Environmental Law, Policy, and Economics: Reclaiming the Environmental Agenda PDF
Preview Environmental Law, Policy, and Economics: Reclaiming the Environmental Agenda
Environmental Law, Policy, and Economics PraiseforEnvironmentalLaw,Policy,andEconomics ‘‘The inclusion of environmental science in the context of a treatise on environmental law, policy, and economics makes this book one of the most comprehensive, useful, and timeless treatmentsonthesubjecttodate.’’ —JenniferSass,SeniorScientist,NaturalResourcesDefenseCouncil ‘‘This book is a timely and important contribution, written by authors who combine decades of academic excellence with significant real life experiences. It demonstrates the cutting edge potential for law to become a policy tool that can drive sustainable innovation when applied byknowledgeableandcapablepractitioners.Thevastandcomprehensivescopeisbothbroad anddeep;thesynthesisofcomplexinterconnectionsisawelcometourdeforce.’’ —Ted Smith, Founder and former Executive Director, Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition and Coordinator,InternationalCampaignforResponsibleTechnology ‘‘This bookexplores notonly thebasicenvironmentalpollution control lawsbut also,andof fundamental importance, the ways in which these laws do or do not lead to cleaner produc- tion. Its explanations of various concepts and legal tools will be useful to both students and practitioners.’’ —JohnC.Dernbach,ProfessorofLaw,WidenerUniversityLawSchool ‘‘A comprehensive and invaluable compendium of two decades of scholarship and jurispru- denceonthelegal,social,andeconomicdimensionsofpollutionregulation,control,andpre- vention. Written largely from an American perspective, the volume draws important lessons fromthecomparative,Europeanexperience,aswell.’’ —David A. Sonnenfeld, Professor and Chair, Department of Environmental Studies, SUNY CollegeofEnvironmentalScienceandForestry ‘‘Highlyrecommendedforusebothintheclassroomandthelawo‰ce.Itisnotonlyahighly useful treatise on the field, but a convincing a‰rmation of the central role law plays in envi- ronmentalprotection.’’ —WilliamFutrell,President,SustainableDevelopmentLawAssociates Environmental Law, Policy, and Economics Reclaiming the Environmental Agenda Nicholas A. Ashford Charles C. Caldart The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London,England 62008MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanyelectronicormechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writingfromthepublisher. Forinformationaboutspecialquantitydiscounts,[email protected] ThisbookwassetinTimesNewRomanon3B2byAscoTypesetters,HongKong. PrintedonrecycledpaperandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Ashford,NicholasAskounes. Environmentallaw,policy,andeconomics:reclaimingtheenvironmentalagenda/NicholasA.Ashford, CharlesC.Caldart. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-262-01238-6(hardcover:alk.paper) 1.Environmentallaw—UnitedStates. 2.Environmental policy—UnitedStates. I.Caldart,CharlesC. II.Title. KF3775.A967 2007 344.730406—dc22 2007001995 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedicatedtothecommittedgovernmentemployees,activists,scholars,andfar-sighted firmswhohavehelpedprotecttheenvironmentandpublichealth. Contents in Brief Foreword by William K. Reilly xxix Acknowledgments xxxi Introduction xxxiii 1 The Nature andOriginsofEnvironmental Contamination 1 2 Natureand Assessment of the Harm 45 3 Economics and theEnvironment 127 4 Addressing PollutionThrough theTortSystem 189 5 Administrative Law: The Rolesof Congress, the President,the Agencies, and theCourts inShapingEnvironmental Policy 241 6 The Clean Air Act and the RegulationofStationary Sources 343 7 The Regulation ofMobile SourcesUnder the Clean Air Act 461 8 Protection ofSurface Waters, Wetlands,andDrinking Water: The Clean Water Act and Safe DrinkingWaterAct 579 9 Regulation ofHazardous Wastes: RCRA, CERCLA, and Hazardous Waste FacilitySiting 693 10 The Right to Know: Mandatory Disclosure of Information Regarding ChemicalRisks 771 11 Enforcement: Encouraging Compliance with Environmental Statutes 807 12 Alternative Forms ofGovernment Intervention toPromote Pollution Reduction 879 13 Policiesto Promote Pollution Prevention andInherent Safety 967 viii ContentsinBrief 14 Epilogue—Beyond PollutionControland Prevention: Sustainable Development 1043 About the Authors 1053 Index of Cases 1055 Subject Index 1061 Contents in Detail 1 The Nature andOriginsofEnvironmental Contamination 1 A. The Nature of the Problem:Pollution and AccidentalReleases of Chemicals into the Environment 2 (cid:1) Christiani, David C. and Woodin,Mark A.,‘‘Specific Air Pollutants Associated with Adverse Respiratory E¤ects,’’ from Life Support: The Environmentand Human Health, pp.15–37 (2002) 3 (cid:1) Hu, Howard and Kim, Nancy K.,‘‘Drinking-Water Pollution and Human Health,’’ from Critical Condition:Human Health and theEnvironment, pp.31–48 (1993) 5 (cid:1) Bowen, E. andHu, H., ‘‘Food Contamination Due to Environmental Pollution,’’ from Critical Condition: Human Healthand the Environment, pp.49–69 (1993) 12 (cid:1) Montague,Peter,‘‘Environmental Trends,’’Rachel’s Environmentand HealthWeekly,no. 613,August 27 (1998) 17 (cid:1) Roe, David, etal., Environmental Defense Fund, ‘‘ExecutiveSummary,’’from Toxic Ignorance:The ContinuingAbsence ofBasicHealthTesting for Top-SellingChemicals inthe United States (1997) 19 B. The Causes of Pollution andAccidental Releases 21 1. Increases intheProduction and Useof Chemicals, and Changesin the Nature of Chemical Contamination 21 (cid:1) Commoner, BarryM., ‘‘AReporter atLarge:The Environment,’’ The New Yorker,pp.46–71, June 15 (1987) 22
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