Environmental History of Water: Global Views on Community Water Supply and Sanitation PDF
Preview Environmental History of Water: Global Views on Community Water Supply and Sanitation
Environmental History of Water i ii Environmental History of Water - Global views on community water supply and sanitation Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko and Heikki S. Vuorinen iii Published by IWA Publishing, Alliance House, 12 Caxton Street, London SW1H 0QS, UK Telephone: +44 (0) 20 7654 5500; Fax: +44 (0) 20 7654 5555; Email: [email protected] Web: www.iwapublishing.com First published 2007 © 2007 IWA Publishing Layout: Riikka Rajala Cover: Katri Wallenius Printed by TJ International, Cornwall, UK Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of photographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to IWA Publishing at the address printed above. Th e publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for errors or omissions that may be made. Disclaimer Th e information provided and the opinions given in this publication are not necessarily those of IWA and should not be acted upon without independent consideration and professional advice. IWA and the Author will not accept responsibility for any loss or damage suff ered by any person acting or refraining from acting upon any material contained in this publication. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 1-84339-110-4 ISBN13: 978-1-84339-110-4 iv CONTENTS 1 FOREWORD Johannes Haarhoff ................................................................................................................................................... 1 2 “WATER IS THE BEGINNING OF ALL”: GLOBAL WATER SERVICES AND CHALLENGES Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen.............................................................................................. 3 PART I: EARLY SYSTEMS AND INNOVATIONS .............................................................................. 9 3 INTRODUCTION: EARLY CULTURES AND WATER Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen....................................................................................... 11 4 FIRST INNOVATIONS OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Petri S. Juuti ........................................................................................................................................................... 17 5 WATER AND HEALTH IN ANTIQUITY: EUROPE’S LEGACY Heikki S. Vuorinen .................................................................................................................................................. 45 6 WATER SUPPLY IN THE LATE ROMAN ARMY Ilkka Syvänne ........................................................................................................................................................... 69 7 CONCLUSIONS Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen ...................................................................................... 93 PART II: PERIOD OF SLOW DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................... 97 8 INTRODUCTION Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen ..................................................................................... 99 9 THE EMERGENCE OF THE IDEA OF WATER-BORNE DISEASES Heikki S. Vuorinen............................................................................................................................................... 103 10 BIRTH AND EXPANSION OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN FINLAND UNTIL WORLD WAR II Petri S. Juuti & Tapio S. Katko ............................................................................................................................117 11 COLONIAL MANAGEMENT OF A SCARCE RESOURCE: ISSUES IN WATER ALLOTMENT IN 19TH CENTURY GIBRALTAR Lawrence A. Sawchuk & Janet Padiak ............................................................................................................131 v 12 COPING WITH DISEASE IN THE FRENCH EMPIRE: THE PROVISION OF WATERWORKS IN SAINT-LOUIS-DU-SENEGAL, 1860–1914 Kalala J. Ngalamulume ....................................................................................................................................147 13 WATER SUPPLY IN THE CAPE SETTLEMENT FROM THE MID-17TH TO THE MID-19TH CENTURIES Petri S. Juuti, Harri R.J. Mäki & Kevin Wall .............................................................................................165 14 DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUPPLY AND ACQUISITION OF WATER IN SOUTH AFRICAN TOWNS IN 1850-1920 Harri R.J. Mäki .................................................................................................................................................... 173 15 WATER, LIFELINE OF THE CITY OF GHAYL BA WAZIR, YEMEN Ingrid Hehmeyer ..................................................................................................................................................197 16 HISTORY AND PRESENT CONDITION OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF TASHKENT CITY, UZBEKISTAN Dilshod R. Bazarov, Jusipbek S. Kazbekov & Shavkat A. Rakhmatullaev ........................................... 213 17 PHILADELPHIA WATER INFRASTRUCTURE 1700-1910 Arthur Holst ..........................................................................................................................................................221 18 PRIVATISATION OF WATER SERVICES IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT, MID-1800S TO 2004 Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Jarmo J. Hukka ...........................................................................................235 19 CONCLUSIONS Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen ...................................................................................259 PART III: MODERN URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................263 20 INTRODUCTION Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen ..................................................................................265 21 HISTORY OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN KENYA, 1895 – 2002 Ezekiel Nyangeri Nyanchaga & Kenneth S. Ombongi ..........................................................................271 22 THE HISTORY OF WATER CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE MWAMASHIMBA AREA IN THE BUHUNGUKIRA CHIEFDOM AND IN RUNERE VILLAGE, TANZANIA Jan-Olof Drangert ..............................................................................................................................................321 23 PROVISION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER SERVICES IN LAGOS, NIGERIA, 1915-2000 Ayodeji Olukoju....................................................................................................................................................343 vi 24 EXPANDING RURAL WATER SUPPLIES IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: SIX CASES FROM FINLAND AND SOUTH AFRICA Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko, Harri R. Mäki & Hilja K. Toivio .................................................355 25 SISTER TOWNS OF INDUSTRY: WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN MISKOLC AND TAMPERE FROM THE LATE 1800S TO THE 2000S Petri S. Juuti & Viktor Pál ............................................................................................................................381 26 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN RIGA: DEVELOPMENT, PRESENT, AND FUTURE Gunta Springe & Talis Juhna ................................................................................................................401 27 WATER AND ENVIRONMENT IN ONE INDIGENOUS REGION OF MEXICO Patricia Avila García ...........................................................................................................................................411 28 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION IN BRAZIL AND ARGENTINA José Esteban Castro & Leo Heller ...............................................................................................................429 29 THE GEOPOLITICS OF THIRST IN CHILE –NEW WATER CODE IN OPPOSITION TO OLD INDIAN WAYS Isabel Maria Madaleno ........................................................................................................................................447 30 CASE OF TOKYO, JAPAN Yurina Otaki .........................................................................................................................................................463 31 HEALTHY WATER FROM AN INDIGENOUS MAORI PERSPECTIVE Ngāhuia Dixon ..................................................................................................................................................475 32 THE MEDICAL IDENTIFICATION OF NEW HEALTH HAZARDS TRANSMITTED BY WATER Heikki S. Vuorinen ...............................................................................................................................................489 33 CONCLUSIONS Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen .....................................................................................501 vii PART IV: FUTURE CHALLENGES IN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION SERVICES AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ...........................................507 34 INTRODUCTION Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen ..........................................................................................509 35 AGING AMERICAN URBAN WATER INFRASTRUCTURE Laurel E. Phoenix ...............................................................................................................................................511 36 FROM WATER RESTRICTIONS TO WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT: RAND WATER AND WATER SHORTAGES ON THE SOUTH AFRICAN URBAN LANDSCAPE (1983-2003) Johann W. N. Tempelhoff ................................................................................................................................531 37 WATER AND NEPAL – AN IMPRESSION Sanna-Leena Rautanen ....................................................................................................................................563 38 IMPROVEMENT OF THE LIVES OF SLUM DWELLERS - SAFE WATER AND SANITATION FOR THE FUTURE CITIES OF THE FOURTH WORLD Jarmo J. Hukka & Osmo T. Seppälä ...............................................................................................................575 39 CONCLUSIONS: DOES HISTORY MATTER? PRESENT WATER GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES AND FUTURE IMPLICATIONS Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen .....................................................................................589 EPILOGUE: LOCAL SOLUTIONS BASED ON LOCAL CONDITIONS Petri S. Juuti, Tapio S. Katko & Heikki S. Vuorinen ....................................................................................................593 ABOUT AUTHORS ...............................................................................................................................................599 INDEX OF PERSONS ..........................................................................................................................................609 INDEX BY PLACES .............................................................................................................................................613 INDEX BY SUBJECT ...........................................................................................................................................621 viii ix
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