writinghas been kept simplebut, at the sametime, it hasatechnical content and accuracy appropriate to thislevelofstudy.Thetext isillustrated by labelleddrawings whichareintendedto help explain the textand to act asmodelsfor student sketches. Iwishto thank mycolleaguesandstudentswhocontributed,consciously or otherwise, to the book,and to givespecialthanksto MrsA.McMullanwho typedsomuch at suchadistance. R.McMULLAN ix Acknowledgements The authorand publishers thank the followingorganisationsfor permissionto quote from their material, asdetailed below: CIBS Guide usedfor tables 2.1and 2.5;CIBS CodeofInterior Lightingusedfor tables6.2and 7.1:by courtesyof the Chartered Instituteof BuildingServices. BREDigest42 usedfor table 7.2;BREDaylightProtractors usedfor figures7.5 and 7.6:by courtesyofthe Director, BuildingResearchEstablishment andby permissionofthe Controller,HMSO. x
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