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EnvironmentalEncyclopedia4,Volume1-Finals/3/11/2011 21:25Page 1 E NVIRONMENTAL E NCYCLOPEDIA FOURTH EDITION (c) 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. EnvironmentalEncyclopedia4,Volume1-Finals/3/11/2011 21:27Page 3 E NVIRONMENTAL E NCYCLOPEDIA F O U R T H E D I T I O N VOLUME 1 A–K VOLUME 2 L–Z (c) 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. EnvironmentalEncyclopedia4,Volume1-Finals/3/11/2011 21:28Page 4 EnvironmentalEncyclopediaFourthEdition ª2011Gale,CengageLearning ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyrighthereinmaybe ProjectEditor:DeirdreS.Blanchfield reproduced,transmitted,stored,orusedinanyformorbyanymeansgraphic, RightsAcquisitionandManagement: electronic,ormechanical,includingbutnotlimitedtophotocopying,recording, RobynYoung scanning,digitizing,taping,Webdistribution,informationnetworks,orinformation Composition:EviAbou-El-Seoud storageandretrievalsystems,exceptaspermittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976 UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. Manufacturing:WendyBlurton Imaging:JohnWatkins ProductDesign:KristineJulienandJenniferWahi Forproductinformationandtechnologyassistance,contactusat GaleCustomerSupport,1-800-877-4253. Forpermissiontousematerialfromthistextorproduct, submitallrequestsonlineatwww.cengage.com/permissions. Furtherpermissionsquestionscanbeemailedto [email protected] CoverphotographreproducedbypermissionofSpanishsnapper/Dreamstime.com (pictureofPelican);Raphoto/Dreamstime.com(pictureofdesert);Aero17/ Dreamstime.com(pictureofglacier);Fotoplanner/Dreamstime.com(pictureofacorn); Smithore/Dreamstime.com(pictureofplasticonbeach);Dehooks/Dreamstime.com (pictureofoilspill);andWDGPhoto,2010/Shutterstock.com(pictureofabutterfly). Whileeveryefforthasbeenmadetoensurethereliabilityoftheinformation presentedinthispublication,Gale,apartofCengageLearning,doesnotguaranteethe accuracyofthedatacontainedherein.Galeacceptsnopaymentforlisting;and inclusioninthepublicationofanyorganization,agency,institution,publication,service, orindividualdoesnotimplyendorsementoftheeditorsorpublisher.Errorsbroughtto theattentionofthepublisherandverifiedtothesatisfactionofthepublisherwillbe correctedinfutureeditions. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Environmentalencyclopedia/projecteditors,DeirdreS.Blanchfield.—4thed. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-4144-8737-3(volume1)—ISBN978-1-4144-8738-0(volume2)— ISBN978-1-4144-8736-6(set) 1. Environmentalsciences—Encyclopedias.2. Ecology—Encyclopedias.3. Earth sciences—Encyclopedias. I.Blanchfield,DeirdreS.II.Title. GE10.E382010 363.7003—dc22 Gale 27500DrakeRd. FarmingtonHills,MI,48331-3535 ISBN-13:978-1-4144-8736-6(set) ISBN-10:1-4144-8736-3(set) ISBN-13:978-1-4144-8737-3(vol.1) ISBN-10:1-4144-8737-1(vol.1) ISBN-13:978-1-4144-8738-0(vol.2) ISBN-10:1-4144-8738-X(vol.2) Thistitleisalsoavailableasane-book. ISBN-13:978-1-4144-8739-7ISBN-10:1-4144-8739-8 ContactyourGale,apartofCengageLearningsalesrepresentativeforordering information. Printed in China 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11 (c) 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. EnvironmentalEncyclopedia4,Volume1-Finals/3/11/2011 21:29Page 5 CONTENTS List of Entries vii ............................................ Advisory Board xxi ......................................... Contributors xxiii ........................................... Introduction xxvii ........................................... Entries Volume1:A-K............................................1 Volume2:L-Z.........................................963 Historical Chronology 1821 ........................... Environmental Legislation in the United States 1849 ...................................... Organizations 1854 ......................................... General Index 1867 ........................................ ENVIRONMENTAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 4 v (c) 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. EnvironmentalEncyclopedia4,Volume1-Finals/3/11/2011 21:30Page 7 LIST OF ENTRIES Agriculturalenvironmental Amenityvalue A management Americanboxturtle Agriculturalpollution AmericanCetaceanSociety Abbey,Edward AgriculturalResearchService AmericanCommitteefor Absorption Agriculturalrevolution InternationalConservation Acclimation AgriculturalStabilizationand AmericanFarmlandTrust Accountingfornature ConservationService AmericanForests Accuracy Agroecology AmericanIndianEnvironmental Acetone Agroforestry Office AIDS AmericanOceansCampaign Acidandbase AirandWasteManagement AmericanWildlands Aciddeposition Association Amestest Acidminedrainage Airpollution AmocoCadiz Acidrain Airpollutioncontrol Amory,Cleveland Acidification Airpollutionindex Anaerobic Activatedsludge Airquality Anaerobicdigestion Acuteeffects Airqualitycontrolregion Anemia Adams,Ansel Airqualitycriteria Animalcancertests Adaptation Air-pollutanttransport AnimalLegalDefenseFund Adaptivemanagement Airshed Animalrights AdirondackMountains Alar Animalwaste Adsorption AlaskaHighway AnimalWelfareInstitute Aeration AlaskaNationalInterestLands AntarcticTreaty(1961) Aerobic ConservationAct(1980) Antarctica Aerobicsludgedigestion Albedo Anthrax Aerobic/anaerobicsystems Algalbloom Anthropogenic Aerosol Algicide Antibioticresistance Aflatoxin Allelopathy Aquaculture AfricanWildlifeFoundation Allergen Aquariumtrade Africanizedbees Alligator,American Aquaticchemistry AgencyforToxicSubstancesand Alphaparticle Aquaticmicrobiology DiseaseRegistry Alternativeenergysources Aquatictoxicology AgentOrange Aluminum Aquaticweedcontrol Agglomeration Amazonbasin Aquifer Agriculturalchemicals Ambientair Aquiferdepletion ENVIRONMENTAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 4 vii (c) 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. EnvironmentalEncyclopedia4,Volume1-Finals/3/11/2011 21:30Page 8 s Aquiferrestoration Baldeagle Bioregionalism e tri Arableland Barrierisland Bioremediation n E AralSea BaselConvention Biosequence f o t Arco,Idaho Bass,Rick Biosphere s Li ArcticCouncil Bats Biospherereserve Arctichaze Batteryrecycling Biotechnology ArcticNationalWildlifeRefuge BayofFundy Bioterrorism Arid Beachrenourishment Bioticcommunity Aridlandscaping Beattie,Mollie Biotoxins ArmyCorpsofEngineers Bellwetherspecies Bioventing Arrhenius,SvanteA. BelowRegulatoryConcern BirdLifeInternational Arsenic Bennet,HughHammond Birthdefects Arsenic-treatedlumber Benzene Bison Artesianwell Benzo(a)pyrene Blacklungdisease Asbestos Berry,WendellE. Black-footedferret Asbestosremoval Bestavailablecontroltechnology Blackout/brownout Asbestosis Bestmanagementpractices Blow-out Asianlonghornbeetle Bestpracticaltechnology Blue-babysyndrome Asian(Pacific)shorecrab Betaparticle Bookchin,Murray Asiaticblackbear BeyondPesticides Borlaug,NormanE. Assimilativecapacity Bhopal,India BostonHarborcleanup Assisi,St.Francisof Bikiniatoll Botanicalgarden Asthma Bioaccumulation Boulding,KennethE. AswanHighDam Bioaerosols BoundaryWatersCanoeArea Atmosphere Bioassay Brackish Atmospheric(air)pollutants Bioassessment Bromine Atmosphericdeposition Biochemicaloxygendemand Bronchitis Atmosphericinversion Biodegradable Brower,DavidR. AtomicEnergyCommission Biodiversity Browner,Carol Atrazine Biofilms Brown,LesterR. Attainmentarea Biofiltration Brownpelican Audubon,JohnJames Biofouling Browntreesnake Australia Biogeochemistry Brundtland,GroHarlem Autecology Biogeography Btu Automobile Biohydrometallurgy Budyko,MikhailI. Automobileemissions Bioindicator Buffer Autotroph Biologicalcommunity Bulkdensity Avalanche Biologicalfertility Burdenofproof Biologicalmethylation BureauofLandManagement BiologicalResourcesDiscipline B BureauofOceansand Bioluminescence InternationalEnvironmental Bacillusthuringiensis Biomagnification andScientificAffairs(OES) Backgroundradiation Biomass BureauofReclamation Bacon,SirFrancis Biomassfuel Buriedsoil Baghouse Biome Burroughs,John Balanceofnature Biophilia Bushmeat/market viii ENVIRONMENTAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 4 (c) 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. EnvironmentalEncyclopedia4,Volume1-Finals/3/11/2011 21:30Page 9 Bycatch Chelyabinsk,Russia CoastalZoneManagementAct L is Bycatchreductiondevices Chemicalbond (1972) t o Chemicaloxygendemand Co-composting fE n Chemicalspills Coevolution tr ie Chemicals Cogeneration s C Chemosynthesis Coldfusion ChernobylNuclearPowerStation Coliformbacteria Cadmium ChesapeakeBay ColoradoRiver CairoConference Childsurvivalrevolution Combinedseweroverflows Calcareoussoil Chimpanzees Combustion Caldicott,HelenM ChipkoAndolanmovement Cometabolism Caldwell,LyntonK. Chlordane Commensalism Californiacondor Chlorinatedhydrocarbons Commercialfishing Callicott,JohnBaird Chlorination CommissionforEnvironmental CanadianForestService Chlorine Cooperation CanadianParksService Chlorinemonoxide Commoner,Barry CanadianWildlifeService Chlorofluorocarbons Communicablediseases Cancer Cholera Communityecology Captivepropagationand reintroduction Cholinesteraseinhibitor Compaction Carbon Chromatography Competition Carboncycle Chroniceffects Competitiveexclusion Carbondioxide Cigarettesmoke Composting Carbonemissionstrading Citizenscience ComprehensiveEnvironmental Response,Compensation,and Carbonmonoxide CitizensforaBetterEnvironment LiabilityAct(CERCLA) Carbonoffsets(CO -emission Clayminerals 2 Computerdisposal offsets) Clay-hardpan Condensationnuclei Carbontax CleanAirAct(1963,1970,1990) Carcinogen Cleancoaltechnology CongoRiverandbasin Carryingcapacity CleanWaterAct(1972,1977, Coniferousforest Carson,RachelL. 1987) Conservation Cashcrop Clear-cutting Conservationbiology Catalyticconverter Clements,FredericE. Conservationeasements CatskillWatershedProtection Climate ConservationInternational Plan Climatechangecontroversies ConservationReserveProgram CenterforEnvironmental Climax(ecological) Conservationtillage Philosophy Clod ConsultativeGroupon CenterforRespectofLifeand InternationalAgricultural Cloning Environment Research Cloudchemistry CenterforRuralAffairs Containerdepositlegislation ClubofRome CenterforScienceinthePublic Contaminatedsoil C:Nratio Interest Contourplowing CentersforDiseaseControland Coal ConventiononInternational Prevention Coalbedmethane TradeinEndangeredSpeciesof Cesium137 Coalgasification WildFaunaandFlora(1975) Chainreaction Coalwashing ConventiononLong-Range Chaparral Coasetheorem TransboundaryAirPollution Chelate CoastalSociety,The (1979) ENVIRONMENTAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 4 ix (c) 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. EnvironmentalEncyclopedia4,Volume1-Finals/3/11/2011 21:30Page 10 s ConventionontheConservation Decomposers Drydeposition e tri ofMigratorySpeciesofWild Decomposition Drylandfarming n E Animals(1979) Deepecology Dubos,Rene´ Jules f o ConventionontheLawoftheSea t Deep-wellinjection DucksUnlimited Lis (1982) DefendersofWildlife Ducktown,Tennessee ConventiononthePreventionof Defoliation Dunesandduneerosion MarinePollutionbyDumping ofWasteandOtherMatter Deforestation Dustbowl (1972) DelaneyClause ConventiononWetlandsof Demographictransition InternationalImportance(1971) Denitrification E Conventionalpollutant Deoxyribosenucleicacid EarthCharter TheCopenhagenAccord Desalinization EarthDay Copper Desert EarthFirst! Coralbleaching Deserttortoise EarthIslandInstitute Coralreef Desertification EarthLiberationFront CorporateAverageFuel Detergents EconomyStandards EarthPledgeFoundation Detoxification Corrosionandmaterial Earthquake Detritivores degradation Earthwatch Detritus Cost-benefitanalysis EasternEuropeanPollution Dewpoint Costle,DouglasM. Ebola Diazinon CouncilonEnvironmental Ecocide Dichlorodiphenyl- Quality Ecofeminism trichloroethane Cousteau,Jacques-Yves Ecojustice Dieback CousteauSociety,The Ecologicalconsumers Die-off Coyote Ecologicaleconomics Dillard,Annie Criteriapollutant Ecologicalintegrity Dioxin Criticalhabitat Ecologicalproductivity Discharge Crocodiles Ecologicalriskassessment Disposablediapers Cross-FloridaBargeCanal EcologicalSocietyofAmerica Dissolvedoxygen Crutzen,PaulJ. Ecology Dissolvedsolids Cryptosporidium EcoNet Dodo Cubata˜o,Brazil Economicgrowthandthe Culturaleutrophication Dolphins environment CuyahogaRiver Dominance Ecosophy Cyclonecollector Doseresponse Ecosystem Double-crestedcormorants Ecosystemhealth Douglas,MarjoryStoneman Ecosystemmanagement D Drainage Ecoterrorism Damremoval Dredging Ecotone Dams(environmentaleffects) Driftnets Ecotourism Darling,JayNorwood"Ding" Drinking-watersupply Ecotoxicology Darwin,CharlesRobert Dripirrigation Ecotype Deadzones Drought Edaphic Debtfornatureswap Dryalkaliinjection Edaphology Deciduousforest Drycaskstorage Eelgrass Declinespiral Drycleaning Effluent x ENVIRONMENTAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 4 (c) 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. EnvironmentalEncyclopedia4,Volume1-Finals/3/11/2011 21:30Page 11 Effluenttax Environmentalengineering ExperimentalLakesArea L is E Environmentalestrogens Exponentialgrowth t h o f Ehrlich,PaulR. Environmentalethics Externality E n ElNin˜o Environmentalhealth Extinction tr ie Electricutilities Environmentalhistory ExxonValdez s Electromagneticfield Environmentalimpactassessment Electronacceptoranddonor EnvironmentalImpactStatement Electrostaticprecipitation Environmentallaw F Elementalanalysis EnvironmentalLawInstitute Elephants Environmentalliability Familyplanning Elton,CharlesS. Environmentalliteracyand Famine EmergencyPlanningand ecocriticism Fauna CommunityRight-to-KnowAct Environmentalmonitoring Fecundity (1986) EnvironmentalMonitoringand FederalEnergyRegulatory Emergentdiseases(human) AssessmentProgram Commission Emergentecologicaldiseases Environmentalpolicy FederalInsecticide,Fungicide Emission andRodenticideAct(1972) EnvironmentalProtection Emissionstandards Agency(EPA) FederalLandPolicyand Emphysema Environmentalracism ManagementAct(1976) Endangeredspecies Environmentalrefugees FederalPowerCommission EndangeredSpeciesAct(1973) Environmentalresources Feedlotrunoff Endemicspecies Environmentalscience Feedlots Endocrinedisruptors Environmentalstress Fertilizer Energyandtheenvironment EnvironmentalWorkingGroup Fibrosis Energyconservation Environmentalism Fieldcapacity Energyefficiency Environmentallypreferable Filters Energyflow purchasing Filtration Energypath,hardvs.soft Environmentallyresponsible Fireants Energypolicy investing Firstworld Energyrecovery Enzyme FishandWildlifeService EnergyReorganizationAct Ephemeralspecies Fishkills (1973) Epidemiology FisheriesandOceansCanada Energytaxes Erodible Floatabledebris Entericbacteria Erosion Flooding Environment Escherichiacoli Floodplain EnvironmentCanada Essentialfishhabitat Flora Environmentalaccounting Estuary Floridapanther Environmentalaesthetics Ethanol Flotation Environmentalauditing Ethnobotany Flupandemic Environmentalchemistry Eurasianmilfoil Fluegas EnvironmentalDefense EuropeanUnion Flue-gasscrubbing Environmentaldegradation Eutectic Fluidizedbedcombustion Environmentaldesign Evapotranspiration Fluoridation Environmentaldisputeresolution Everglades Flyash Environmentaleconomics Evolution Flyway Environmentaleducation Exclusiveeconomiczone Foodadditives Environmentalenforcement Exoticspecies FoodandDrugAdministration ENVIRONMENTAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 4 xi (c) 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.