environmental impact assessment

187 Pages·2006·1.96 MB·English

E I A
NVIRONMENTAL MPACT SSESSMENT

W T P
ASTEWATER REATMENT LANTS

“KHRAIBEH”

HIGHER SHOUF MUNICIPALITIES
CAZA OF SHOUF

Prepared by

EARTH LINK AND ADVANCED RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT
(ELARD)

Submitted to:
Catholic Near East Welfare Association
P M
ONTIFICAL ISSION

April 2004
Environmental Impact Assessment ELARD
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................................II
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................................................VII
LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................................................IX
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS.......................................................................................................................................X
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................................................XI
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................XIV
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................XIV
LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS...........................................................................XIV
PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT............................................................................................................XV
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT................................................................................................XV
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT....................................................................................XVII
IMPACT ASSESSMENT..........................................................................................................XVIII
MITIGATION MEASURES.......................................................................................................XVIII
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN................................................................................XIX
1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1
1.1. THE OVERALL CONTEXT................................................................................................1
1.2. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE.....................................................................................1
1.3. THE PROJECT..................................................................................................................5
1.4. THE PROJECT LOCATION.................................................................................................6
1.5. THE STUDY AND THE EIA REPORT.................................................................................7
2. LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS..............................8
2.1. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK.............................................................................................8
2.2. INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK.......................................................................................12
3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION..................................................................................13
3.1. PROJECTS INITIATION...................................................................................................13
3.2. IMPORTANCE OF THE PROJECT......................................................................................13
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3.3. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT........................................................................................15
3.4. THE EXECUTING OFFICE...............................................................................................15
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT.............................................................................16
4.1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT.........................................................................16
4.2. PROCESS THEORY (CONVENTIONAL AND EXTENDED AERATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE
SYSTEMS)....................................................................................................................17
4.3. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES.......................................................................................18
4.3.1 Process and Technology Selection.........................................................................18
4.3.2 Site Selection..........................................................................................................25
4.3.3 Alternative Scenarios.............................................................................................25
4.4. DETAILED PROCESS DESCRIPTION................................................................................27
4.4.1 Standard Extended Aeration Activated Sludge System and TECH UNIVERSAL
Extended Aeration Activated Sludge Plus Filtration System.................................27
4.4.2 HANS-Reactor Activated Sludge System................................................................29
4.4.3 ECOLO System......................................................................................................30
4.5. EFFLUENTS CHARACTERIZATION AND MANAGEMENT..................................................33
4.5.1 Liquid Effluent........................................................................................................33
4.5.1.1 Liquid Effluent Characteristics..........................................................................33
4.5.1.2 Liquid Effluent Management.............................................................................34
4.5.2 Sludge Effluent.......................................................................................................34
4.5.2.1 Sludge Characteristics.......................................................................................34
4.5.2.2 Sludge Management ..........................................................................................35
4.5.3 Miscellaneous Wastes............................................................................................36
4.6. PLANT CONSTRUCTION.................................................................................................36
4.6.1 Extended Aeration Activated Sludge System..........................................................36
4.6.2 HANS-Reactor Activated Sludge System................................................................37
4.6.3 ECOLO System......................................................................................................37
5. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT.............................................................39
5.1. GENERAL SETTING........................................................................................................39
5.2. METEOROLOGICAL SETTING.........................................................................................41
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5.2.1 Precipitation...........................................................................................................41
5.2.2 Temperatures.........................................................................................................43
5.2.3 Winds......................................................................................................................44
5.3. SITE SETTING................................................................................................................44
5.4. TECTONIC SETTING AND SEISMICITY............................................................................47
5.5. GEOLOGICAL SETTING..................................................................................................48
5.5.1 Stratigraphy...........................................................................................................49
5.5.1.1 Cretaceous..........................................................................................................49
5.5.2 Structure.................................................................................................................50
5.5.3 Hydrogeological Setting........................................................................................50
5.5.3.1 Aquifers.............................................................................................................51
5.5.3.2 Mdairej Aquifer (C )........................................................................................51
2b
5.5.3.3 Sannine Aquifer (C Formation).......................................................................51
4
5.5.3.4 Aquicludes (Abeih and Hammana aquicludes; C -C Formation)..................52
3 2b
5.5.3.5 Well Survey.......................................................................................................52
5.5.3.6 Spring Survey....................................................................................................53
5.5.4 Hydrogeological Site Setting.................................................................................55
5.5.5 Hydrological Setting..............................................................................................56
5.5.6 The Barouk River...................................................................................................56
5.6. WATER QUALITY..........................................................................................................58
5.6.1 Spring Analysis......................................................................................................58
5.6.2 Barouk River Analysis:..........................................................................................60
5.7. ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT (BIODIVERSITY)......................................................................61
5.8. INFRASTRUCTURE STATUS............................................................................................63
5.9. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS...........................................................................................64
6. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS....................................................66
6.1. IMPACTS ON WATER RESOURCES.................................................................................66
6.1.1 Impacts during Construction.................................................................................66
6.1.2 Impacts during Operation......................................................................................68
6.2. IMPACTS ON SOIL..........................................................................................................69
6.2.1 Impacts during Construction.................................................................................69
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6.2.2 Impacts during Operation......................................................................................69
6.3. IMPACTS ON HUMAN AMENITY.....................................................................................69
6.3.1 Impacts during Construction.................................................................................69
6.3.2 Impacts during Operation......................................................................................70
6.4. IMPACTS ON PUBLIC AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY.......................................................70
6.4.1 Impacts during Construction.................................................................................70
6.4.2 Impacts during Operation......................................................................................71
6.5. IMPACTS ON BIODIVERSITY..........................................................................................71
6.5.1 Impacts during Construction.................................................................................71
6.5.2 Impacts during Operation......................................................................................72
6.6. IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND SANITATION..........................................................72
6.7. SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS............................................................................................72
6.8. IMPACTS ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL, TOURISTIC AND CULTURAL SITES.............................73
7. MITIGATION MEASURES.................................................................................................74
7.1. DEFINING MITIGATION.................................................................................................74
7.2. MITIGATING ADVERSE PROJECT IMPACTS....................................................................74
7.2.1 Mitigating Dust Emissions.....................................................................................74
7.2.2 Mitigating Noise Pollution.....................................................................................75
7.2.3 Mitigating Obnoxious Odors.................................................................................75
7.2.4 Mitigating Aerosol Emissions................................................................................77
7.2.5 Mitigating Impact on Biodiversity.........................................................................77
7.2.6 Mitigating Degradation of Receiving Water Quality.............................................78
7.2.7 Mitigating Impacts from Residual Storage, Handling, Transport, and
Reuse/Disposal.......................................................................................................79
7.2.8 Mitigating Adverse Aesthetic Impacts...................................................................80
7.2.9 Mitigating Public and Occupational Health Hazards...........................................81
A. DURING CONSTRUCTION....................................................................................................82
B. DURING DESIGN & OPERATION.........................................................................................83
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8. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN........................................................85
8.1. OBJECTIVES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN........................................85
8.2. MONITORING SCHEMES ................................................................................................85
8.2.1 Compliance Monitoring.........................................................................................85
8.2.2 Impact Detection Monitoring.................................................................................91
8.3. RECORD KEEPING AND REPORTING..............................................................................92
8.4. CONTINGENCY PLAN....................................................................................................92
8.5. CAPACITY BUILDING....................................................................................................93
8.5.1 Operators Training................................................................................................93
8.5.2 Specialized Training Workshops (STW)................................................................93
8.5.3 General Awareness Seminars (GAS).....................................................................93
8.6. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS..................................................................................94
9. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT AND PARTICIPATION..........................................95
10. REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................97
APPENDIX A TECTONIC MAP OF LEBANON; GEOLOGICAL MAP OF STUDY
AREA; CROSS SECTION.....................................................................................................99
APPENDIX B TOPOGRAPHIC MAP INDICATING SAMPLING LOCATIONS;
LABORATORY ANALYTICAL RESULTS – SPRINGS WATER –
BAROUK RIVER......................................................................................................................100
APPENDIX C ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING OF AN EAAS PLANT FOR
KHRAIBEH..................................................................................................................................101
APPENDIX D DONATION ACCEPTANCE / PLANT SITE LOCATION ON PARCEL
MAP / SEWAGE NETWORK MAP FOR KHRAIBEH.................................102
APPENDIX E SLUDGE AND EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT.......................................................103
APPENDIX F WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND USE IN AGRICULTURE - FAO
IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PAPER 47. (SECTION 5)......................117
APPENDIX G INCEPTION WORKSHOP \ PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT, MINUTES OF
MEETING \ QUESTIONNAIRES..................................................................................156
APPENDIX H EMP COMPLIANCE FORM AND OFFICIAL NOTICE..............................164
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1.1. Projected Populations, Property Location, and Available Acreage....................................7
?2.1. Categories of Legislation in Lebanon.................................................................................9
?2.2. Summary of Selected Legislation Related to Wastewater Management..........................10
?2.3. Code of Environment and EIA Decree.............................................................................11
?2.4. Selected Standards for Discharge into Surface Waters.....................................................11
?2.5. Responsibilities and Authorities of Key Institutions in Lebanon.....................................12
?4.1. Present and Projected Populations for the village Being Served by Treatment Plant......16
?4.2. Contribution from the village to the total inflow of raw sewage to the treatment plant...16
?4.3. Analysis of Different Scenarios of Wastewater Treatment Schemes...............................19
?4.4. Analysis of Different Modifications of Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment
Schemes (data supplied by system providers.....................................................................23
?4.5. Average Daily Volumes of Treated Liquid Effluents.......................................................33
?4.6. Expected Quality of Treated Wastewater.........................................................................33
?4.7. Typical Ranges for Chemical Composition of Activated Sludge.....................................34
?4.8. Typical Metal Content in Wastewater Sludge ..................................................................35
?5.1. Characteristics of surveyed wells......................................................................................53
?5.2. Results of surveyed springs..............................................................................................55
?5.4. Laboratory Analytical Results of Five springs in Higher Shouf Municipalities
Union (Samples Collected on 09/09/2003).......................................................................59
?5.5. Analytical results of collected effluent from Baadaran treatment plant ...........................59
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?5.6. Laboratory Analytical Results of three samples collected from random locations
over the Barouk River. (Results as population count per 100 ml)....................................61
?5.7. Chemical grading for Rivers and Canals. (Thames river-Standards 2000).....................61
?5.8. Socio-Economic Information (as given by Municipalities and Union)............................65
?6.1. Impact Identification Matrix.............................................................................................67
?6.2. Potential Negative Impacts on Biodiversity.....................................................................71
?7.1. Suggested minimum buffer distances from treatment units.............................................76
?7.2. Additional Mitigation of Impacts on Biodiversity Specific to the Location....................77
?7.3. Mitigation Measures, Monitoring, and Estimated Costs for Actions Affecting
Environmental Resources and Human Amenity................................................................82
?8.1. Process control parameters for an EAAS system.............................................................87
?8.2. Process performance parameters for an EAAS system.....................................................88
?8.3. Process performance parameters suggested in a draft law set by the MoE. .....................89
?8.4. Sludge quality monitoring parameters..............................................................................91
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
?1.1. Constraints Hindering Infrastructure Development in Rural Communities in Lebanon....5
?4.1. Flow Diagram for the Complete-Mix Activated Sludge Process.....................................18
?4.2. Flow Diagram of Extended Aeration Activated Sludge Treatment Plant.........................28
?4.3. Flow Diagram of HANS-Reactor Activated Sludge Treatment Plant..............................30
?4.4. Flow Diagram of ECOLO Wastewater Treatment System...............................................32
?5.1. Topographic Map of Lebanon...........................................................................................39
?5.2. Topographic map of the study area...................................................................................40
?5.3. Detailed topographic map showing the road network......................................................40
?5.4. Pluviometric Map of the higher Shouf Area and Surroundings (scale 1: 200 000)
(Service Météorologique du Liban, 1977).........................................................................42
?5.5. Precipitation Data from AUB (34 m), Jdeidet El Shouf (770 m) and
Gharife (680 m) Stations (Elevations are from mean sea level)........................................43
?5.6. Average Monthly Temperature Data from AUB (34 m), Kfar Nabrakh (1020 m)
and Gharife (680 m) Stations (Elevations are from mean sea level).................................44
?5.7. Tectonic Map of Lebanon (Not to Scale)..........................................................................48
?5.8. Hydrograph of Barouk Spring (1945 –1969)....................................................................57
?5.9. Hydrograph (1929-1955) of the Awali River on the Marj Bisri Station (UNDP, 1970)..57
?8.1. Proposed Institutional Setting...........................................................................................94

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LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
PHOTOGRAPH PAGE
?3.1. Discharge of Wastewater in winter channels....................................................................15
?4.1. EAAS system in the village of Baadaran..........................................................................37
?5.1. General view the proposed site for the wastewater treatment plant,
site located towards the Western outskirts of the village
of Khraibeh. Photograph looking towards the South........................................................46
?5.2. Intermittent river stream on the Northern edge of the site................................................46
?5.3. Agricultural road used to reach the site............................................................................47
?5.4. Photo in Khraibeh village showing the boundary between the Sannine Formation
(on top) and the Hammana Formation (below). Location of the boundary
is present at the bottom of the cliff....................................................................................50
?5.5. Part of Haret-Jandal spring diverted into potable water network.....................................54
?5.6. Ain Mouchqir in Khraibeh, located on the boundary between
Sannine and Hammana formation......................................................................................54
?5.7. Ain Qbal spring with a reduced flow during summer.......................................................55
?5.8. Sampling operation at Ain-Mourchid location. ................................................................59
?5.9. Treated effluent discharge from the EAAS treatment plant in the nearby
intermittent channel in Baadaran. ......................................................................................60
?5.10. Quercus sp. community and olive orchards surrounding the site...................................62
?5.11. Quercus spp. community around the site........................................................................63
?5.12. Spartium spp. within the community of Quercus spp.....................................................63
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