Environmental Management towards Sustainability

339 Pages·2018·29.991 MB·English

by  Modak, Prasad

Environmental Management
towards Sustainability

Environmental Management
towards Sustainability
Dr. Prasad Modak
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Contents
Foreword .........................................................................................................................................ix
Preface ...........................................................................................................................................xiii
Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................................xvii
Author ...........................................................................................................................................xix
1. The Challenges We Face Today ...........................................................................................1
1.1 Challenges We Face Today: Population, Consumption and
Limited Resources.........................................................................................................1
1.2 Indicators of Development ...........................................................................................1
1.3 Resource Security ..........................................................................................................7
1.4 The Issues .......................................................................................................................7
1.4.1 Energy ................................................................................................................9
1.4.2 Overexploitation of Minerals and Fossil Fuels ..........................................11
1.4.3 Housing ...........................................................................................................12
1.4.4 Transport .........................................................................................................16
1.4.4.1 Aviation............................................................................................17
1.4.4.2 Vehicles ............................................................................................17
1.4.4.3 Rail Transport .................................................................................18
1.4.4.4 Sea Routes ........................................................................................19
1.4.5 Water Stress ....................................................................................................19
1.4.5.1 Virtual Water...................................................................................21
1.4.6 Sanitation & Health .......................................................................................22
1.4.7 Air Pollution ...................................................................................................23
1.4.7.1 Short-Lived Climate Pollutants ....................................................24
1.4.8 Degradation of Land and Agriculture ........................................................25
1.4.9 Biodiversity .....................................................................................................26
1.4.10 Natural Disasters ...........................................................................................27
1.4.11 The Nexus .......................................................................................................28
1.5 Key Drivers and Challenges ......................................................................................34
1.5.1 Urban–Rural Polarization .............................................................................35
1.5.2 Skew in the Global Material Flows ............................................................ 35
1.6 Global Response ..........................................................................................................37
1.6.1 United Nations ...............................................................................................38
1.6.2 Sustainable Development Goals ..................................................................41
1.6.3 Addressing Resource Efficiency on Global Platform ...............................41
1.6.3.1 The G7/G8 ........................................................................................42
1.6.3.2 G20 ....................................................................................................44
1.6.4 Circular Economy ..........................................................................................45
Endnotes ..................................................................................................................................47
2. Response from the National Governments .....................................................................51
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................51
2.2 Key Stakeholders in Environmental Management ................................................51
2.3 Guiding Principles ......................................................................................................52
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2.4 Need for Multi-Level and Multi-Stakeholder Response .......................................55
2.5 Legislative Framework and Institutions ..................................................................59
2.6 Inclusion of Environmental Rights in the Constitution ........................................66
2.7 Formulation of National Policies ..............................................................................67
2.8 Planning and Zoning Related Directives ................................................................67
2.9 Eco-Cities, Eco-Industrial Parks and Eco-Towns ...................................................72
2.10 Common Environmental Infrastructure .................................................................84
2.11 Laws & Regulations ....................................................................................................86
2.12 Environmental Impact Assessment..........................................................................88
2.13 Integrating Climate Change Considerations in Environmental
Impact Assessment .....................................................................................................93
2.14 Environmental Standards, Progression and Expanse ...........................................96
2.15 Managing Indoor Air Quality .................................................................................103
2.16 Phasing Out of Substances and Technologies ......................................................104
2.17 Green Public Procurement .......................................................................................105
2.18 Market Based Instruments ......................................................................................108
2.18.1 Economic Instruments ................................................................................109
2.18.2 Information Based Instruments.................................................................111
2.19 Environmental Courts and Tribunals ....................................................................113
Endnotes ................................................................................................................................117
3. Financial Institutions ........................................................................................................123
3.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................123
3.2 Development Financing Institutions......................................................................123
3.3 Private Sector Finance Institutions .........................................................................125
3.4 Evolution of Environmental and Social Safeguards at Development
Financial Institutions ................................................................................................125
3.4.1 Safeguards Approach of the Development Financing Institutions ......130
3.4.1.1 Use of Country Systems ..............................................................133
3.4.2 Community Driven Development Approach by the World Bank ........134
3.4.3 Harmonization of Safeguards ....................................................................135
3.4.3.1 Rome Declaration on Harmonization .......................................137
3.4.3.2 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness .....................................137
3.5 Evolution of Environmental and Social Safeguards at Private Sector
Financing Institutions ..............................................................................................139
3.5.1 United Nations Environment Program’s Finance Initiative ..................139
3.5.2 International Finance Corporation ............................................................142
3.5.3 Equator Principles (EPs) ..............................................................................143
3.5.4 Addressing Investment Portfolios and Supply-Chain ...........................144
3.5.5 Investment Focus—Energy ........................................................................144
3.5.6 Investment Focus—Biodiversity ................................................................149
3.5.7 Insurance Sector ...........................................................................................149
3.6 Financial Intermediary Funds ................................................................................151
3.7 Climate Finance .........................................................................................................152
3.7.1 Green Climate Fund ....................................................................................154
3.7.2 Adaptation Funds ........................................................................................154
3.7.3 Least Developed Countries Fund ..............................................................156
3.7.4 Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) ......................................................157
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3.8 Stock Markets ............................................................................................................158
3.9 Green Bonds ...............................................................................................................162
3.10 Green Bond Indices ...................................................................................................165
3.11 Conservation Finance ...............................................................................................166
3.11.1 Environmental Impact Bond ......................................................................167
3.11.2 Rhino Impact Bond Project ........................................................................168
3.11.3 Forest Bonds .................................................................................................168
3.12 Impact Investing ........................................................................................................168
Endnotes ................................................................................................................................170
4. Business Response .............................................................................................................177
4.1 Impact of Government Policies and Legislation ...................................................177
4.1.1 Consequences of Non-Compliance ...........................................................181
4.2 Impact of Economic Instruments ............................................................................182
4.3 Impact of Information-Based Instruments ............................................................183
4.4 From Meeting Compliance to Achieving Competitiveness ................................184
4.4.1 Cleaner Production ......................................................................................185
4.4.2 Eco-Efficiency ...............................................................................................185
4.4.3 Green Productivity ......................................................................................185
4.4.4 Resource Efficient Cleaner Production (RECP) .......................................186
4.4.5 PRE-SME Resource Kit ................................................................................186
4.4.6 Design for Environment .............................................................................187
4.5 Life Cycle Thinking ..................................................................................................192
4.6 Ecolabels .....................................................................................................................193
4.7 Influencing Supply Chains ......................................................................................200
4.8 Sustainability Assessment of Technologies ..........................................................204
4.9 Environmental Management System ISO 14001 ...................................................206
4.9.1 Evolution of ISO 14001 .................................................................................206
4.10 Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility ............................................207
4.10.1 CSR and Profits.............................................................................................212
4.10.2 CSR Promotes Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation .......................212
4.10.3 Is Strategic CSR the Solution?.....................................................................213
Endnotes ................................................................................................................................214
5. Responses by Business Sectors ........................................................................................219
5.1 Transportation Sector ...............................................................................................219
5.2 Information and Communication Technology Sector .........................................223
5.3 Pulp and Paper Sector ..............................................................................................226
5.4 Cement Industry .......................................................................................................228
5.5 Tourism Sector ...........................................................................................................229
5.6 Waste Management Sector .......................................................................................232
5.7 Cosmetic Sector .........................................................................................................235
5.8 Food & Agriculture Sector .......................................................................................236
5.9 Mining Sector ............................................................................................................239
5.10 Social Sector ...............................................................................................................241
5.11 Collective Industry Responses ................................................................................242
5.12 Leadership Examples in Sustainability .................................................................249
Endnotes ................................................................................................................................253
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6. Community Response .......................................................................................................259
6.1 Roles Played by the Community ............................................................................259
6.1.1 Community and Government ...................................................................259
6.1.2 Community and Financing Institutions ...................................................261
6.1.3 Community and Business ..........................................................................261
6.2 Community and Government .................................................................................262
6.2.1 Innovative Mechanisms for Involving the Communities ......................262
6.2.2 Participatory Urban Planning ....................................................................265
6.2.3 Conservation of Nature...............................................................................268
6.2.4 Participatory Environmental Monitoring ................................................271
6.2.5 Judicial Activism ..........................................................................................274
6.2.6 Compliance Review and Inspection Panels .............................................276
6.3 Microfinance to Empower the Community ..........................................................278
6.4 Community and Business Organizations .............................................................281
6.5 Eco-Entrepreneurship ..............................................................................................285
6.6 Education and Sustainability ..................................................................................290
6.6.1 Greening of the Universities ......................................................................290
6.6.1.1 Green Schools ...............................................................................293
6.6.1.2 Sustainability Literacy .................................................................293
6.6.1.3 Learning Cities .............................................................................295
6.6.2 Traditional (Ecological) Knowledge ..........................................................295
6.7 Behavioral Change ....................................................................................................298
Endnotes ................................................................................................................................301
Index .............................................................................................................................................307
Foreword
Achieving sustainability in the present era is necessary for this planet’s survival. Mere
economic development is not the solution and gross domestic product (GDP) alone is not
the true indicator of growth. Despite the economic development, we witness poverty, dis-
parities and inequalities, and serious adverse impacts like land degradation, air pollution,
water scarcity, health concerns, loss of biodiversity, etc. Overpopulation, urban–rural polar-
ization, skews in the global material flows, poor resource use efficiency, and unchecked
pollution have been some of the influencing factors. Threats to resource security due to
climate change have added a new dimension to the complexity of the problem. Impacts
need to be understood today, recognizing the nexus. A piecemeal or isolated approach
is not going to work. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Paris Agreement on
Climate Change, and a focus on sustainability provide important guiding principles for
sustainable development.
To move towards sustainability requires an innovative and rounded management strat-
egy involving all the key stakeholders with efforts taken on multiple levels. In his book,
Prasad Modak introduces such a need by illustrating key global issues with top end statis-
tics, emphasizing the nexus and relevance of the SDGs.
Modak then introduces four key groups of stakeholders, viz., the government, financing
institutions, business, and the communities. These stakeholders need to work at multiple
levels, viz., local, regional, national, and global. This book devotes separate chapters to
introduce the role played by each stakeholder with numerous case studies drawn from
across the world. This structure of this book provides the reader the stakeholder-specific
focus while also enabling appreciation of the interconnections. I would say that this is the
uniqueness or distinguishing feature of this book.
Chapter 2 of this book focuses on governments and illustrates the responses by the
national governments that include constitutional provisions, policies, plans, establishment
of legislative framework, and institutional mechanisms at various levels to monitor imple-
mentation. A range of topics such as Environmental Impact Assessment, Environmental
Tribunals, Common Environment Infrastructure, and Green Public Procurement are
introduced with examples. An overview of government-supported market-based instru-
ments, economic instruments, and information-based instruments is also provided. This
chapter is thus a good read to understand the multi-level and multifarious efforts taken by
the national governments on environmental management across the world.
Chapter 3 is devoted to the role played by the Development Financing Institutions (DFIs)
and the Private Sector Financing Institutions (PSFIs). This chapter is very well presented
with information that is not generally found in the standard text or reference books. The
evolution of Environmental and Social Safeguards at DFIs and PSFIs is illustrated with
time stamps, and sections are built on frameworks followed at the World Bank, Asian
Development Bank, and the International Finance Corporation. Topics such as Community
Driven Development (CDD), Equator Principles and FIs following an investment focus
such as Renewable Energy and Biodiversity are also covered. This chapter also covers vari-
ous Financial Intermediary Funds, Climate Finance, Conservation Finance, Green Bonds,
Sustainable Stock Exchanges, and Impact Investing. Many examples provided on each of
the above makes this chapter an interesting read.
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