Environmental Policy in India PDF
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Environmental Policy in India This book systematically introduces historical trajectories and dynamics of environmental policy and governance in India. Following the features of environmental policy in India as outlined in C hapter 1, sub- sequent chapters explore domestic and international factors that shape e nvironmental policy in the country. The chapters examine the interplay between governmental and non-governmental actors, and the influence of social mobilisation and institutions on environmental policy and governance. Analysing various policy trajectories, the chapters identify and explore five central environmental policy subsystems: forests, water, climate, energy and city development. The authors drill down into the social, economic, politi- cal and ecological dimensions of each system, shedding light on why striking a balance between national economic growth and environmental sustainability is so challenging. Drawing on political science theories of policy processes and related theoretical con- cepts, this innovative edited volume will be of great interest to students and scholars of environmental policy and politics and South Asian studies more broadly. Natalia Ciecierska-Holmes is developing her PhD project focusing on gender and climate change adaptation in India. She graduated from the Euromaster programme with a degree in European Studies and Politics from the University of Bath, the Humboldt University Berlin and the Freie University Berlin. She has a background in linguistics, languages and politics and has developed a strong interest in environmental politics and governance in India. Kirsten Jörgensen is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Political and S ocial Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin. She received her PhD in 1996 at Freie U niversität Berlin. Her pri- mary fields of interest include comparative environmental politics, European and Indian environmental and climate policy as well as the role of subnational governance. She was coordinator of the Indian-European Multi-level Climate Governance Research Network. Lana Laura Ollier is a PhD student at the ETH Zürich and works for the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) in Potsdam. She graduated with a degree in En- vironmental Policy and Regulation from the London School of Economics and Political Science, and has a broad background in environmental politics, economics and law. D. Raghunandan is the Director of the Centre for Technology & Development at the Soci- ety for Economic & Social Studies and the President of All India People’s Science Network (AIPSN). He also volunteers with the Delhi Science Forum where he contributes to research and campaigns in the areas of Environment, Climate Change & Water Resources, Aero- space and Disarmament & Strategic Affairs. He currently leads the AIPSN campaign on climate change, conducts research and modelling exercises, and has published extensively in India and abroad with a focus on India’s climate policy and international negotiations. Routledge Studies in Environmental Policy Environmental Policy and the Pursuit of Sustainability Chelsea Schelly and Aparajita Banerjee Green Keynesianism and the Global Financial Crisis Kyla Tienhaara Governing Shale Gas Development, Citizen Participation and Decision Making in the US, Canada, Australia and Europe Edited by John Whitton, Matthew Cotton, Ioan M. Charnley-Parry, Kathy Brasier The Politics of Aquaculture Sustainability Interdependence, Territory and Regulation in Fish Farming Caitríona Carter Strategic Designs for Climate Policy Instrumentation Governance at the Crossroads Gjalt Huppes The Right to Nature Social Movements, Environmental Justice and Neoliberal Natures Edited by Elia Apostolopoulou and Jose A. Cortes-Vazquez Guanxi and Local Green Development in China The Role of Entrepreneurs and Local Leaders Chunhong Sheng Environmental Policy in India Edited by Natalia Ciecierska-Holmes, Kirsten Jörgensen, Lana Laura Ollier and D. Raghunandan For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/ Routledge-Studies-in-Environmental-Policy/book-series/RSEP Environmental Policy in India Edited by Natalia Ciecierska-Holmes, Kirsten Jörgensen, Lana Laura Ollier and D. Raghunandan First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 selection and editorial matter, Natalia Ciecierska-Holmes, Kirsten Jörgensen, Lana Laura Ollier and D. Raghunandan; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Natalia Ciecierska-Holmes, Kirsten Jörgensen, Lana Laura Ollier and D. Raghunandan to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Ciecierska-Holmes, Natalia, editor. Title: Environmental policy in India / Edited by Natalia Ciecierska-Holmes, Kirsten Jörgensen, Lana Laura Ollier, and D. Raghunandan. Description: Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge studies in environmental policy | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019040816 (print) | LCCN 2019040817 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367357658 (hardback) | ISBN 9780429341533 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Environmental policy—India. | Environmental management—India. | Environmental protection—India. | India—Environmental conditions. Classification: LCC HC440.E5 E59 2020 (print) | LCC HC440.E5 (ebook) | DDC 333.70954—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019040816 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019040817 ISBN: 978-0-367-35765-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-34153-3 (ebk) Typeset in Goudy by codeMantra Contents List of authors and affiliations vii Acknowledgements x PART 1 Institutions and Actors 1 1 Introduction: environmental policy in India 3 NATALIA CIECIERSKA-HOLMES, KIRSTEN JÖRGENSEN, LANA LAURA OLLIER AND D. RAGHUNANDAN 2 Environmental competencies in India’s federal system 17 WILFRIED SWENDEN AND REKHA SAXENA 3 The role India’s states play in environmental policymaking 39 KIRSTEN JÖRGENSEN 4 Civil society and state interaction in environment policy in India 60 SUNAYANA GANGULY PART 2 Environmental policy subsystems in India 87 5 Forest governance in India: achieving balance within a complex policy subsystem 89 SMRITI DAS 6 India: dilemmas of water governance 111 JOYEETA GUPTA AND RICHA TYAGI vi Contents 7 Sustainable energy: prospects and challenges 133 KAUSHIK RANJAN BANDYOPADHYAY, MADHURA JOSHI AND RAINER QUITZOW 8 Factors shaping the climate policy process in India 158 DENISE FERNANDES, KIRSTEN JÖRGENSEN AND N.C. NARAYANAN 9 Smart sustainable cities 174 SHALEEN SINGHAL AND SOURABH JAIN PART 3 India within the context of global environmental governance 201 10 India’s climate policy: Paris Agreement, NDC and after 203 D. RAGHUNANDAN 11 India’s relations with the European Union on environmental policy 225 DIARMUID TORNEY 12 Environmental politics in India: institutions, actors and environmental governance 241 NATALIA CIECIERSKA-HOLMES AND KIRSTEN JÖRGENSEN Index 259 Authors and affiliations Kaushik Ranjan Bandyopadhyay is an Associate Professor with IIM L ucknow (IIML). Prior to joining IIML, he was principal policy adviser with International Institute of Sustainable Development (IISD) and has been leading the UNEP India Mission towards measuring SDG 12.c.1 on fossil fuel subsidy executed jointly with Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. Natalia Ciecierska-Holmes is developing her PhD project focusing on gender and climate change adaptation in India. She graduated from the Euromaster programme with a degree in European Studies and Politics from the University of Bath, the Humboldt University Berlin and the Freie University Berlin. She has a background in linguistics, languages and politics, and has developed a strong interest in environmental politics and governance in India. Smriti Das is an Associate Professor at the Department of Policy Studies, TERI School of Advanced Studies, New Delhi, India. Her research interests include public policy processes, institutions and resource politics, forest governance, decentralisation, gender and other cross-cutting issues at the interface of envi- ronment and development. Denise Fernandes is a PhD candidate at the Environmental Studies Programme, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA. Denise holds a Master’s in Sustaina- ble Development Practice from TERI University, New Delhi and a Bachelor’s in Political Science from St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai, India. Her research focuses on climate and environmental justice and inequality, mitigation and adaptation, energy governance and policy initiatives in transitional countries specifically in India and South Asia. Sunayana Ganguly is currently an Assistant Professor at the Azim Premji University in Bangalore. She received her PhD in Political Science from the Environmental Policy Research Centre Freie Universität Berlin. She has pre- viously worked with the Industrial Ecology Group, University of Lausanne (Switzerland) and the German Development Institute (Bonn). Her work ex- plores environmental governance, civil society, deliberative democracy and sustainable consumption with a focus on South Asia. viii Authors and affiliations Joyeeta Gupta is a Professor of Environment and Development in the Global South at the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research of the U niversity of Amsterdam and UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education in Delft. She is currently co-chair of the Global Environmental Outlook being coordinated by United Nations Environment. Sourabh Jain is currently pursuing his doctorate from the Department of Energy and Environment at TERI University, New Delhi, India. His PhD research work focuses on analysing resource efficiency in urban built environment in Indian cities, with a focus on construction and demolition waste management and recycling. His research interests include life cycle analysis, optimisation of circular supply chain, and mathematical modelling of complex systems. Kirsten Jörgensen is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Political and S ocial Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin. She received her PhD in 1996 at Freie Universität Berlin. Her primary fields of interest include comparative envi- ronmental politics, European and Indian environmental and climate policy as well as the role of subnational governance. She was coordinator of the Indian- European Multi-level Climate Governance Research Network. Madhura Joshi leads the work on energy access, green jobs and climate policy work at the Natural Resources Defence Council’s India-Program. She has a graduate degree in International Political Economy from the London School of Economics, UK, and an undergraduate degree in Political Science from St. Xavier’s College. Her research interests include pathways of sustainable en- ergy transitions in developing countries; energy poverty; energy and climate change governance; and co-benefits-based participatory approaches to climate, energy and development policy-making. N. C. Narayanan is a Professor at the Centre for Technology Alternatives for Rural Areas (CTARA), IIT Bombay; an associate faculty of the Interdepart- mental Programme on Climate Change; and a member of the core faculty group in the newly formed Centre for Policy Studies in IIT Bombay. His research areas are technology and development, public policy process (water reforms and climate change), scaling up technology alternatives and political ecology of resource use. Lana Laura Ollier is a PhD student at the ETH Zürich and works for the Insti- tute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) in Potsdam. She graduated in Environmental Policy and Regulation from the London School of Economics and Political Science, and has a broad background in environmental politics, economics and law. Rainer Quitzow is a Senior Research Associate at the Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies and a Senior Lecturer in Innovation Economics at the Technische Universität Berlin. He holds a Doctorate in Political Science from the Freie Universität Berlin. His research focuses on sustainable innovation, industrial policy, and governance of the energy transition in Germany and Authors and affiliations ix beyond. In particular, he has focused on the internationalisation of emerging renewable energy industries and the changing role of emerging economies in this context. D. Raghunandan is the Director of the Centre for Technology & Development at the Society for Economic & Social Studies and the President of All India People’s Science Network (AIPSN). He also volunteers with the Delhi Science Forum where he contributes to research and campaigns in the areas of Environment, Climate Change & Water Resources, Aerospace and Disarmament & Strategic Affairs. He currently leads the AIPSN campaign on climate change, conducts research and modelling exercises, and has published extensively in India and abroad with a focus on India’s climate policy and international negotiations. Rekha Saxena is a Full Professor at the Department of Political Science, U niversity of Delhi. She did her graduation and postgraduation from Hindu College, and MPhil and PhD from the Department of Political Science, University of Delhi. She started her teaching career from St. Stephen’s College. She specialises in the study of Indian and comparative politics with special reference to federal political institutions, constitution, centre–state relations, federalism, elections and party system. Shaleen Singhal is a Professor at TERI School of Advanced Studies and had been a Visiting Fulbright Professor at Yale University in 2018. He is an architect-planner with a PhD on City Competitiveness that received the Global 2009 Emerald/EFMD award for outstanding doctoral research. His re- search work and publications lay emphasis on the sustainable redevelopment in cities, ecology-based urban planning, and effective policy and governance for cities in emerging economies like India. Wilfried Swenden is an Associate Professor/Senior Lecturer in Politics and Co-Director of the Centre for South Asian Studies at the University of Edinburgh. He has worked extensively on multi-level governance and feder- alism in Europe and South Asia. He recently (2017) completed a Leverhulme International network grant on Continuity and Change in Indian Federalism involving three UK-based and three India-based universities. Richa Tyagi works as an independent consultant on environmental law and policy in New Delhi. She has worked with organisations like WWF India in the past. She holds an LLB degree from Campus Law Centre, Faculty of Law, University of Delhi and B.A. (Hons.) English from Lady Shri Ram College, University of Delhi. Her interest lies in looking at the intersection of law and conservation of natural resources in the Indian landscape. Diarmuid Torney is an Assistant Professor in the School of Law and Government at Dublin City University, Ireland. He holds an MPhil and a DPhil (PhD) in International Relations from the University of Oxford. His research focuses on the global politics of climate change and energy, particularly in the European Union, China and India.
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