Environmental Expertise: Connecting Science, Policy and Society PDF
Preview Environmental Expertise: Connecting Science, Policy and Society
EnvironmentalExpertise Animportantgoalofenvironmentalresearchistoinformpolicyanddecisionmaking. However,environmentalexpertsworkingattheinterfacebetweenscience,policy,and societyfacecomplexchallenges,includinghowtoidentifysourcesofdisagreement overenvironmentalissues,communicateuncertaintiesandlimitationsofknowledge, andtacklecontroversialtopicssuchasgeneticmodificationortheuseofbiofuels.This bookdiscussestheproblemsenvironmentalexpertsencounterintheinteraction betweenknowledge,society,andpolicyonbothapracticalandaconceptuallevel.Key findingsfromsocialscienceresearchareillustratedwitharangeofcasestudies,from fisheriestofracking.Thebookoffersguidanceonhowtotacklethesechallenges, equippingreaderswithtoolstobetterunderstandthediversityofenvironmental knowledgeanditsroleincomplexenvironmentalissues.Writtenbyleadingnaturaland socialscientists,thistextprovidesanessentialresourceforstudents,scientists,and professionalsworkingatthescience–policyinterface. esther turnhout isaprofessorattheForestandNatureConservationPolicy GroupofWageningenUniversity,theNetherlands.Herresearchprogramme,‘The PoliticsofEnvironmentalKnowledge’,includesresearchintothedifferentrolesexperts playatthescience–policyinterface,thepoliticalimplicationsofpolicy-relevant environmentalknowledge,andtheinteractionbetweenscience,society,andcitizens. willemijn tuinstra worksasanindependentadvisoronknowledge developmentforenvironmentalpolicy.Sheadvisesresearchinstitutesandcivilservants onproceduralaspectsofstakeholderparticipation,scenariodevelopment,anddealing withuncertainties.ShehasbeeninvolvedinprojectsfortheEuropeanEnvironment AgencyandtheInternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemsAnalysis. willem halffmanisanassociateprofessorintheFacultyofScienceatRadboud University,Nijmegen.Hisworkfocusesonstudyinghowscientificknowledgeis validatedandhowscientistsadvisepublicdecisionmaking.Hehasmorethan20years’ experienceteachingscienceandsocietycoursestonaturalscientists. “Thenovelperspectivesinthisbook,aswellasitscasesandconceptualadvances, willcomeasawelcomeresourceforthoseinterestedinunderstandingthe controversiesaroundtheuseofenvironmentalexpertise.Equally,itwillbe welcomedbyenvironmentalscientistsseekingtonavigatetheshoalsofpracticing andrepresentingscienceontheonehand,andeffectivecommunicationandmaking adifferenceintheworldontheother.” –ArunAgrawal,UniversityofMichigan “Thisbookisimportantandtimely.Therehasneverbeforebeensuchgreatneed forevidencetounderpinenvironmentalpolicy,andyetthereisalsoagrowing appreciationamongresearchersofthecomplexitiesandrisksassociatedwith engagingwiththepolicycommunity.Thebookisrootedinthelatesttheoretical understandingsfromsocialscience,explainedinanaccessibleway,anditvery quicklymovesfromtheorytopractice,showinghowtheseinsightscaninformhow environmentalscientistsworkaroundcontroversialtopics.Theuseofin-depthcase studiescomplementsthewidespreaduseofhelpfulexamplesthroughoutthetext.I havefoundreadingthisbookbothinspiringandinstructive,andbelievethatmany researcherswillbenefitconsiderablyfromreadingit.Iwillcertainlybe recommendingittocolleagues.” –MarkReed,NewcastleUniversity “Theprincipalauthorshavedoneaverysmartandnoveljobwiththisbook, bringingtogetherinsightsfromenvironmentalscience,policystudies,science studiesandthephilosophyofscienceinathoroughlypracticalway.Thebookshould reallyhelppractitionersappreciatewaystohandlethecomplexitiesof environmentalpolicy-makingincontextsofuncertainty,conflictingbeliefsand competingsocietalvalues.” –SteveYearley,IASH,UniversityofEdinburgh Environmental Expertise Connecting Science, Policy, and Society ESTHERTURNHOUT WageningenUniversity,theNetherlands WILLEMIJNTUINSTRA OpenUniversiteit,theNetherlands WILLEM HALFFMAN RadboudUniversity,Nijmegen,theNetherlands Withcontributionsfrom SilkeBeck,HeleendeConinck,ThomasGieryn,MikeHulme,Marga Jacobs,PhilMacnaghten,ClarkMiller,KatjaNeves,MartinPastoors, AdRagas,ClaireWaterton,andLaurenceWilliams UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107098749 DOI:10.1017/9781316162514 ©EstherTurnhout,WillemijnTuinstraandWillemHalffman2019 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2019 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyClaysLtd,ElcografS.p.A. AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN978-1-107-09874-9Hardback ISBN978-1-107-49167-0Paperback Additionalresourcesforthispublicationatwww.cambridge.org/turnhout. CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents ListofContributors pageix Preface xi ListofAbbreviations xvi 1 Introduction:ThePlightoftheEnvironmentalScientist willem halffman, esther turnhout, and willemijn tuinstra 1 1.1 ScienceandtheEnvironment 1 1.2 TheChallengesforEnvironmentalProfessionals 2 1.3 TheBook 6 2 WhatIsScience?(AndWhyDoesThisMatter?) willem halffman 11 2.1 TrustMe,I’maScientist 11 2.2 TheReputationofScienceandItsUses 12 2.3 ScienceasaParticularWayofReasoning 16 2.4 ScienceasaParticularWaytoOrganiseKnowledge Creation 20 2.5 TheDiversityoftheSciences 24 2.6 SoHowDoWeProceed? 31 3 Frames:BeyondFactsVersusValues willem halffman 36 3.1 WhatAreFrames? 36 3.2 FramingandtheSciences 39 3.3 HowtoIdentifyFramesinLanguage 41 3.4 InstitutionalFrames 48 3.5 TheNatureofFrames 50 3.6 TheRelevanceofFrameReflection 54 v vi Contents CaseAFramingClimateChange mike hulme 58 4 Science,Politics,andthePublicinKnowledgeControversies esther turnhout and thomas gieryn 68 4.1 Introduction 68 4.2 SpeakingTruthtoPowerandtheLinearModel ofScience–SocietyRelationships 70 4.3 Science,Policy,andPoliticsinKnowledgeControversies 72 4.4 ScienceandthePublicinKnowledgeControversies 75 4.5 MakingSenseofKnowledgeControversies 77 4.6 BuildingTrust 78 CaseBWhatDoes‘Climategate’TellUsAbout PublicKnowledgeControversies? silke beck 82 CaseCWhoseDeficitAnyway?Institutional MisunderstandingofFracking-ScepticalPublics laurence williams and phil macnaghten 90 5 TheLimitstoKnowledge willemijn tuinstra, ad ragas, and willem halffman 104 5.1 Introduction 104 5.2 DifferentConceptionsofUncertainty 104 5.3 DifferentConceptionsofRisk 107 5.4 RiskPerceptionandTrust 108 5.5 DealingwithUncertaintyinPolicyPractices 110 5.6 ConceptualisingStrategiestoDealwithUncertainty andRisk 112 5.7 Conclusion 115 CaseDAngryBulbs ad ragas and marga jacobs 117 6 UsableKnowledge willemijn tuinstra, esther turnhout, and willem halffman 126 6.1 Introduction 126 6.2 WhatDoScientificExpertsDo? 127 6.3 CharacterisingScience–PolicyDynamics 128 6.4 StrategiestoConnectKnowledgeProductionandUse 131 Contents vii 6.5 WhatCountsasUsableKnowledge? 133 6.6 TheImportanceofContext 135 6.7 StartingfromPracticeandLooking forImpact 135 6.8 Credibility,Salience,andLegitimacy 137 CaseEExpertiseforEuropeanFisheriesPolicy willem halffman and martin pastoors 141 7 InterdisciplinarityandtheChallengeofKnowledge Integration esther turnhout 152 7.1 WhyIntegrate? 152 7.2 WhatIsInterdisciplinarity? 154 7.3 BarrierstoKnowledgeIntegration 155 7.4 ApproachestoKnowledgeIntegration 156 7.5 ThePoliticsofKnowledgeIntegration 161 CaseFKnowledgeIntegrationintheMillenniumEcosystem Assessment clark miller 165 CaseGIntegratedAssessmentforLong-Range TransboundaryAirPollution willemijn tuinstra 176 8 LayExpertise esther turnhout and katja neves 184 8.1 Introduction 184 8.2 TheValueofLayExpertise 185 8.3 WhatHappensWhenDifferentFormsofKnowledge Meet? 187 8.4 KnowledgeasSituatedPractice 190 8.5 ParticipatoryKnowledgeProduction 192 8.6 Conclusion 195 CaseHLayExpertiseandBotanicalScience:ACase ofDynamicInterdependenciesinBiodiversityConservation katja neves 200 CaseITheLoweswaterCareProject claire waterton 210 viii Contents 9 EnvironmentalExpertsattheScience–Policy–Society Interface esther turnhout 222 9.1 NavigatingtheScience–Policy–SocietyInterface 222 9.2 Servicing 224 9.3 Advocating 226 9.4 Diversifying 228 9.5 ExpertRolesandDilemmas 229 9.6 EthicsandIntegrityattheScience–Policy–Society Interface 231 CaseJGroupthinkandWhistleBlowersinCO Capture 2 andStorage heleen de coninck 234 10 EnvironmentalKnowledgeinDemocracy esther turnhout, willem halffman, and willemijn tuinstra 247 10.1 ImprovingEnvironmentalKnowledge 247 10.2 BeyondTechnocracy 249 10.3 DemocratisingEnvironmentalKnowledge 251 10.4 DemocraticExpertInstitutions 254 11 Conclusion:Science,Reason,andtheEnvironment willem halffman, willemijn tuinstra, and esther turnhout 257 Index 263 Contributors SilkeBeck HelmholtzCentreforEnvironmentalResearch–UFZ,Leipzig,Germany HeleendeConinck DepartmentofEnvironmentalScience,RadboudUniversity,Nijmegen,the Netherlands WillemHalffman InstituteforScienceinSociety,RadboudUniversity,Nijmegen,the Netherlands MikeHulme DepartmentofGeography,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UK ThomasGieryn DepartmentofSociology,IndianaUniversity,Bloomington,IN,USA MargaJacobs FacultyofManagement,ScienceandTechnology(MST),OpenUniversiteit, Heerlen,theNetherlands PhilMacnaghten Knowledge,TechnologyandInnovationGroup,WageningenUR, Wageningen,theNetherlands ClarkMiller SchoolfortheFutureofInnovationinSociety,ArizonaStateUniversity, Tempe,Arizona,USA KatjaNeves DepartmentofSociologyandAnthropology,ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal, Canada ix
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