Environmental Impacts of Traditional and Innovative Forest-based Bioproducts PDF
Preview Environmental Impacts of Traditional and Innovative Forest-based Bioproducts
Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes Andreja Kutnar Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu Editors Environmental Impacts of Traditional and Innovative Forest- based Bioproducts Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes Series editor Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu, SGS Hong Kong Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13340 AndrejaKutnar SubramanianSenthilkannanMuthu (cid:129) Editors Environmental Impacts of Traditional and Innovative Forest-based Bioproducts 123 Editors AndrejaKutnar Subramanian SenthilkannanMuthu University of Primorska Environmental Services Manager-Asia Koper SGSHong KongLimited Slovenia Hong Kong Hong Kong ISSN 2345-7651 ISSN 2345-766X (electronic) Environmental Footprints andEco-design of ProductsandProcesses ISBN978-981-10-0653-1 ISBN978-981-10-0655-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0655-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016932354 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingaporePteLtd. Preface Forestbiomasshasbeenanimportantsourceofrawmaterialforcenturies.Withthe global focus on climate change and preservation of nonrenewable resources forest biomass has become an even more important resource. The world’s political and economical decisions are increasingly determined by climate change and resource and energy scarcity. The forest-based industries have responded to this by devel- oping advanced processes, materials, and wood-based solutions to meet evolving demands and increase competitiveness against non-forest bioproducts. This book provides a comprehensive description of traditional and innovative forest-based bioproducts. The descriptions of different types of forest-based bioproducts are followed with their environmental impacts from processing, use, and their end-of-lifephase.Furthermore,thepossibility ofreusing,recycling,andupgrading bioproducts at the end of their life cycle is discussed. The book concludes with a discussion about the key issues and challenges for business development of forest-based bioproducts and about the business model innovation in the forest sector. Andreja Kutnar Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu v Contents Environmental Use of Wood Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Andreja Kutnar Wood-Plastic Composites—Performance and Environmental Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Matthew John Schwarzkopf and Michael David Burnard The Opportunities and Challenges for Re-use and Recycling of Timber and Wood Products Within the Construction Sector. . . . . . . 45 Graham A. Ormondroyd, Morwenna J. Spear and Campbell Skinner Additives in Wood Products—Today and Future Development. . . . . . . 105 Dick Sandberg Forest-Based Bioproducts Used for Construction and Its Impact on the Environmental Performance of a Building in the Whole Life Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Roman Kunič Business—Bioproducts in the Bioeconomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Anders Roos Responding to the Bioeconomy: Business Model Innovation in the Forest Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Eric Hansen vii Environmental Use of Wood Resources Andreja Kutnar Abstract This chapters delivers discussion about bioeconomy, related European Policy and wood resources. The European Bioeconomy Strategy and the role of forests and forest-products in achieving its objectives are being discussed. Also other policies with direct impacts on the forest-based sector are being presented. Furthermore, various primary wood based products and their environmental impactsarereviewed.Thedescriptioncoverstraditionalandinnovativewoodbased products.Theneedforefficientresourceuseofwoodresources,includingreuseand upgrading of waste wood, are discussed. The environmentally preferred option to maintain wood materials in a maximum quality level by reuse in solid form, therefore extending the carbon storage duration, is presented. (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) Keywords Applications Fibres Manufacturing Matrix components (cid:1) (cid:1) Renewable composites User perceptions Wood plastic composites 1 Introduction European Policy is affecting and, indeed, directing current research, development and marketing in the European Union (EU). Many policy strategies and actions directly impact the forest product industry. Europe is setting course for a resource-efficient and sustainable economy. The goal is a more innovative and low-emissions economy, reconciling demands for sustainable agriculture and fish- eries, food security, and the sustainable use of renewable biological resources for industrial purposes, while ensuring biodiversity and environmental protection. The termbeingusetoaddressthisisbioeconomy.Thebioeconomycomprisesthoseparts oftheeconomythatuserenewablebiologicalresourcesfromlandandsea—suchas crops, forests, fish, animals and micro-organisms—to produce food, materials and A.Kutnar(&) FacultyofMathematics,NaturalSciencesandInformationTechnology, AndrejMarušičInstitute,UniversityofPrimorska,Koper,Slovenia e-mail:[email protected] ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaSingapore2016 1 A.KutnarandS.S.Muthu(eds.),EnvironmentalImpactsofTraditional andInnovativeForest-basedBioproducts,EnvironmentalFootprints andEco-designofProductsandProcesses,DOI10.1007/978-981-10-0655-5_1 2 A.Kutnar energy. It is an essential alternative to the dangers and limitations of our current fossil-based economy and can be considered as the next wave in our economic development.Itprovidesmajoropportunitiesforinnovation,jobsandgrowthandas suchwillhelptoreindustrialiseEurope.Toachievethis,theEuropeanCommission has set a Bioeconomy Strategy and action plan. The strategy “Innovating for Sustainable Growth—A Bioeconomy for Europe” was launched and adopted on February 13, 2012(European Commission 2012). The European Bioeconomy Strategy focuses on three key aspects (European Commission 2012): (cid:129) Developing new technologies and processes for the bioeconomy; (cid:129) Developing markets and competitiveness in bioeconomy sectors; (cid:129) Pushing policymakers and stakeholders to work more closely together. The Bioeconomy Strategy (European Commission 2012) emphasise the importance of forests, since the EU has a total forest area of approximately 177 millionha(around40%oftheEUterritory),ofwhich130millionhaareavailable forwoodsupplyandtheproductionofnon-woodgoodsandservices(cork, resins, berries, mushroom, hunting for example). The forest-based industries are a very important EU economic sector (woodworking industries, pulp and paper, printing industries),withaproductionvalueof€365billion,andanaddedvalueofaround€ 120 billion created by more than 3 million jobs (European Commission 2012). Forestsplayacrucialroleintheglobalcarboncycleandthefightagainstclimate change.Forestbiomassiscurrentlythemostimportantsourceofrenewableenergy andnowaccountsforaroundhalfoftheEU’stotalrenewableenergyconsumption (COM(2013)659final).Thedemandforwood,andforwoodfuelinthecontextof increasing renewable energy demand, is a strong stimulus for increasing forest growth and productivity and for improving management practices more wood and residues could be harvested and mobilised while demand for forest products is growing for material and energy uses as a way to reduce carbon emissions by substitutingproductsthatcausehigheremissions.Woodproductscancontributeto climatechangemitigationastheyactasacarbonpoolduringtheirservicelives,as theywithdrawCO fromitsnaturalcycle,aswoodproductscansubstituteformore 2 energy-intenseproductsaftertheirservicelife,astheycansubstituteforfossilfuels if they are incinerated (Werner et al. 2006). Since increased harvest reduces carbon sinks, the Bioeconomy strategy (EuropeanCommission2012)recognizestheneedforspeedingupproductionrates and developing forest raw materials with new properties. Forests of the future will be increasingly dedicated to producing fibres, timber, energy or customised needs, whichwillhaveconsiderableimpactsontheprovisioningofabroadrangeofpublic goods. However, it is important that forest products sector includes in its research andinnovationactivitiesalsobusinessdevelopment offorestbasedbioproducts.In thisbookChap. 6delivers thekey issues andchallenges for businessdevelopment offorestbasedbioproducts.Itdefinestheconditionsandimprovementpotentialfor EnvironmentalUseofWoodResources 3 different product types: established forest products (building materials, paper and wood energy), potential large volume bioproducts (liquid biofuels), high value addedproducts(biomaterials,andnewchemicals,pharmaceuticals).Itisillustrated thatkeychallenges differ between ‘old’bioproducts,suchaswoodwhereprogress is connected with design development and incremental improvement of industrial processes—and ‘radical’ innovations of new materials and substances, which involvesnewmarketdevelopment.Furthermore,inChap.7theproductinnovation and process innovation in forest sector companies are being compared. Chapter 7 explores the issues including consideration of pathways for forest sector firms to pursue in order to capitalize on the growing bioeconomy. 1.1 Policies with Direct Impacts on the Forest-Based Sector Kuzman and Kutnar (2014) delivered an overview of the main policies with direct impacts on the forest-based sector. These policies are the EU Sustainable DevelopmentStrategy(SDS,EuropeanCommission2009),whichwaspublishedin 2006,andreviewedin2009,theEURoadmap2050(EuropeanCommission2011), and the recycling society directive (Directive 2008/98/EC, European Parliament Council 2008). TheSDSsetsoutasingle,coherentstrategyonhowtheEUwillmoreeffectively live up to its long-standing commitment to meet the challenges of sustainable development. It recognizes the need to gradually change our current unsustainable consumptionandproductionpatternsandmovetowardsamoreintegratedapproach topolicy-making.TheoverallintentoftheSDSistoidentifyanddevelopactionsto enable the EU to achieve continuous long-term improvement of quality of life. Specifically, the SDS calls for the creation of sustainable communities able to manage and use resources efficiently, able to tap the ecological and social inno- vation potential of the economy and in the end are able to enjoy prosperity, environmental protection and social cohesion. The Roadmap 2050 project mission is to provide a practical, independent and objectiveanalysisofpathwaystoachievealow-carboneconomyinEurope,which promotes energy security as well as the environmental and economic goals of the EU. Roadmap 2050 breaks new ground by outlining plausible ways to achieve an 80 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from a broad European perspective, basedonthebestavailablefactselicitedfromindustrymembersandacademia,and developedbyateamofrecognizedexpertsrigorouslyapplyingestablishedindustry standards. The latest wastedirective from 2008 (Directive 2008/98/EC)containsan article forthere-useandrecyclingofallconsumerandindustrialmaterials.Amongstother things, it requires member countries to proceed with actions necessary to recycle
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