Environmental Meteorology: Proceedings of an International Symposium held in Würzburg, F.R.G., 29 September – 1 October 1987

651 Pages·1988·24.443 MB·English

by  K. Höschele (auth.), K. Grefen, J. Löbel (eds.)

Environmental Meteorology
Environmental
Meteorology
Proceedings of an International Symposium
held in Wurzburg, F.R.G.
29 September -1 October 1987
edited by
K. Grefen
and
J. Lobel
Verein Deutscher In genieure,
Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft,
Dusseldorf, F.R.G.
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht / Boston / London
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Environmental meteorology.
"The VDI Commission on Air Pollution Prevention--
in cooperation with the German Meteorological Society-
presents in this book the proceedings of the first
International Symposium on 'Environmental Meteorology,"
held in Wlirzburg (West Germany) from 29 September to 1
October 1987"--Pref.
1. Air--Pollution--Meteorological aspects-
Congresses. I. Grefen, Klaus. II. Lobel, J.
III. VDI-Kommission Reinhaltung der Luft.
IV. Deutsche Meteorologische Gesellschaft.
V. International Sympsium on "Environmental Meteorology"
(1st; 1987 ; Wlirzburg)
TD88I. E58 1988 628.5' 3 88-3078
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7823-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-2939-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-2939-5
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
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PREFACE
The VDI Commission on Air Pollution Prevention - in cooperation with
the German Meteorological Society - presents in this book the proceedings
of the first International Symposium on "Environmental Meteorology",
held in Wurzburg (West Germany) from 29 September to 1 October 1987.
The primary goal was to get together scientists, experts of the
meteorological services, specialists of environmental boards, and
consulting engineers of the European countries. An equally important
objective was to provide a bench mark document in the resulting
proceedings publication.
The 1987 symposium shall start a series of symposia on all fields of
environmental meteorology to be held once in three or four years in
one of the European countries. We are full of hope to come to an
intense cooperation with the national meteorological and environmental
societies in the countries with this concern.
We like to express our sincere appreciation to the authors for their
efforts and attention to the quality shown herein. The credit must be
extended to the session Chairmen and to the advisory committee for the
selection of the papers.
We think the book contributes substantially to a better understanding
of meteorology being the link between emission and deposition of
atmospheric pollutants.
Dusseldorf, November 1987
K. Grefen J. Lobel
v
CONTENTS
Preface v
Session 1: Measurement of Meteorological
Parameters and Atmospheric Pollutants
Review Paper
Adequate Meteorological Measurements as a
Prerequisite for the Assessment of Air Pollution
K. Hoschele (Karlsruhe, FRG)
Optical Parameters, Soot Content, and Absorption
Rates of Urban Particles
R. Busen, D. Weidert, G. Hanel (Frankfurt, FRG) 9
Optical and Physico-Chemical Properties of
Tropospheric Aerosols in the Lee of the City of
Karlsruhe
G. Metzig, G. PoB (Karlsruhe, FRG) 23
Dispersion of Car Emissions in the Vicinity of
a Highway
M. Kuhler, J. Kraft (Wolfsburg, FRG)
W. Koch, H. Windt (Hannover, FRG) 39
Pollution Levels Near a Motorwav in a Cutting
V.H. Brennan (Crowthorne, GB)
I.S. McCrae (Enfield, GB) 49
Volatilization of Halocarbons from a Sanitary
Landfill Site
S. Haderlein, K. Pecher (Bayreuth, FRG) 63
Measurements of the Contribution of a Coal-Fired
Power Plant to the Overall Ground Level
Concentration of Air Pollutants by Using the
SF6-Tracer Technique
H. Rotzer, J. Riesing (Seibersdorf, A)
A. Nentwich, A. Szeless (Wien, A) 75
VllI
Evaluation of a Model Performance with Data from
a Large Power Plant
R. Berkowicz, E. Lyck (Roskilde, OK)
P.A. Larsen, J.S. Markvorsen (Virum, OK)
S. Dalager, A.B. Jensen (S~borg, OK) 93
Behaviour of Air Pollutants Under Inversion
Weather Conditions
G. Baumbach, K. Baumann, F. Droscher (Stuttgart, FRG) 115
Air Pollutant Concentrations and Meteorology in
Typical Pre-Alpine Landscapes
T. Pelli (Zurich, CH) 125
Session 2: Dry and Wet Deposition, and Physico
chemical Transformation
Review Paper
The Deposition of Trace Substances from the
Atmosphere
J.A. Garland, K.W. Nicholson, R.G. Derwent (Harwell, GB) 141
A Numerical Method for Determining the Dry Deposition
of Atmospheric Trace Constituents
G. Kramm (Ottobrunn, FRG) 161
The Importance of Heterogeneous Reactions for the
Sulfate Formation in Plumes
S. Jordan, K. Nester (Karlsruhe, FRG) 183
Comparison of Various Precipitation Gauges and Sensors
for the Determination of Wet Deposition
P. Winkler, S. Jobst (Hamburg, FRG) 193
Experimental Investigations on the Deposition of Trace
Elements in Forest Areas
S. Grosch, G. Schmitt (Frankfurt, FRG) 201
Emission and Transport of Fugitive Dust from Sludge
Deposits
D. Etling (Hannover, FRG) 217
Estimation of Wet Deposition via Fog
G. Kroll, P. Winkler (Hamburg, FRG) 227
Deviation Range of Annual Dry and Wet Deposition Rates
W.G. Hubschmann, S. Honcu (Karlsruhe, FRG) 237
Session 3: Accidental Releases
Wind Tunnel Modeling of Accidentally-Released Gases
Heavier than Air
G. Kbnig-Langlo, M. Schatzmann (Hamburg, FRG) 243
Tracer Experiments to Estimate Diffusive Leakages
and to Verify Dispersion Models
B. Sivertsen (Lillestr0m, N) 255
SMART - An Advanced Emergency Response Tool
H. de Witt, H.D. Brenk, A.G. Knaup (Aachen, FRG)
D. Hesel, H. Schnadt (Kbln, FRG) 269
The Sandoz Accident - Numerical Simulations of the
Transport and the Dispersion of the Airborne Releases
B. Vogel, G. Adrian, F. Fiedler (Karlsruhe, FRG) 279
Wind Tunnel Simulation of Accidental Releases in
Chemical Plants
W. Bachlin, E.J. Plate (Karlsruhe, FRG) 291
Session 4: Urban Climate, Atmospheric Pollution
and Planning
Review Paper
Spatial and Temporal Structures of the Urban Climate -
A Survey
W. Kuttler (Essen, FRG) 305
Energetic Feedback between Urban Climate and Diffusion
of Atmospheric Pollutants
M.J. Kerschgens, H. Suer (Bonn, FRG) 335
Numerical Modelling of the Urban Climate
J. Eichhorn, R. Schrodin, W.G. Zdunkowski (Mainz, FRG) 345
Green in Urban Climate
F. Wilmers, K.-D. Scholz (Hannover, FRG) 359
Analysis of an Orographically Influenced Wind System
C.-J. Richter (Essen, FRG) 381
Synthetic Wind Climatology Evaluated by the
Non-Hydrostatic Numerical Mesoscale Model KAMM
G. Adrian (Karlsruhe, FRG) 397
x
Airborne Measurements to Investigate the Transport and
the Chemistry of Polluted Air Leeside of the City of
Munich
F.M. RosIer, D. Paffrath, W. Peters (Oberpfaffenhofen, FRG) 413
The Determination of Mixing Heights by SODAR in an
Urban Environment
M. Piringer (Wien, A) 425
Calculations in Several Danish Cities
SO~
P.J. LMstr\!lm, L. Stenfalk (Ris\!l, OK) 445
Urban Redevelopment under Consideration of
Climatological Aspects
L. Katzschner (Kassel, FRG) 461
Session 5: Air Pollution Modelling
Field Evaluation of a Fluctuating Plume Model
for Odours with Sniffing Teams
F. de Bree, H. Harssema (Wageningen, NL) 473
The Influence of a Building on the Dispersion
of Emissions from Low Chimneys
A. van Melle, H.P. Baars (Apeldoorn, NL) 487
Modelling Dispersion of Air Pollutants Emitted
by Power Stations Using Fluctuations of Wind
Direction
H. van Duuren, J.J. Erbrink (Arnhem, NL) 497
Performance Evaluation of,Air Pollution Impact
Assessment Models: Fifteen Years of Practical
Experience
J.G. Kretzschmar, G. Cosemans (Mol, B) 515
Numerical Case Studies of Air Pollution in
and around Urban Agglomeration Areas during
Inversion Situations
D. Heimann, F. RosIer (Oberpfaffenhofen, FRG)
M. Baltrusch (Wiesbaden, FRG) 531
Modelling of the 502 Dispersion over
Baden-Wurttemberg
K. Nester, F. Fiedler, M. Baer (Karlsruhe, FRG) 545
Modeling of the Wind Field and the Dispersion of
Reactive Pollutants
Th. Flassak, N. Moussiopoulos (Karlsruhe, FRG) 559
Flow Modelling in Complex Terrain for Atmospheric
Applications
J.G. Bartzis (Aghia Paraskevi Attikis, GR) 575
Application of Long-Range Transport Models in the
Framework of Control Strategies: Example of
Photochemical Air Pollution
J. Pankrath, R. Stern (Berlin, FRG)
P. Builtjes (Apeldoorn, NL) 585
Using Emission Inventories to Simulate the Air
Pollution in Berlin (West)
W. Reichenbacher (Berlin (West), FRG) 613
Fate Simulation of Organic Substances in the
Atmospheric Mixing Layer
R. Trenkle (Neuherberg, FRG) 631
Dispersion Modeling Using Personal Computers
R.H. Schulze (Richardson, USA) 649
ADEQUATE METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS AS A PREREQUISITE FOR
THE ASSESS}lliNT OF AIR POLLUTION
K. Hoschele
Institut fUr Meteorologie und Klimaforschung
Universitat Karlsruhe
D - 7500 Karlsruhe
ABSTRACT. The paper deals with meteorological measurements as a part
of measuring programs for air pollutants. The importance of atmospheric
conditions for the assessment of an air pollution situation is demon
strated by their influence on the various compartments of an air pollu
tion system, comprising all stages from emission to effects. The main
purpose of this review is a discussion of how to get representative
data in various scales of time and space. A concluding survey contains
various recommendations concerning the design of measuring programs.
I. INTRODUCTION
Concentrations of air pollutants, as a measure for ambient air quality,
vary in space and time over one ore two orders of magnitude in the
range of~/m3, with periods from the time resolution of measuring in
struments in the range of minutes or seconds up to years. On the other
hand the concentrations of water vapor, a typical meteorological ele
ment, in the higher range of g/m3, have much smaller variations in
space and time, typical are 10 % of the daily mean. The primary reason
for the irregular behaviour of pollutants is the uneven dis~ribution
and changing activity of sources, in combination with the varying
meteorological conditions for the distribution, the transformation and
the removal of substances, emitted into the atmosphere. The widely
adopted conception, restricting the role of meteorology to transport
and diffusion of gases and particles, is too simple and incomplete.
A more thorough analysis reveals, that atmospheric conditions control
all stages and branches of a pollutants way from sources to sinks
(Figure 1).
2. AIR QUALITY SYSTEM, THE ROLE OF METEOROLOGY
Starting with sources: how far are emissions dependent on meteorologi
cal conditions? If we consider emissions released near the ground,
say below 20 or 50 m - these are mainly responsible for local pollution
K. Grefen and J. Lobel (eds .), EnvironmenJal Meteorology, 1--8.
© 1988 by Kluwer Academic Publishers.