Environmental Policy and Public Health: Air Pollution, Global Climate Change, and Wilderness (Public Health Environmental Health)

451 Pages·2011·3.82 MB·English

by  William N. Rom

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ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICY AND
PUBLIC HEALTH
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ENVIRONMENTAL
POLICY AND
PUBLIC HEALTH
Air Pollution, Global
Climate Change, and
Wilderness
WILLIAM N. ROM
FOREWORD BY FRANCES BEINECKE
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Rom,WilliamN.
Environmentalpolicyandpublichealth:airpollution,globalclimatechange,andwilderness/WilliamN.Rom;
forewordbyFrancesBeinecke.–1sted.
p.cm.–(Publichealth/environmentalhealth;14)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-59343-1(pbk.);978-1-118-09564-5(ebk.);978-1-118-09565-2(ebk.);978-1-118-09566-9(ebk.);
1. Environmentalhealth–Governmentpolicy. 2. Medicalpolicy. I. Title.
RA566.R662012
0
362.19698–dc23
2011025363
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
FIRSTEDITION
PBPrinting10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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C O N T E N T S
FiguresandTable ix
Foreword xv
Preface xix
TheAuthor xxi
TheContributors xxiii
Chapter 1: TheCleanAirActandtheNational
EnvironmentalPolicyAct 1
TheCleanAirAct 2
NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards 7
StateImplementationPlans 9
HazardousAirPollutants 11
NewSourcePerformanceStandards 12
PreventionofSignificantDeterioration 12
CleanAirInterstateQualityRule 13
TheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct 13
Chapter 2: ParticulateMatter 17
CharacteristicsandDeposition 18
HealthEffects 21
CardiovascularDiseaseandParticulateMatter 32
ParticulateMatterandPublicPolicy 37
Chapter 3: Ozone 41
HealthEffects 42
NitrogenOxides 54
Chapter 4: SulfurDioxideandAcidRain 63
SO HealthEffects 65
2
HealthPolicy:NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards 69
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vi CONTENTS
AcidRain 69
EnvironmentalEffectsofAcidRainandDeposition 73
AcidRainandEnvironmentalPolicy 75
Chapter 5: EnvironmentalTobaccoSmoke 81
TheHistoryofSmokingandDisease 82
TobaccoSmokeandDisease 84
HealthEffectsofPassiveSmoking 89
LungCancerEpidemiology 91
CarcinogensinCigaretteSmoke 92
SmokingCessation 94
PolicyControlsonTobaccoandCigaretteSmoking 95
GlobalSmokingToday 97
Chapter 6: Children’sEnvironmentalHealth:
MercuryandLead 101
LeonardoTrasande
TheUniqueVulnerabilityofChildren 102
MercuryasaCaseStudy 104
LeadasaCaseStudy 106
OutdoorAirPollutionasaCaseStudy 107
TheNationalChildren’sStudy 108
RegulatoryPolicyandChildren 109
Chapter 7: TheRoleofCommunityAdvocacy
GroupsinEnvironmentalProtection:
ExampleofSeptember11,2001 113
CatherineMcVayHughes (cid:1) KimberlyFlynn
(cid:1) CraigHall (cid:1) JoanReibman
TheDisaster 116
Chapter 8: TheMedicalResponsetoanEnvironmental
Disaster:LessonsfromtheWorld
TradeCenterAttacks 137
CaraleeCaplan-Shaw (cid:1) AngelikiKazeros (cid:1) SamParsia
(cid:1) JoanReibman
ImmediateResponsetoEnvironmentalExposure 139
AnalysisofWorldTradeCenterDust 140
RoleoftheMedicalCommunityinIdentifyingAdverseHealth
EffectsinDiversePopulations 143
LocalResidents,Workers,andChildren 148
WTCEnvironmentalHealthCenter 151
TheWTCHealthRegistry 153
LessonsLearned 155
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CONTENTS vii
Chapter 9: ChlorofluorocarbonsandtheDevelopment
oftheOzoneHole 159
Chlorofluorocarbons 160
OzoneLayer 160
FieldMeasurementsofAtmosphericTraceSpecies 167
OzoneDepletionandUV-BRadiation 170
PolicyandtheMontrealProtocol 172
OzoneDepletionandClimateChange 174
MedihalerImpedimentstoControllingOzoneDepletion 175
Chapter10: GlobalWarmingScienceandConsequences 179
GlobalWarmingBasicScience:GreenhouseGases 181
EnvironmentalConsequencesofGlobalWarmingand
ClimateChange 186
HumanHealthEffects 197
GlobalWarmingandtheInternationalCommunity 203
Chapter11: NationalGreenEnergyPlan 205
EnergyEfficiency 206
Oil 208
NaturalGas 216
Coal 218
Biofuels 223
Nuclear 227
Wind 230
GeothermalEnergyandHydropower 232
BiomassandHutLung 234
Solar 236
Chapter12: ClimateChangePolicyOptions 241
InternationalEffortstoPreventClimateChange 244
State,City,andPrivateActionsonGlobalWarming 247
U.S.JudiciaryBranchandClimateChange 250
U.S.ExecutiveBranchandClimateChange 252
Congress:TheClimateStewardshipActof2003Throughthe
ClimateSecurityActsof2008and2009 254
EconomicFactorsSurroundingGlobalWarmingand
PotentialSolutions 260
ProspectsforClimateChangeLegislationGoingForward 262
Chapter13: EnvironmentalPolicyandtheLand:
WildernessPreservation 267
WilliamN.Rom (cid:1) KimElliman
TheHistoryofWildernessProtection 269
TheHistoryofWildernessProtectionEvolvingfromNewYork
State’sLeadership 275
DebatesoverWilderness 283
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viii CONTENTS
ProblemswithImplementationoftheWildernessAct 287
ExecutiveOrdersforWildernessProtection 289
CurrentWildernessLegislation 292
TheLandandWaterConservationFundandthe
ForestLegacyProgram 294
NationalWildandScenicRiversAct 294
TheEndangeredSpeciesAct 295
Chapter14: EnvironmentalPolicyandAdvocacyGroups:
TheWildernessSociety:ACaseStudy 299
WilliamH.Meadows
FederalPublicLandsandWilderness 300
WhyWilderness? 301
PoliticalFramework 302
TheWildernessSocietyandPublicPolicy 304
WildernessFuture 313
Chapter15: Alaska:America’sWildernessFrontier:
ACaseStudy 319
ArcticNationalWildlifeRefuge 320
AlaskaNationalInterestLandsConservationAct:NationalParks,
WildlifeRefuges,andWilderness 321
OilVersusWildernessontheANWR 329
Chapter16: TheCleanWaterActandWaterEcosystems 337
TheCleanWaterAct 338
SafeDrinkingWaterAct 344
WaterEcosystemsandEnvironmentalandPublicHealth 348
Chapter17: ToxicChemicalsintheEnvironment:
GovernmentRegulationsandPublicHealth 355
ToxicSubstancesControlAct 356
ComprehensiveEnvironmentalResponse,Compensation,and
LiabilityAct(Superfund) 360
Notes 369
Index 407