Environmental Geoinformatics: Monitoring and Management PDF
Preview Environmental Geoinformatics: Monitoring and Management
Environmental Science Joseph L. Awange John B. Kyalo Kiema Environmental Geoinformatics Monitoring and Management Environmental Science and Engineering Environmental Science Series Editors Rod Allan Ulrich Förstner Wim Salomons For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/3234 Joseph L. Awange John B. Kyalo Kiema • Environmental Geoinformatics Monitoring and Management 123 Joseph L.Awange JohnB. KyaloKiema Department of SpatialSciences Department of Geospatial Curtin University and SpaceTechnology Perth, WA Universityof Nairobi Australia Nairobi Kenya Karlsruhe Instituteof Technology Karlsruhe Institutd’Enseignement Supérieur Germany (INES) -Ruhengeri Musanze KyotoUniversity Rwanda Kyoto Japan School ofEnvironment MasenoUniversity Kisumu Kenya ISSN 1431-6250 ISBN 978-3-642-34084-0 ISBN 978-3-642-34085-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-34085-7 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013934385 (cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of theCopyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the CopyrightClearanceCenter.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Foreword Thetitleandsubtitleofthistextbookconveyadis- tinct message. Monitoring—the passive part in the subtitle—referstoobservationanddataacquisition, whereas management—the active component— stands for operation and performance. The topic is our environment, which is intimately related to geoinformatics. The overall message is: all the mentioned elements do interact and must not be separated. There are still other aspects which must not be separated: theory and practice of geoinformatics. The book presents an excellent balance of both fields. Technology is introduced from the Geode- sist’s view including; Reference Systems, Posi- tioning Systems, Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, and Geographic Information Systems. Applications range from Climate, Water, and Land Management to Vegetation, Disaster, and Pollution. Today, many textbooks are written by spe- cialists from these particular fields. However, in the applications there are many common technical elements in space and time, like impact from scale, regional- ization,timeseries,datafusion,visualization,etc.—justtomentionbutafew.An advancedprospectforenvironmentalmanagementrequiressystem-basedthinking and interdisciplinary approaches. Furthermore, technology may be a common denominator for better understanding our environment. Finally, geoinformatics is a modern tool for location-based decision making. Most decisions in public administration and economy are directly or indirectly related to space. Today, advanced models and digital spatial data may make decisions more transparent than ever before. Very often, in geoprojects a lot of money is involved, and the risk of manipulation in decision making inevitably increases.Quantitativeanalysisandrestitutionoftheresultsmay,however,reduce this risk. v vi Foreword Both authors, Joseph L. Awange and John B. Kyalo Kiema, are experienced researchers and lecturers with a strong international background acquired from differentpartsoftheworld.DuringresearchfellowshipsinGermany,theygotthe picturethat‘‘geodesy’’isaglobalconceptbeyondmeasuringjustthefigureofthe Earth. Germany, January 2013 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.h.c., Hans-Peter Bähr Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Preface There is no doubt that today, perhaps more than ever before, humanity faces a myriadofcomplexanddemandingchallenges.Thishasbeenpropelledbytheever increasing global population and intense pressure being exerted on the Earth’s resources. The resulting consequences are severe changes in land cover (e.g., forests giving way to settlements), diminishing biodiversity and natural habitats, dwindlingfreshwatersupplies,andthedegradationinthequalityofthelittlethat is available, and changing weather and climatic patterns, especially global warming with its associated predicted catastrophes such as rising sea level and increased numbers of extreme weather events. These human-induced andnatural impacts ontheenvironmentneed tobewell understood in order to develop informed policies, decisions, and remedial mea- sures to mitigate current and future negative impacts. This can be achieved through continuous monitoring of the environment to acquire data that can be soundly and rigorously analyzed to provide information about the current state of the environment and its changing patterns, and to enable predictions of possible future impacts. Environmental monitoring techniques that may provide such information are under scrutiny from an increasingly environmentally conscious society that demands the efficient delivery of such information at a minimal cost. Inaddition,itisthenatureofenvironmentalchangesthattheyvarybothspatially and temporally, thereby putting pressure on traditional methods of data acquisi- tion, some of which are very labor intensive, such as tracking animals for con- servation purposes. With these challenges, conventional monitoring techniques, particularly those that record spatial changes, call for more sophisticated approaches that deliver the necessary information at an affordable cost. Developing pragmatic and sustainable solutions to address these and many other similar challenges requires the use of geodata and the application of geoinformatics. Geoinformatics, defined by Ehlers (2003) as ‘‘the art, science or technology dealing with the acquisition, storage, processing, production, presen- tation and dissemination of geoinformation’’, is a multidisciplinary field. It has at its core different technologies that support the acquisition, analysis, and visuali- zationofgeodata.ThegeodataisusuallyacquiredfromEarthobservationsensors as remotely sensed images, analyzed by geographic information systems (GIS), and visualized on paper or on computer screens. Furthermore, it combines vii viii Preface geospatial analysis and modeling, development of geospatial databases, informa- tion systems design, human–computer interaction, and both wired and wireless networking technologies. Geoinformatics uses geocomputation and geovisualiza- tion for analyzing geoinformation. Typical branches of geoinformatics include: cartography,geodesy,geographicinformationsystems,globalnavigationsatellite systems (GNSS), photogrammetry, remote sensing, and web mapping. For example, a typical application of geoinformatics to environmental moni- toring and management is the GNSS-based radio telemetry, which is a modern method for observing animal movements. This method moves the burden of making observations from the observer (i.e., researcher) to the observed (i.e., animal), and in so doing alleviates the difficulties associated with personal bias, animal reactions to human presence, and animal habits that make most of them secretive and unseen (Cagnacci et al. 2010). The method provides large, contin- uous, high-frequency data about animal movement, data which, if complemented by other information dealing with animal behavior, physiology, and the environ- ment itself, contributes significantly to our knowledge of the behavior and eco- logical effectsofanimals,allowingthepromotionofquantitativeandmechanistic analysis (Cagnacci et al. 2010). This book presents the concepts and applications of geoinformatics in envi- ronmental monitoring and management. We depart from the 4D to the 5D data paradigm,whichdefinesgeodataaccurately,consistently,rapidly,andcompletely, inordertobeusefulwithoutanyrestrictionsinspace,time,orscaletorepresenta trulyglobaldimensionofthedigitalEarth.Thebookalsofeaturesthestate-of-the- art discussion of Web GIS and mapping, an invited chapter written by Prof. Bert Veenendaal of the Department of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University (Australia). Theconceptsandapplications ofgeoinformaticspresentedinthisbookwillbe ofbenefittodecisionmakersacrossawiderangeoffields,includingthoseworking in environmental management agencies, in the emergency services, public health and epidemiology, crime mapping, tourism industry, market analysis and e-com- merce, or mineral exploration, among many others. This is a TIGeR publication No 442. Perth (Australia), Karlsruhe (Germany) Joseph L. Awange Nairobi (Kenya), Musanze (Rwanda) John B. Kyalo Kiema References CagnacciF,BoitaniL,PowellPA,BoyceMS(eds)(2010)Challengesandopportunitiesofusing GPS-based location data in animal ecology. Philos Trans R Soc B 365:2155. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0098 EhlersM(2003)Geoinformaticsanddigitalearthinitiatives:AGermanperspective.IntJDigit Earth1(1):17–30 Acknowledgments Severalfigures inthisbookhave beengenerouslyprovidedbyvariousauthors.In thisregard,thefirstauthor(Joseph)wouldliketothankD.Rieser(GrazUniversity of Technology), M. Motagh (GFZ), M. Jia (Geoscience Australia), F. Urbano (RICENRA,EdmundMachFoundation,Italy),andR.Mikosz(FederalUniversity of Pernambuco, Brazil). Some figures and materials also came from the work undertaken jointly with colleagues B. Heck (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany), W. Featherstone, M. Kuhn, K. Fleming, and I. Anjasmara (Curtin University), M. Sharifi (Tehran University), A. Hunegnaw (University of Edin- burgh), O. Baur (Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Science), E. Forootan (Bonn University), J. Wickert, T. Schmidt (GFZ, Germany), J. B. K. Kiema (University of Nairobi), and students N. Wallace, Khandu, G. Schloderer, M.Bingham,andT.Opande.Toyouall,‘‘arigatogozaimasu’’(Japaneseforthank you very much). To all his Curtin University 3rd year (Satellite and Space Geodesyunit),and2ndyear(CivilEngineering)studentswhousedmaterialsfrom the draft book and provided feedback, Joseph would like to say ‘‘Danke sehr’’ (German for thank you very much). Joseph also wishes to express his sincere thanks to Prof. B. Heck of the Department of Physical Geodesy (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Ger- many) for hosting him during the period of his Alexander von Humboldt Fel- lowship (2008–2011) when part of this book was written. In particular, his ideas, suggestions, and motivation on Chaps. 20–22 have enriched the book consider- ably. Joseph is also grateful to Prof. B. Veenendaal (Head of Department, Spatial Sciences,CurtinUniversity,Australia)forthesupportandmotivationthatenabled the preparation of this edition. He also wishes to acknowledge the support of Curtin Research Fellowship, while his stay at KIT was supported by a Alexander von Humboldt’s Ludwig Leichhardts Memorial Fellowship. To all, he says, ‘‘ahsantesana’’(Swahiliforthankyouverymuch).Last,butnotleast,hewishesto thank his wife Naomi Awange and daughters Lucy and Ruth Awange for their patienceandsupport,especiallythehardtimestheyenduredwhenhewasawayin Germany. Ontheotherhand,thesecondauthor(Kiema)wishestothankstaffandstudents at the Department of Geospatialand Space Technology, Universityof Nairobi.In particular,hewishestoacknowledgeG.C.Mulaku,R.S.Rostom,J.N.Mwenda, ix x Acknowledgments and S. M. Musyoka for support and motivation, along with D. N. Siriba who graciouslyproofreadthiswork.Hewishestoalsoexpresssincerethankstoamong others G. Konecny (University of Hannover), S. Murai (University of Tokyo), J. L. Awange (Curtin University), Q. Weng (Indiana State University), E. Nyadimo (Oakar Sevices Ltd., Kenya), B. Kumi-Boateng (University of Mines and Tech- nology, Ghana), G. Eshiamwata (Birdlife International, Kenya), J. M. Mwangi, and M. A. Dangana (University of Nairobi) for material used in the book. KiemaisalsoindebtedtoProf.H.–P.BährofKITforfirst,mentorshipthrough theyearsandsecondly,foragreeingtowritetheforewordforthisbook.Gratitude is also accorded to the Institut d’Enseignement Supérieur (INES)—Ruhengeri where the second author was stationed for the duration of his sabbatical leave, duringwhichperiodthismonogramwascompleted.SpecialregardstoRev.Fr.Dr. F. Hagenimana, Vice Rector Academics at INES for his kind support. Finally, Kiema also wishes to acknowledge his wife Joy and children Abigail and Jayden fortheirpatienceandunderstandingduringthelongspellwhenhewasawayfrom home.
The list of books you might like
