Table Of Content

Environmental Encyclopedia Third Edition Volume 1 A-M Marci Bortman, Peter Brimblecombe, Mary Ann Cunningham, William P. Cunningham, and William Freedman, Editors Environmental Encyclopedia Third Edition Volume 2 N-Z Historical Chronology U.S. Environmental Legislation Organizations General Index Marci Bortman, Peter Brimblecombe, Mary Ann Cunningham, William P. Cunningham, and William Freedman, Editors Disclaimer: Some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. EnvironmentalEncyclopedia3 MarciBortman,PeterBrimblecombe,WilliamFreedman,MaryAnnCunningham,WilliamP.Cunningham ProjectCoordinator EditorialSystemsSupport ProductDesign JacquelineL.Longe AndreaLopeman MichelleDiMercurio,TraceyRowens, JenniferWahi Editorial Permissions DeirdreS.Blanchfield,Madeline ShaliceShah-Caldwell Manufacturing Harris,ChrisJeryan,Kate EviSeoud,RitaWimberley ImagingandMultimedia Kretschmann,MarkSpringer,Ryan RobertDuncan,MaryGrimes,Lezlie Thomason Light,DanNewell,DavidOblender, ChristineO’Bryan,KellyA.Quin ©2003byGale.Galeisanimprintof Forpermissiontousematerialfrom Whileeveryefforthasbeenmade theGaleGroup,Inc.,adivisionof thisproduct,submityourrequestvia toensurethereliabilityof theinfor- ThomsonLearning,Inc. theWebathttp://www.gale-edit.com/ mationpresentedinthispublication, permissions,oryoumaydownload TheGaleGroup,Inc.doesnotguaran- GaleandDesign™andThomson ourPermissionsRequestformandsub- teetheaccuracyofthedatacon- Learning™aretrademarksused mityourrequestbyfaxormailto: tainedherein.TheGaleGroup,Inc.ac- hereinunderlicense. ceptsnopaymentforlisting,and PermissionsDepartment Formoreinformation,contact inclusioninthepublicationofanyor- TheGaleGroup,Inc. TheGaleGroup,Inc. ganization,agency,institution,publi- 27500DrakeRoad 27500DrakeRoad cation,service,orindividualdoesnot FarmingtonHills,MI48331-3535 FarmingtonHills,MI48331-3535 implyendorsementoftheeditorsor Permissionshotline: OrvisitourInternetsiteat publisher.Errorsbroughttotheatten- 248-699-8006or800-877-4253,ext. http://www.gale.com tionofthepublisherandverifiedto 8006 thesatisfactionofthepublisherwill ALLRIGHTSRESERVED Fax:248-699-8074or800-762-4058 Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythe becorrectedinfutureeditions. Sincethispagecannotlegiblyac- copyrighthereonmaybereproduced commodateallcopyrightnotices,the orusedinanyformorbyany acknowledgmentsconstituteanexten- means—graphic,electronic,orme- sionofthecopyrightnotice. chanical,includingphotocopying,rec- ording,taping,Webdistribution,or informationstorageretrievalsys- tems—withoutthewrittenpermission ofthepublisher. ISBN0-7876-5486-8(set),ISBN0-7876-5487-6(Vol.1), ISBN0-7876-5488-4(Vol.2),ISSN1072-5083 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 CONTENTS Agriculturalpollution ADVISORY BOARD............................................xxi AgriculturalResearchService CONTRIBUTORS..............................................xxiii Agriculturalrevolution AgriculturalStabilizationandConservationService HOWTO USE THIS BOOK............................xxvii Agroecology Agroforestry INTRODUCTION..............................................xxix AIDS VOLUME 1 (A-M):.............................................1 AirandWasteManagementAssociation Airpollution A Airpollutioncontrol Abbey,Edward Airpollutionindex Absorption Airquality Acclimation Airqualitycontrolregion Accountingfornature Airqualitycriteria Accuracy Airshed Acetone Alar Acidandbase AlaskaHighway Aciddeposition AlaskaNationalInterestLandsConservationAct(1980) Acidminedrainage Albedo Acidrain Algalbloom Acidification Algicide Activatedsludge Allelopathy Acuteeffects Allergen Adams,Ansel Alligator,American Adaptation Alphaparticle Adaptivemanagement Alternativeenergysources AdirondackMountains Aluminum Adsorption Amazonbasin Aeration Ambientair Aerobic Amenityvalue Aerobicsludgedigestion Americanboxturtle Aerobic/anaerobicsystems AmericanCetaceanSociety Aerosol AmericanCommitteeforInternationalConservation Aflatoxin AmericanFarmlandTrust AfricanWildlifeFoundation AmericanForests Africanizedbees AmericanIndianEnvironmentalOffice AgencyforToxicSubstancesandDiseaseRegistry AmericanOceansCampaign AgentOrange AmericanWildlands Agglomeration Amestest Agriculturalchemicals AmocoCadiz Agriculturalenvironmentalmanagement Amory,Cleveland iii CONTENTS EnvironmentalEncyclopedia3 Anaerobic Australia Anaerobicdigestion Autecology Anemia Automobile Animalcancertests Automobileemissions AnimalLegalDefenseFund Autotroph Animalrights Avalanche Animalwaste AnimalWelfareInstitute B AntarcticTreaty(1961) Antarctica Bacillusthuringiensis AntarcticaProject Backgroundradiation Anthrax Bacon,SirFrancis Anthropogenic Baghouse Antibioticresistance Balanceofnature Aquaculture Baldeagle Aquariumtrade Barrierisland Aquaticchemistry BaselConvention Aquaticmicrobiology Bass,Rick Aquatictoxicology Bats Aquaticweedcontrol Batteryrecycling Aquifer BayofFundy Aquiferdepletion Beachrenourishment Aquiferrestoration Beattie,Mollie Arableland Bellwetherspecies AralSea BelowRegulatoryConcern Arco,Idaho Bennett,HughHammond ArcticCouncil Benzene Arctichaze Benzo(a)pyrene ArcticNationalWildlifeRefuge Berry,Wendell Arid Bestavailablecontroltechnology Aridlandscaping Bestmanagementpractices ArmyCorpsofEngineers BestPracticalTechnology Arrhenius,Svante Betaparticle Arsenic BeyondPesticides Arsenic-treatedlumber Bhopal,India Artesianwell Bikiniatoll Asbestos Bioaccumulation Asbestosremoval Bioaerosols Asbestosis Bioassay Ashio,Japan Bioassessment Asianlonghornbeetle Biochemicaloxygendemand Asian(Pacific)shorecrab Biodegradable Asiaticblackbear Biodiversity Assimilativecapacity Biofilms FrancisofAssisi,St. Biofiltration Asthma Biofouling AswanHighDam Biogeochemistry Atmosphere Biogeography Atmospheric(air)pollutants Biohydrometallurgy Atmosphericdeposition Bioindicator Atmosphericinversion Biologicalcommunity AtomicEnergyCommission Biologicalfertility Atrazine Biologicalmethylation Attainmentarea BiologicalResourcesDivision Audubon,JohnJames Bioluminescence iv EnvironmentalEncyclopedia3 CONTENTS Biomagnification Bycatchreductiondevices Biomass Biomassfuel C Biome Biophilia Cadmium BioregionalProject Cairoconference Bioregionalism Calcareoussoil Bioremediation Caldicott,Helen Biosequence Caldwell,LyntonKeith Biosphere Californiacondor Biospherereserve Callicott,JohnBaird Biotechnology CanadianForestService Bioterrorism CanadianParksService Bioticcommunity CanadianWildlifeService Biotoxins Cancer Bioventing Captivepropagationandreintroduction BirdLifeInternational Carbon Birthdefects Carboncycle Bison Carbondioxide Blacklungdisease Carbonemissionstrading Black-footedferret Carbonmonoxide Blackout/brownout Carbonoffsets(CO2-emissionoffsets) Blow-out Carbontax BlueAngel Carcinogen Bluerevolution(fishfarming) Carryingcapacity Blue-babysyndrome Carson,Rachel Bookchin,Murray Cashcrop Borlaug,NormanE. Catalyticconverter BostonHarborcleanup Catskillwatershedprotectionplan Botanicalgarden CenterforEnvironmentalPhilosophy Boulding,Kenneth CenterforRespectofLifeandEnvironment BoundaryWatersCanoeArea CenterforRuralAffairs Brackish CenterforScienceinthePublicInterest Bromine CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention Bronchitis Cesium137 Brower,DavidRoss Chainreaction Brown,LesterR. Chaparral Brownpelican Chelate Browntreesnake Chelyabinsk,Russia Browner,Carol Chemicalbond Brownfields Chemicaloxygendemand Brundtland,GroHarlem Chemicalspills Btu Chemicals Budyko,MikhailI. Chemosynthesis Buffer ChernobylNuclearPowerStation Bulkdensity ChesapeakeBay Burdenofproof Childsurvivalrevolution BureauofLandManagement Chimpanzees BureauofOceansandInternationalEnvironmentalandSci- ChipkoAndolanmovement entificAffairs(OES) Chlordane BureauofReclamation Chlorinatedhydrocarbons Buriedsoil Chlorination Burroughs,John Chlorine Bushmeat/market Chlorinemonoxide Bycatch Chlorofluorocarbons v CONTENTS EnvironmentalEncyclopedia3 Cholera Conservation Cholinesteraseinhibitor Conservationbiology Chromatography Conservationeasements Chroniceffects ConservationInternational Cigarettesmoke ConservationReserveProgram(CRP) Citizenscience Conservationtillage CitizensforaBetterEnvironment ConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearch Clayminerals Containerdepositlegislation Clay-hardpan Contaminatedsoil ClayoquotSound Contourplowing CleanAirAct(1963,1970,1990) ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesof Cleancoaltechnology WildFaunaandFlora(1975) CleanWaterAct(1972,1977,1987) ConventiononLong-RangeTransboundaryAirPollution Clear-cutting (1979) Clements,FredericE. ConventionontheConservationofMigratorySpeciesof Climate WildAnimals(1979) Climax(ecological) ConventionontheLawoftheSea(1982) Clod ConventiononthePreventionofMarinePollutionbyDump- Cloning ingofWasteandOtherMatter(1972) Cloudchemistry ConventiononWetlandsofInternationalImportance(1971) ClubofRome Conventionalpollutant C:Nratio Copper Coal Coprecipitation Coalbedmethane Coralbleaching Coalgasification Coralreef Coalwashing CorporateAverageFuelEconomystandards Coasetheorem Corrosionandmaterialdegradation CoastalSociety,The Cost-benefitanalysis CoastalZoneManagementAct(1972) Costle,DouglasM. Co-composting CouncilonEnvironmentalQuality Coevolution Cousteau,Jacques-Yves Cogeneration CousteauSociety,The Coldfusion Coyote Coliformbacteria Criteriapollutant ColoradoRiver Criticalhabitat CombinedSewerOverflows Crocodiles Combustion Cronon,William Cometabolism Cross-FloridaBargeCanal Commensalism Cruzen,Paul Commercialfishing Cryptosporidium CommissionforEnvironmentalCooperation Cubatao,Brazil Commoner,Barry Culturaleutrophication Communicablediseases CuyahogaRiver Communityecology Cyclonecollector Compaction Comparativerisk D Competition Competitiveexclusion Damremoval Composting Dams(environmentaleffects) ComprehensiveEnvironmentalResponse,Compensation, Darling,JayNorwood“Ding” andLiabilityAct Darwin,CharlesRobert Computerdisposal Deadzones Condensationnuclei Debtfornatureswap CongoRiverandbasin Deciduousforest Coniferousforest Declinespiral vi EnvironmentalEncyclopedia3 CONTENTS Decomposers E Decomposition Deepecology EarthCharter Deep-wellinjection EarthDay DefendersofWildlife EarthFirst! Defoliation EarthIslandInstitute Deforestation EarthLiberationFront EarthPledgeFoundation DelaneyClause Earthquake Demographictransition Earthwatch Denitrification EasternEuropeanpollution Deoxyribosenucleicacid Ebola Desalinization EcoMark Desert Ecocide Deserttortoise Ecofeminism Desertification Ecojustice Designfordisassembly Ecologicalconsumers Detergents Ecologicaleconomics Detoxification Ecologicalintegrity Detritivores Ecologicalproductivity Detritus Ecologicalriskassessment Dewpoint EcologicalSocietyofAmerica Diazinon Ecology Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane EcoNet Dieback Economicgrowthandtheenvironment Die-off Ecosophy Dillard,Annie Ecosystem Dioxin Ecosystemhealth Discharge Ecosystemmanagement Disposablediapers Ecoterrorism Dissolvedoxygen Ecotone Dissolvedsolids Ecotourism Dodo Ecotoxicology Dolphins Ecotype Dominance Edaphic Edaphology Doseresponse Eelgrass Double-crestedcormorants Effluent Douglas,MarjoryStoneman Effluenttax Drainage E Dredging H Ehrlich,Paul Driftnets ElNin˜o Drinking-watersupply Electricutilities Dripirrigation Electromagneticfield Drought Electronacceptoranddonor Dryalkaliinjection Electrostaticprecipitation Drycaskstorage Elementalanalysis Drycleaning Elephants Drydeposition Elton,Charles Drylandfarming EmergencyPlanningandCommunityRight-to-KnowAct Dubos,Rene´ (1986) DucksUnlimited Emergentdiseases(human) Ducktown,Tennessee Emergentecologicaldiseases Dunesandduneerosion Emission DustBowl Emissionstandards vii CONTENTS EnvironmentalEncyclopedia3 Emphysema Ephemeralspecies Endangeredspecies Epidemiology EndangeredSpeciesAct(1973) Erodible Endemicspecies Erosion Endocrinedisruptors Escherichiacoli Energyandtheenvironment Essentialfishhabitat Energyconservation Estuary Energyefficiency Ethanol Energyflow Ethnobotany Energypath,hardvs.soft Eurasianmilfoil Energypolicy EuropeanUnion Energyrecovery Eutectic EnergyReorganizationAct(1973) Evapotranspiration EnergyResearchandDevelopmentAdministration Everglades Energytaxes Evolution Entericbacteria ExclusiveEconomicZone Environment Exoticspecies EnvironmentCanada ExperimentalLakesArea Environmentalaccounting Exponentialgrowth Environmentalaesthetics Externality Environmentalauditing Extinction Environmentalchemistry ExxonValdez EnvironmentalDefense Environmentaldegradation F Environmentaldesign Environmentaldisputeresolution Familyplanning Environmentaleconomics Famine Environmentaleducation Fauna Environmentalenforcement Fecundity Environmentalengineering FederalEnergyRegulatoryCommission Environmentalestrogens FederalInsecticide,FungicideandRodenticideAct(1972) Environmentalethics FederalLandPolicyandManagementAct(1976) Environmentalhealth FederalPowerCommission Environmentalhistory Feedlotrunoff Environmentalimpactassessment Feedlots EnvironmentalImpactStatement Fertilizer Environmentallaw Fibrosis EnvironmentalLawInstitute Fieldcapacity Environmentalliability Filters Environmentalliteracyandecocriticism Filtration Environmentalmonitoring Fireants EnvironmentalMonitoringandAssessmentProgram FirstWorld Environmentalpolicy FishandWildlifeService EnvironmentalProtectionAgency Fishkills Environmentalracism FisheriesandOceansCanada Environmentalrefugees Floatabledebris Environmentalresources Flooding Environmentalscience Floodplain Environmentalstress Flora EnvironmentalStressIndex Floridapanther EnvironmentalWorkingGroup Flotation Environmentalism Flupandemic EnvironmentallyPreferablePurchasing Fluegas Environmentallyresponsibleinvesting Flue-gasscrubbing Enzyme Fluidizedbedcombustion viii