Environmental Pollution of the Pearl River Estuary, China: Status and Impact of Contaminants in a Rapidly Developing Region PDF
Preview Environmental Pollution of the Pearl River Estuary, China: Status and Impact of Contaminants in a Rapidly Developing Region
Estuaries of the World Wen-Xiong Wang Philip S. Rainbow Environmental Pollution of the Pearl River Estuary, China Status and Impact of Contaminants in a Rapidly Developing Region Estuaries of the World SeriesEditor Jean-PaulDucrotoy,TheUniversityofHull,Hull,UnitedKingdom Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/11705 (cid:129) Wen-Xiong Wang Philip S. Rainbow Environmental Pollution of the Pearl River Estuary, China Status and Impact of Contaminants in a Rapidly Developing Region Wen-XiongWang PhilipS.Rainbow SchoolofEnergyandEnvironment NaturalHistoryMuseum CityUniversityofHongKong London,UK Kowloon,HongKong ISSN2214-1553 ISSN2214-1561 (electronic) EstuariesoftheWorld ISBN978-3-662-61832-5 ISBN978-3-662-61834-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61834-9 #Springer-VerlagGmbHGermany,partofSpringerNature2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproduction onmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation, computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedto betrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty, expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringer-VerlagGmbH,DE,partofSpringerNature. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:HeidelbergerPlatz3,14197Berlin,Germany Preface ThePearlRiverEstuary(PRE)istheWesternnameoftheverylargeestuaryinsouthernChina thattodayisthelocationofanindustrialmetropolisofstaggeringsizeandrateofdevelopment. TheChinesenameofthePearlRiverisZhujiang.Guangzhouliesattheheadoftheestuary,and MacaoandHongKongareonthewesternandeasternsides,respectively,ofthewideopening oftheestuarytotheSouthChinaSea.ThenewcitiesofZhuhaiandShenzhenlieimmediately northofMacaoandHongKong,respectively. ThePearlRiverisnotanewareaofinteresttoWesternersforitfeaturedprominentlyinthe trading and thereby political relations between China and the Westerners of the UK in the nineteenth century. The British knew Guangzhou as Canton, an important entry route for foreign trading goods into China. A major such trading item was opium, a commodity that was to play a significant role in the outbreak of the so-called opium war that led to the establishment of Hong Kong, initially as a British colony but eventually more than a century laterasaSpecialAdministrativeRegionofthePeople’sRepublicofChina.Macaohasthesame designationtoday. OurinterestinthePearlRiverEstuaryinthetwenty-firstcenturyarisesfromthesimplyvast numbers of people living on its banks and the associated industries providing livelihoods for thesecoastalinhabitants.Therearevaryingestimatesofthenumberofpeoplelivingcloseby thePearlRiverEstuary,andthesenumbersareincreasingyearbyyear.ThecityofGuangzhou hasabout15millioninhabitants,whileShenzhenmaybehometoabout25millionandZhuhai to1.8million.HongKonghas7.5millionandMacaomorethan670,000inhabitants,reputedly atthehighestpopulationdensityintheworld.Thetotalpopulationofthemegacitysurrounding thePearlRiverEstuaryprobablyexceeds70million. AndthewastesfromthesecitiesandindustriesultimatelyflowintothePearlRiverEstuary. What are the major environmental concerns and contaminants of this estuary? Where are the sources for these contaminants? What have been the environmental consequences of the emission of such inevitably contaminated effluents into the estuary? What will the future bring?Thesearethequestionsaddressedinthisbook.Contaminantsandotherpollutantswill include toxic metals, organic compounds in the form, for example, of hydrocarbons and organochlorinepesticides,aswellasthecomponentsofsewagewhetherofhumanordomestic animalorigin. ThesheermagnitudeofthefluxesofcontaminantsintothePearlRiverEstuaryissignificant enough in itself, but the Pearl River Estuary also offers us a model for major contaminated estuaries around the world. Contaminant research has been carried out in the Pearl estuarine ecosystemfordecadesnow,andthesedatatellatalerelevantbeyondsouthernChinaandthe Far East. The Pearl River Estuary is well known to the authors who have themselves contributed to the literature summarized here. The future environmental health of the Pearl River Estuary is vital to the economic future of millions of people dependent to different degrees on this remarkable ecosystem. Furthermore, the cultural heritage that the Pearl River Estuarybringstothepeoplelivingnearbyisdearlytreasured. Just a year ago, on February 18, 2019, the Central Chinese Government announced the establishmentoftheGreaterBayArea(GBA),whichbasicallycoversthemajorityofthePearl v vi Preface RiverDeltaareawithatotalpopulationofover70million.TheBayAreaisconsideredtobethe fourthmegabayintheworld(afterNewYorkBay,SanFranciscoBay,andTokyoBay).Under the concept and mandate of the GBA development, the environment will be under strict scrutiny. ThePearlRiver Estuarywillbeoneofthehighlights inenvironmentalmanagement andprotectiongivenitscentralpositionintheentirePearlRiverDeltaregion.ThePREsystem will itself be a model environmental system for environmental scientists owing to its major anthropogenicperturbationandinfluencesaswellastheverydynamicnatureoftheestuary.We believethatmanymoreenvironmentalstudieswillfollowinthenearfutureonthisfascinating andculture-richestuary. This book is a real long-term collaboration between the two authors. PSR was a frequent visitor to the laboratory of W-XW in Hong Kong when the former was the Head of the Department of Zoology at the Natural History Museum, London. We still vividly remember whenwejumpedintotheHKUSTlibraryoneafternoonnearly15yearsagotodigoutamapof thePearlRiverEstuary,whilewewerediscussingthebiomonitoringoftheestuary.Sincethen, the local research environment has improved in a rather dramatic way. It is now possible to workdirectlyonthisfascinatingestuaryfromtheHongKongend.Mostofthedatapresentedin thisbookarethusresultsproducedfromtheauthors’ownlaboratoriesoverthepastdecade. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the numerous former and current postdoctoral researchers, visiting scholars,andpostgraduatestudentswhohavecontributed,onewayoranother,tothisbook.We thank the funding agencies (National Science Foundation of China, Hong Kong Research Grants Council, Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission, and TUYF TrustFund)fortheirfinancialsupportofourresearchactivityoverthepastmanyyears. vii Contents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 HongKong. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Macao. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 UrbanizationandIndustrialDevelopment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Pollution. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 3 Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 PhysicalGeography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 WaterFlowsandCirculation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Tide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 BottomTopographyandSediment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 EcosystemandFisheries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 WaterQualityMonitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 PollutioninthePearlRiverEstuary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Eutrophication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 TraceMetals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 OrganicCompounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Hydrocarbons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 HalogenatedOrganicCompounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 OrganochlorinePesticides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 PolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 PolybrominatedDiphenylEthers(PBDEs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 AlternativeHalogenatedFlameRetardants(AHFRs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 OrganophosphorusCompounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 OrganophosphateFlameRetardants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 OrganophosphorusPesticides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Xenoestrogens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Pharmaceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 PersonalCareProducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 OtherEmergingContaminants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 OtherPesticides. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . 31 PerfluoroalkylSubstances(PFASs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 QuaternaryAmmoniumCompounds(QACs). .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 31 Microplastics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 ix x Contents TraceMetalsintheWaterColumnandSediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 TraceMetalsintheWaterColumn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 TraceMetalConcentrationsintheWaterColumnofthePearlRiverEstuary. . . . . . 38 GeochemistryofTraceMetalsintheWaterColumnofthePearlRiverEstuary. . . . 40 EcotoxicologyofTraceMetalsintheWaterColumnofthePearlRiverEstuary. . . . 43 TraceMetalsinSediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 TraceMetalConcentrationsinSediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 BioavailabilityandEcotoxicologyofTraceMetalsinSediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 TraceMetalConcentrationsintheSedimentsofthePearlRiverEstuary. . . . . . . . . 47 HistoricalChanges. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . 47 EcotoxicologyofTraceMetalsintheSedimentsofthePearlRiverEstuary. . . . . . . 51 ExchangeabilityandBioavailability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 TraceMetalsinPearlRiverEstuaryOrganisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Bioaccumulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Uptake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Bioavailability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 UptakeofTraceMetalsfromSediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Accumulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Biomonitoring. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . 64 PearlRiverEstuaryInvertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Oysters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Mussels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Clams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Scallops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 ImportanceofBivalveFamily. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Barnacles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Fish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Mercury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 FoodChains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Cetaceans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 TraceMetalContaminationofSeafoodfromthePearlRiverEstuary. . . . . . . . . . 93 RegulatoryLimits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Molluscs. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 95 Oysters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Mussels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Clams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Scallops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Gastropods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Crustaceans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Prawns,MantisShrimpsandCrabs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Fish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 TraceMetalsandEcotoxicologicalEffectsinthePearlRiverEstuary. . . . . . . . . . 107 Biomarkers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 PearlRiverEstuaryOysters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
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