Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Volume 1: A Case Study of Bt Maize in Kenya (Cabi Publishing)

300 Pages·2004·1.2 MB·English

by  A. Hilbeck, D. A. Andow

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS
Volume 1. A Case Study of Bt Maize in Kenya
Environ. Risk. Chap 00 Prelims 23/8/04 9:31 Page ii
Environ. Risk. Chap 00 Prelims 23/8/04 9:31 Page iii
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK
ASSESSMENT OF
GENETICALLY MODIFIED
ORGANISMS
Volume 1. A Case Study of Bt Maize in
Kenya
Edited by
A. Hilbeck
Geobotanical Institute
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Zurich
Switzerland
and
D.A. Andow
Department of Entomology
University of Minnesota
USA
Series Editors:
A.R. Kapuscinski and P.J. Schei
CABI Publishing
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CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International
CABI Publishing CABI Publishing
CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue
Wallingford 7th Floor
Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139
UK USA
Tel: [phone] Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone] Fax: [phone]
E-mail:
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Contents
Series Foreword vii
Contributors xi
Preface xv
1 Bt Maize, Risk Assessment and the Kenya Case Study 1
D.A. Andow and A. Hilbeck
2 The Maize Agricultural Context in Kenya 21
L. Muhammad and E. Underwood
3 Problem Formulation and Options Assessment (PFOA)
for Genetically Modified Organisms: the Kenya Case Study 57
K.C. Nelson, G. Kibata, L. Muhammad, J.O. Okuro, F. Muyekho,
M. Odindo, A. Ely and J.M. Waquil
4 Transgene Locus Structure and Expression of Bt Maize 83
D.A. Andow, D.A. Somers, N. Amugune, F.J.L. Aragão, K. Ghosh,
S. Gudu, E. Magiri, W.J. Moar, S. Njihia and E. Osir
5 Biodiversity and Non-target Impacts: a Case Study of
Bt Maize in Kenya 117
A.N.E. Birch, R. Wheatley, B. Anyango, S. Arpaia, D. Capalbo,
E. Getu Degaga, E. Fontes, P. Kalama, E. Lelmen, G. Løvei,
I.S. Melo, F. Muyekho, A. Ngi-Song, D. Ochieno, J. Ogwang,
R. Pitelli, T. Schuler, M. Sétamou, S. Sithanantham, J. Smith,
N. Van Son, J. Songa, E. Sujii, T.Q. Tan, F.-H. Wan and A. Hilbeck
6 Gene Flow and its Consequences: a Case Study of
Bt Maize in Kenya 187
J. Johnston, L. Blancas and A. Borem
v
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vi Contents
7 Resistance Risks and Management Associated with
Bt Maize in Kenya 209
G.P. Fitt, D.A. Andow, Y. Carrière, W.J. Moar, T.H. Schuler, C. Omoto,
J. Kanya, M.A. Okech, P. Arama and N.K. Maniania
8 Risk Assessment of Bt Maize in Kenya: Synthesis and
Recommendations 251
A. Hilbeck, D.A. Andow, A.N.E. Birch, G.P. Fitt, J. Johnston,
K.C. Nelson, E. Osir, J. Songa, E. Underwood and R. Wheatley
Index 271
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Series Foreword
The advent of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) offers new options for
meeting food and agriculture needs in developing countries, but some GMOs
used in agriculture can also affect biodiversity and natural ecosystems. These
potential environmental risks and benefits need to be taken into account when
making decisions about the use of GMOs. International trade and the
unintentional trans-boundary spread of GMOs can also pose environmental
risks depending on the national and regional contexts.
The complex interactions that can occur between GMOs and the
environment heighten the need to strengthen worldwide scientific and technical
capacity for assessing and managing environmental risks of GMOs.
The Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP) of the Global
Environment Facility (GEF) provides strategic scientific and technical advice on
GEF policies, operational strategies and programmes in a number of focal
areas, including biodiversity. Its mandate covers inter alia providing a forum for
integrating expertise on science and technology, and synthesising, promoting
and galvanizing state of the art contributions from the scientific community.
The GEF, established in 1991, helps developing countries fund projects and
programmes that protect the global environment. GEF grants support projects
related to biodiversity, climate change, international waters, land degradation,
the ozone layer, and persistent organic pollutants.
Global environmental management of GMOs and the strengthening of
scientific and technical capacity1 for biosafety will require building policy
1By ‘scientific and technical capacity’ we mean ‘the ability to generate, procure and apply
science and technology to identify and solve a problem or problems’ including ‘the generation
and use of new knowledge and information as well as techniques to solve problems.’
(Mugabe, J. (2000) Capacity Development Initiative, Scientific and Technical Capacity
Development, Needs and Priorities. GEF-UNDP Strategic Partnership, October 2000.)
vii
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viii Series Foreword
and legislative biosafety frameworks. The latter is especially urgent for
developing countries, as the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety of the
Convention on Biological Diversity makes clear. And the World Summit on
Sustainable Development also identified the importance of improved
knowledge transfer to developing countries on biotechnology. This point was
also stressed in recent international fora such as, the Norway/UN
Conference on Technology Transfer and Capacity Building and the capacity
building decisions of the first meeting of the parties to the Cartagena
Protocol on Biosafety.
The STAP is collaborating with a number of international scientific
networks to produce a series of books on scientific and technical aspects of
environmental risk assessment of GMOs. This complements the projects being
undertaken by the United Nations Environment Programme and the GEF to
help developing countries design and implement national biosafety
frameworks.
The purpose of this series is to provide scientifically peer-reviewed tools
that can help developing countries strengthen their own scientific and
technical capacity in biosafety of GMOs. Each book in the series will examine
a different case study in developing countries. The workshops and writing
teams used to produce each book are also capacity building activities in
themselves because they bring together scientists from the case-study
country, other developing countries and developed countries to analyse and
integrate the relevant science and technology into the book. This first book, a
case study of Bt maize in Kenya, was written by 52 chapter co-authors,
including 24 scientists from Africa as well as scientists and technical experts
from Brazil, China, Vietnam, Europe and the USA. A second book, a case
study of Bt cotton in Brazil, is in preparation. Each book provides methods
and relevant scientific information for risk assessment, rather than drawing
conclusions. Relevant organizations in each country will therefore need to
conduct their own scientific risk assessments in order to inform their own
biosafety decisions.
This book is the outcome of a scientific partnership between the STAP
and the Global Working Group on Transgenic Organisms in Integrated Pest
Management and Biological Control (under auspices of the International
Organization for Biological Control). An international Advisory Board
provided scientific and strategic advice that led to this book and included
representatives from the STAP, the Secretariat of the Convention on
Biological Diversity, and numerous agricultural, environmental, academic
and governmental organizations, listed in the preface. The STAP then
conducted an independent, international and anonymous scientific peer
review.
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Series Foreword ix
We hope that this book will help governments, scientists, potential users of
GMOs and civil society organizations in Kenya, other parts of Africa, and other
regions of the world to strengthen their understanding of the scientific
knowledge and methods that are available for conducting environmental risk
assessments of GMOs. We encourage readers to draw their own insights in
order to help them devise and conduct robust environmental risk assessments
for their own countries.
Julia Carabias
Chair, Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel, Global Environment Facility
Mexico City, Mexico
Anne R. Kapuscinski
Member, Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel, Global Environment Facility
St Paul, Minnesota, USA
Peter J. Schei
Member, Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel, Global Environment Facility
Trondheim, Norway
21 June 2004
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